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78-522: WKPP is the only organization currently allowed to dive some of these caves – which are all on State, Federal, or private land – due to the extreme nature of the systems and the discipline required to safely explore them, although these caves were explored extensively prior to the establishment of the WKPP. WKPP divers hold every deep (below −190 feet (−58 m)) distance record in underwater cave diving. WKPP director Casey McKinlay and Jarrod Jablonski hold

156-432: A hypoxic mix as it does not contain enough oxygen to be used safely at the surface. Technical diving encompasses multiple aspects of diving, that typically share a lack of direct access to the surface, which may be caused by physical constraints, like an overhead environment , or physiological, like decompression obligation . In case of emergency, therefore, the diver or diving team must be able to troubleshoot and solve

234-481: A 130-foot limit in its protocols and has never experienced any accidents or injuries during air dives between 130 feet and the deepest air dives that the scientific diving community permits, 190 feet, where the U.S. Navy Standard Air Tables shifts to the Exceptional Exposure Tables. In Europe, some countries set the recreational diving limit at 50 metres (160 ft), and that corresponds with

312-671: A breathing gas, but other breathing gas mixtures are commonly used to manage specific problems. Some additional knowledge is required to understand the effects of these gases on the body during a dive and additional skills are needed to safely manage their use. One of the more divisive subjects in technical diving concerns using compressed air as a breathing gas on dives below 130 feet (40 m). Some training agencies still promote and teach courses using air up to depths of 60m. These include TDI, IANTD and DSAT/PADI. Others, including NAUI Tec, GUE, ISE and UTD consider that diving deeper than 100–130 feet (30–40 m), depending upon agency, on air

390-410: A cave dive, at 26,000 feet (7,900 m) while exploring "Q" tunnel of Wakulla Springs. This record remains the longest penetration in a deep cave. The new record for the longest penetration at any depth is now held by Jon Bernot and Charlie Roberson of Gainesville, Florida, with a distance of 26,930 feet (8,210 m). On May 20, 2007, Jablonski and McKinlay set off from Turner Sink to try to find

468-560: A connection but were unable to when the cave became impassable after 3 miles (4.8 km). On July 28, 2007, divers explored 1,220 feet (370 m) of new passage before discovering an exploration line from Wakulla Springs. On December 15, 2007, WKPP divers Casey McKinlay and Jarrod Jablonski completed a traverse from Turner Sink to Wakulla Springs, covering a distance of nearly 35,791 feet (10.909 km). This traverse took approximately 7 hours, followed by 14 hours of decompression. Current projects include exploring, surveying, and mapping of

546-477: A connection but were unable to when the cave became impassable after 3 miles (4.8 km). On July 28, 2007, the divers explored 1,220 feet (370 m) of new passage before discovering an exploration line from Wakulla Springs. On December 15, 2007, they completed a traverse from Turner Sink to Wakulla Springs, covering a distance of nearly 36,000 feet (11 km). This traverse took approximately 7 hours, followed by 14 hours of decompression. That dive established

624-514: A degree in Geology . In 1984, Jablonski took his first recreational diving certification course. While in college, he decided to try cave diving and was certified in 1989. Also, in 1989 he became an open water instructor and currently holds certifications for GUE , NAUI , PADI , CMAS , YMCA and PDIC . He began his career as a cave diving instructor in 1990 and currently holds instructor trainer certifications for GUE, IANTD , NSS-CDS , and

702-512: A limited flow air supply, a sudden rapid descent could lead to severe helmet squeeze, but this is prevented by demand-supplied gas, and neck dams on later helmets, which allow water to flood the helmet until the gas supply catches up with the compression. Surface supply ensures that the gas supply will not run out suddenly due to high demand, which can deplete scuba supply to the extent that there may not be enough left to surface according to plan. Any sudden increase in depth can also cause barotrauma of

780-571: A new penetration record of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) in Wakulla Springs. They utilized Halcyon semi-closed circuit rebreathers at an average depth of 285 feet (87 m). In July 1998 Jablonski, again diving with Irvine and Scarabin traveled 18,000 feet (5,500 m) in Wakulla Springs O-Tunnel. Jablonski and his regular dive buddy WKPP director Casey McKinlay set a world record for the longest ever penetration on

