A television station is a set of equipment managed by a business, organisation or other entity such as an amateur television (ATV) operator, that transmits video content and audio content via radio waves directly from a transmitter on the earth's surface to any number of tuned receivers simultaneously.
134-694: WSVN (channel 7) is a television station in Miami, Florida , United States, affiliated with the Fox network. Serving as the flagship station of locally based Sunbeam Television , it has studios on the 79th Street Causeway in North Bay Village and a transmitter in Miami Gardens, Florida . The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regards WSVN as having signed on for the first time on December 19, 1962, as WCKT under Sunbeam ownership. However,
268-587: A barter in some cases. Ultra high frequency Ultra high frequency ( UHF ) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter (one decimeter ). Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency (SHF) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into
402-522: A loss leader . WCKT and the Herald partnered for Charlie Reads The Comics , a Sunday morning show that launched on July 22, 1969, with Baxter reading the newspaper's Sunday comic strips to a studio audience of children, and Folds as Toby. Baxter resigned from the station on April 29, 1970, while on vacation; later attributing his departure to burnout , Baxter eventually revived his "M. T. Graves" character on WKID (channel 51). Stage actor Wayne Chandler
536-563: A special election for Dade County sheriff attracted controversy when the station called on Republican challenger Fred A. Phillips to withdraw, saying incumbent T. A. Buchanan was "almost certain to win", prompting Phillips to file a compliant with the FCC. Miami News columnist Rollene Saal criticized the editorials both for taking away time from the newscast itself and the subject matter; Sidney contended that television had an obligation to editorialize and present dissenting viewpoints in accord with
670-482: A $ 1 million