858-432: A physical ceiling. This form of diving implies a much larger reliance on the redundancy of critical equipment and procedural training since the diver must stay underwater until it is safe to ascend or the diver has successfully exited the overhead environment. A diver at the end of a long or deep dive may need to do decompression stops to avoid decompression sickness , also known as "the bends". Metabolically inert gases in

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936-399: A problem at depths of 100 feet (30 m) or greater, but this differs between divers. Increased depth also increases the partial pressure of oxygen and so increases the risk of oxygen toxicity. Technical diving often includes the use of breathing mixtures other than air to reduce these risks, and the additional complexity of managing a variety of breathing mixtures introduces other risks and

1014-423: A reel jam when deploying an inflatable decompression buoy, and the reel is clipped on, the diver may not be able to manage several simultaneously accelerating buoyancy malfunctions. Dual bladder buoyancy compensators can contain air inadvertently added to the backup bladder, which the diver does not release as it is not supposed to be there in the first place. All of these failures can be either avoided altogether or

1092-415: A secondary risk while mitigating a primary risk, such as the complexity of gas management needed to reduce the risk of a fatal gas supply failure, or the use of gases potentially unbreathable for some parts of a dive profile to reduce the risk of harm caused by oxygen toxicity, nitrogen narcosis or decompression sickness for the whole operation. Reduction of secondary risks may also affect equipment choice, but

1170-471: A variety of gases depending on when and where they will be used, and as some may not support life if used at the wrong depth, they are marked for positive identification of the contents. Managing the larger number of cylinders is an additional task loading on the diver. Cylinders are usually labeled with the gas mixture and will also be marked with the maximum operating depth and if applicable, minimum operating depth . Technical diving can be done using air as

1248-629: Is scuba diving that exceeds the agency -specified limits of recreational diving for non- professional purposes. Technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving, and to a greater risk of serious injury or death. Risk may be reduced via appropriate skills, knowledge, and experience. Risk can also be managed by using suitable equipment and procedures. The skills may be developed through specialized training and experience. The equipment involves breathing gases other than air or standard nitrox mixtures, and multiple gas sources. The popularisation of

1326-414: Is a need for redundancy of breathing equipment. Technical divers usually carry at least two independent breathing gas sources, each with its own gas delivery system. In the event of a failure of one set, the second set is available as a back-up system. The backup system should allow the diver to safely return to the surface from any point of the planned dive, but may involve the intervention of other divers in

1404-540: Is a not-for-profit, membership organization, based in High Springs, Florida , United States . Jablonski serves on the board of directors as the president and training director. When GUE was formed it was co-located with Extreme Exposure dive store that was also founded by Jablonski in 1998. However, Extreme Exposure has now changed locations, which has allowed for further growth of the organization. In 2000, Jablonski founded Halcyon Manufacturing. Jablonski served on

1482-407: Is also referred to as a "soft", or "physiological" ceiling. These types of physical overhead, or "hard" or "environmental" ceiling can prevent the diver from surfacing directly: In all three of these situations, a guide line or lifeline from the exit to the diver is the standard method of reducing the risk of being unable to find the way out. A lifeline fixed to the diver is more reliable as it

1560-539: Is also responsible for exploring and mapping more cave passageway below 190 ft than any other organization in the world - 108,584 feet (33,096 m). In total, WKPP explorers have mapped and explored 144,192 feet (43,950 m) as of June, 2018. The data gathered by WKPP divers has allowed planners a better definition of what to expect from the underground aquifer system and how best to handle issues relating to such things as surface water runoff and other nonpoint source pollution issues. WKPP mapping has resulted in

1638-441: Is critical during decompression, where the inability to stay at the correct depth due to excessive buoyancy is associated with a high risk of decompression sickness and a raised risk of barotrauma of ascent. There are several ways that excessive buoyancy can be caused, some of which can be managed by the diver if prompt and correct action is taken, and others that cannot be corrected. This problem may be caused by poor planning, in that

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1716-412: Is generally limited to 1.4 to 1.6 bar depending on the activity of the diver and duration of exposure. Nitrox mixtures up to 100% oxygen are also used for accelerated decompression . Increased pressure due to depth causes nitrogen to become narcotic , resulting in a reduced ability to react or think clearly. By adding helium to the breathing mix, these effects can be reduced, as helium does not have

1794-532: Is intended to allow a safe termination of the dive if it occurs underwater, by eliminating a critical failure point. Diving with a unit that already has a malfunction, means that there is a single critical point of failure in that unit, which could cause a life-threatening emergency if another item in the critical path were to fail. The risk may increase by orders of magnitude. Several factors have been identified as predispositions to accidents in technical diving. The techniques and equipment are complex, which increases

1872-481: Is largely skill-based. Training of technical divers includes procedures that are known from experience to be effective in handling the most common contingencies. Divers proficient in these emergency drills are less likely to be overwhelmed by the circumstances when things do not go according to plan, and are less likely to panic. Technical dives may be defined as being dives deeper than about 130 feet (40 m) or dives in an overhead environment with no direct access to

1950-418: Is managed by equipment configuration and procedural training. To reduce nitrogen narcosis , it is common to use trimix which uses helium to replace some of the nitrogen in the diver's breathing mixture, or heliox , in which there is no nitrogen. Technical dives may alternatively be defined as dives where the diver cannot safely ascend directly to the surface either due to a mandatory decompression stop or

2028-406: Is not easy to lose, and is often used when diving under ice, where the line is unlikely to snag and the distance is reasonably short, and can be tended by a person at the surface. Static guidelines are more suitable when a lifeline is likely to snag on the environment or on other divers in the group, and may be left in situ to be used for other dives, or recovered on the way out by winding back onto

2106-447: Is some professional disagreement as to what exactly technical diving encompasses. Nitrox diving and rebreather diving were originally considered technical, but this is no longer universally the case as several certification agencies now offer Recreational Nitrox and recreational rebreather training and certification. Some training agencies classify penetration diving in wrecks and caves as technical diving. Even those who agree on

2184-424: Is the associated hazards, of which there are more associated with technical diving, and risk, which is often, but not always greater in technical diving. Hazards are the circumstances that may cause harm, and risk is the likelihood of the harm actually occurring. The hazards are partly due to the extended scope of technical diving, and partly associated with the equipment used. In some cases, the equipment used presents

2262-437: Is unacceptably risky. They promote the use of mixtures containing helium to limit the apparent narcotic depth to their agency specified limit should be used for dives beyond a certain limit. Even though TDI and IANTD teach courses using air up to depths of 60m, they also offer courses include "helitrox" "recreational trimix" and "advance recreational trimix" that also use mixtures containing helium to mitigate narcotic concerns when

2340-672: The California Advisory Committee on Scientific and Technical Diving (CACSTD), to distinguish more complex modes of recreational diving from scientific diving for regulatory purposes. In the US the Occupational Safety and Health Administration categorises diving which is not occupational as recreational diving for purposes of exemption from regulation. This is also the case in some other countries, including South Africa. Technical diving emerged between

2418-553: The Sub-Aqua Association and other European agencies make staged decompression dives available, and the SAA teaches modest staged decompression as part of its advanced training programme. The following table gives an overview of the activities that various agencies suggest to differentiate between technical and recreational diving: One of the perceived differences between technical and other forms of recreational diving

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2496-666: The Wakulla – Leon Sinks Cave System as the longest underwater cave in the United States and set another record as the longest cave diving traverse. The Florida House of Representatives adopted a resolution in 2011 "...recognizing the Woodville Karst Plain Project for its outstanding contributions to the State of Florida through scientific research and its dedication and tireless efforts to promote

2574-422: The 60–125 m depth range, and doing decompression on oxygen. The details of many of these dives were not disclosed by the divers as these dives were considered experimental and dangerous. The divers who conducted these dives did not consider them suitable for the ordinary person, but necessary to extend the frontiers of exploration, and there were no consensus guidelines for scuba diving beyond 40 m. There

2652-522: The DIR approach fundamental skills, teamwork, environmental awareness, and the use of highly optimized and streamlined equipment configuration are the primary fundamentals of diving. DIR proponents argue that through these essential elements, safety is improved by standardizing equipment configuration and procedures for preventing and dealing with emergencies, and out-of-air emergencies in particular. On May 20, 2007, divers set off from Turner Sink to try to find

2730-584: The NACD. As of 2007, Jablonski served as a member of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society diving committee and helped shape guidance related to diving medical safety. Jablonski became a fellow of The Explorers Club in 2008 and currently resides in Gainesville, Florida . Jablonski started teaching cave diving at Ginnie Springs in 1990 and continued there until 1996. From 1993 to 1996, Jablonski

2808-481: The State of Florida and the U.S. Department of Agriculture establishing a "greenway" surrounding the Leon Sinks cave system and a "protection zone" for Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park , as well as numerous improvements in water management district operations, DOT road-building, and development planning. WKPP data has been the basis for multi-million dollar land purchase decisions to protect critical "below

2886-553: The State of Florida through scientific research and its dedication and tireless efforts to promote the protection of the state's precious natural water resources" (HR9053). Jarrod Jablonski Jarrod Michael Jablonski (born April 24, 1969) is a pioneering technical diver and record setting cave diver as well as an accomplished business owner and operator. These business operations include Halcyon Manufacturing , Extreme Exposure Adventure Center and Global Underwater Explorers . In July 2021 Jablonski launched and now operates

2964-497: The USA happened to technical divers. It is not known how many technical dives this was spread over, but it was considered likely that technical divers are at greater risk. The techniques and associated equipment that have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional single-cylinder, open-circuit scuba diving are necessarily more complex and subject to error, and technical dives are often done in more dangerous environments, so

3042-711: The Wakulla-Leon Sinks Cave system, as well as coordinating between private, state, and federal agencies to help protect the flooded caves of the Woodville Karst Plain. Current WKPP exploration efforts in the Chip's Hole and Falmouth Cave Systems are also generating significant discoveries. In 2011, the Florida House of Representatives adopted "A resolution recognizing the Woodville Karst Plain Project for its outstanding contributions to

3120-434: The additional risks involved. Nitrox is a popular diving gas mix, that reduces the maximum allowable depth as compared to air. Nitrox also allows greater bottom time and shorter surface intervals by reducing the buildup of nitrogen in the diver's tissues. This is accomplished by increasing the percentage of oxygen in the breathing gas. The depth limit of a nitrox mixture is governed by the partial pressure of oxygen, which

3198-400: The amateur diving community had a more trial-and-error approach to the use of mixed gas and rebreathers. Consequently, a relatively large number of fatal incidents occurred during the early years, before a reasonably reliable set of operating procedures and standards began to emerge, making the movement somewhat controversial, both within the mainstream diving establishment and between sectors of

Woodville Karst Plain Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-592: The board of directors for Florida Speleological Researcher, Inc from 1998 to 2002. Jarrod is currently the Director of Deep Dive Dubai, based in Dubai, UAE. Jablonski has been setting records for cave penetration for many years. In 1995 he and Geologist Todd Kincaid pushed the Manatee Springs cave system to 11,074 feet (3,375 m). On April 25, 1997, Jablonski along with George Irvine and Brent Scarabin set

3354-436: The broad definitions of technical diving may disagree on the precise boundaries between technical and recreational diving. The European diving agencies tend to draw the line between recreational and technical diving at 50 metres (160 ft) and many, as noted for BSAC above, teach staged decompression diving as an integral part of recreational training, rather than as a fundamental change of scope. The Bühlmann tables used by

3432-437: The community tend to present self-supporting data. Divers trained and experienced in deep air diving report fewer problems with narcosis than those trained and experienced in mixed gas diving trimix/heliox, though scientific evidence does not show that a diver can train to overcome any measure of narcosis at a given depth or become tolerant of it. The Divers Alert Network does not endorse or reject deep air diving but does note

3510-559: The consequences of an error or malfunction are greater. Although the skill levels and training of technical divers are generally significantly higher than those of recreational divers, there are indications that technical divers, in general, are at higher risk, and that closed circuit rebreather diving may be particularly dangerous. Relatively complex technical diving operations may be planned and run like an expedition, or professional diving operation, with surface and in-water support personnel providing direct assistance or on stand-by to assist

3588-461: The dawn of time. We can’t see what’s there. We can see what’s on the dark side of the moon or what’s on Mars, but you can’t see what’s in the back of a cave unless you go there. Sheck Exley, Exley on Mix , aquaCorps #4, Jan 1992 The urge to go where no one has gone before has always been a driving force for explorers, and the 1980s was a time of intense exploration by the cave-diving community, some of whom were doing relatively long air dives in

3666-406: The diver may underestimate the weight loss of using up the breathing gas in all the cylinders, by losing ballast weights during the dive, or by inflation problems with buoyancy compensator or drysuit, or both. Insufficient ballast weight to allow neutral buoyancy at the shallowest decompression stop with nearly empty cylinders is an example of a buoyancy problem that can generally not be corrected by

3744-405: The diver's breathing gas, such as nitrogen and helium , are absorbed into body tissues when breathed under high pressure, mainly during the deep phase of the dive. These dissolved gases must be released slowly from the body tissues by controlling the ascent rate to restrict the formation and growth of bubbles. This is usually done by pausing or "doing stops" at various depths during the ascent to

3822-428: The diver. If an empty cylinder is positively buoyant, the diver may jettison it and allow it to float away, but if the empty cylinders are negatively buoyant, jettisoning them will exacerbate the problem, making the diver even more buoyant. Drysuit and buoyancy compensator inflation can cause runaway ascent, which can usually be managed if corrected immediately. If the initial problem is caused by loss of ballast weights or

3900-482: The diving depth is limited to 30-45m. Such courses used to be referred to as "deep air" courses, but are now commonly called "extended range" courses. The 130 ft limit entered the recreation and technical communities in the USA from the military diving community where it was the depth at which the US Navy recommended shifting from scuba to surface-supplied air. The scientific diving community has never specified

3978-407: The ears and sinuses if the diver cannot equalize fast enough. There is very little reliable data describing the demographics, activities and accidents of the technical diving population. Conclusions about accident rates must be considered tentative. The 2003 DAN report on decompression illness and dive fatalities indicates that 9.8% of all cases of decompression illness and 20% of diving fatalities in

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4056-424: The equipment, and begin to neglect predive checklists while assembling and preparing the equipment for use - procedures that are officially part of all rebreather training programs. There can also be a tendency to neglect post-dive maintenance, and some divers will dive knowing that there are functional problems with the unit, because they know that there is generally redundancy designed into the system. This redundancy

4134-488: The expedition divers. Surface support might include surface stand-by divers, boat crew, porters, emergency medical personnel, and gas blenders. In-water support may provide supplementary breathing gas, monitor divers during long decompression stops, and provide communications services between the surface team and the expedition divers. In some cases the risk assessment may persuade the dive team to use similar equipment to that used in professional diving, such as ROV monitoring or

4212-432: The first issue of aquaCorps magazine (1990–1996), in early 1990, titled Call it "High-Tech" Diving by Bill Hamilton , describing the current state of recreational diving beyond the generally accepted limits, such as deep, decompression and mixed gas diving. By mid-1991, the magazine was using the term technical diving , as an analogy to the established term technical (rock) climbing . More recently, recognizing that

4290-523: The limit also imposed in some professional fields, such as police divers in the UK. The major French agencies all teach diving on air to 60 metres (200 ft) as part of their standard recreational certifications. Deep air proponents base the depth limit of air diving upon the risk of oxygen toxicity . Accordingly, they view the limit as being the depth at which partial pressure of oxygen reaches 1.4 ATA, which occurs at about 186 feet (57 m). Both sides of

4368-827: The market include Split-Face Diving (UTD), InnerSpace Explorers (ISE) and Diving Science and Technology (DSAT), the technical arm of Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI). The Scuba Schools International (SSI) Technical Diving Program (TechXR – Technical eXtended Range) was launched in 2005. British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) training has always had a technical element to its higher qualifications, however, it has recently begun to introduce more technical level Skill Development Courses into all its training schemes by introducing technical awareness into its lowest level qualification of Ocean Diver, for example, and nitrox training will become mandatory. It has also recently introduced trimix qualifications and continues to develop closed-circuit training. Technical diving certification

4446-643: The mid-1980s and the mid-to-late-1990s, and much of the history of its development was recorded in aquaCorps , started by Michael Menduno to provide a forum for these aspects of diving that most recreational diving magazines of the time refused to cover. At the time, amateur scuba divers were exploring the physiological limits of diving using air. Technical divers looked for ways to extend the limits of air dives, and for ways to extend breathing gas supplies as they went deeper and stayed down longer. The military and commercial diving communities had large budgets, extensive infrastructure, and controlled diving operations, but

4524-448: The problem underwater. This requires planning, situational awareness, and redundancy in critical equipment, and is facilitated by skill and experience in appropriate procedures for managing reasonably foreseeable contingencies. Some rebreather diving safety issues can be addressed by training, others may require a change in technical diver culture. A major safety issue is that many divers become complacent as they become more familiar with

4602-568: The protection of the state's precious natural water resources" (HR9053). Jablonski was cited in the resolution for his part in the 2007 dive that connected the Wakulla Springs to Leon Sinks. Jablonski is a member of the Explorers Club . In April 2018, Divers Alert Network announced that Jarrod Jablonski is the 2018 DAN Rolex Diver of the Year. Technical diving Technical diving (also referred to as tec diving or tech diving )

4680-1094: The reel. Guidelines may be very much longer than lifelines, and may be branched and marked. They are used as standard practice for cave diving and wreck penetration. Technical dives in waters where the diver's vision is severely impeded by low-visibility conditions, caused by turbidity or silt out and low light conditions due to depth or enclosure, require greater competence. The combination of low visibility and strong current can make dives in these conditions extremely hazardous, particularly in an overhead environment, and greater skill and reliable and familiar equipment are needed to manage this risk. Limited visibility diving can cause disorientation, potentially leading to loss of sense of direction, loss of effective buoyancy control, etc. Divers in extremely limited visibility situations depend on their instruments such as dive lights , pressure gauges, compass, depth gauge , bottom timer, dive computer, etc., and guidelines for orientation and information. Training for cave and wreck diving includes techniques for managing extreme low visibility, as finding

4758-443: The risk minimized by configuration choices, procedural methods, and correct response to the initial problem. Failure to control depth due to insufficient buoyancy can also lead to scuba accidents. It is less of a problem with surface-supplied diving as the depth that the diver can sink to is limited by the umbilical length, and a sudden or rapid descent can often be quickly stopped by the tender. In early diving using copper helmets and

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4836-622: The risk of errors or omissions - the task loading for a closed circuit rebreather diver during critical phases of a dive is greater than for open circuit scuba equipment, The circumstances of technical diving generally mean that errors or omissions are likely to have more serious consequences than in normal recreational diving, and there is a tendency towards competitiveness and risk-taking among many technical divers which appears to have contributed to some well-publicized accidents. Some errors and failures that have repeatedly been implicated in technical diving accidents include: Failure to control depth

4914-403: The same narcotic properties at depth. Helitrox/triox proponents argue that the defining risk for air and nitrox diving depth should be nitrogen narcosis , and suggest that when the partial pressure of nitrogen reaches approximately 4.0 ATA, which occurs at about 130 feet (40 m) for air, helium is necessary to limit the effects of the narcosis. Technical dives may also be characterised by

4992-536: The surface or natural light. Such environments may include fresh and saltwater caves and the interiors of shipwrecks. In many cases, technical dives also include planned decompression carried out over a number of stages during a controlled ascent to the surface at the end of the dive. The depth-based definition is based on risk caused by the progressive impairment of mental competence with the increasing partial pressure of respired nitrogen. Breathing air under pressure causes nitrogen narcosis that usually starts to become

5070-491: The surface" resources requiring protection. The WKPP is notable for its part in the development of cave diving techniques and team diving protocols, the DIR method of scuba diving (which is the basis for the teaching methodology of Global Underwater Explorers ) and the use of the Halcyon PVR-BASC and RB80 rebreathers . DIR, an acronym for Doing It Right , is a holistic approach to scuba diving . According to

5148-400: The surface. Most technical divers breathe oxygen enriched breathing gas mixtures such as nitrox and pure oxygen during long-duration decompression, as this increases the rate of inert gas elimination. Elimination of inert gases continues during the surface intervals (time spent on the surface between dives), which must be considered when planning subsequent dives. A decompression obligation

5226-720: The team. Stage cylinders may be dropped along the guideline for later use during the exit or for another dive. A stage cylinder is an additional cylinder filled with a type of breathing gas. Stage cylinders are sometimes used to extend a technical diver's time underwater or to speed up the decompression process. They can also be used to fill lift bags while underwater. The usual configurations used for increased primary gas supply are manifolded or independent twin back mounted cylinders, multiple side mounted cylinders, or rebreathers . Bailout and decompression gas may be included in these arrangements, or carried separately as side-mounted stage and decompression cylinders. Cylinders may carry

5304-440: The technical diving community. While the motivation to extend the depth and duration range by military and commercial divers was mainly driven by operational needs to get the job done, the motivation to exceed recreational diving depths and endurance ranges was more driven by the urge to explore otherwise inaccessible places, which could not at the time be reached by any other means. There are places that no one has been to since

5382-410: The term technical diving has been credited to Michael Menduno , who was editor of the (now defunct) diving magazine aquaCorps Journal , but the concept and term, technical diving , go back at least as far as 1977, and divers have been engaging in what is now commonly referred to as technical diving for decades. The popular use of the term technical diving can be traced back to the cover story of

5460-478: The term was already in use by the Royal Navy for rebreather diving, Hamilton redefined technical diving as diving with more than one breathing gas or with a rebreather. Richard Pyle (1999) defined a technical diver as "anyone who routinely conducts dives with staged stops during an ascent as suggested by a given decompression algorithm". The term technical diving was also used in the US as far back as 1977 by

5538-868: The use of a stage or wet bell for the ascent and descent, and having a decompression chamber available at the surface. In an emergency, the support team would provide rescue and if necessary search and recovery assistance. Technical diving requires specialized equipment and training. There are many technical training organizations: see the Technical Diving section in the list of diver certification organizations . Technical Diving International (TDI), Global Underwater Explorers (GUE), Professional Scuba Association International (PSAI), International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) and National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) were popular as of 2009 . Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) joined in 1997. Recent entries into

5616-423: The use of hypoxic breathing gas mixtures, including hypoxic trimix , heliox , and heliair . A diver breathing normal air (with 21% oxygen) will be exposed to increased risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity at depths greater than about 180 feet (55 m) The first sign of oxygen toxicity is usually a convulsion without warning which usually results in death when the demand valve mouthpiece falls out and

5694-408: The victim drowns. Sometimes the diver may get warning symptoms before the convulsion. These can include visual and auditory hallucinations, nausea, twitching (especially in the face and hands), irritability and mood swings, and dizziness. These gas mixes can also lower the level of oxygen in the mix to reduce the danger of oxygen toxicity. Once the oxygen is reduced below about 18% the mix is known as

5772-415: The way out of an overhead environment before running out of gas is a safety-critical skill. Technical divers may use diving equipment other than the usual single cylinder open circuit scuba equipment used by recreational divers. Typically, technical dives take longer than average recreational scuba dives. Because a decompression obligation prevents a diver in difficulty from surfacing immediately, there

5850-582: The world's deepest pool at Deep Dive Dubai . Jablonski is one of the main architects behind the ' Doing It Right ' (or DIR) system of diving. Jablonski was born on April 24, 1969, in West Palm Beach, Florida . He attended Forest Hill Community High School where he graduated in 1987. He then attended the University of Florida , graduating in 1992 with a degree in English and again in 1994 with

5928-537: The world's record for the greatest distance below −190 feet (−58 m)) from air in a cave dive - 25,789 feet (7,860 m) each way at Wakulla Spring at an average depth of −275 feet (−84 m). This record dive required more than 29 hours submersion including 16 hours of decompression (also a record). The WKPP also hold the world's record for the longest traverse between two known entry points - 35,791 feet (10,909 m) one way between Turner Sink and Wakulla Spring at an average depth of −275 feet (−84 m). The WKPP

6006-749: Was a scientific diver at the University of Florida supporting research on groundwater in the Santa Fe River Basin. During this time, he also served on the board of directors for the National Association of Cave Diving (1995–1998) where he was also training director in 1997. Jablonski was also a board member for the National Speleological Society - Cave Diving Section (1996–1998) as well as serving on their training committee from 1995 to 1997. He

6084-611: Was a member of the advisory board for the International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers from 1996 to 1998. As training director for the Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP), Jablonski saw a need to expand his role to benefit a larger population of divers. In 1998, Jablonski founded Global Underwater Explorers (GUE), a scuba diving organization that provides education within recreational, technical and cave diving . It

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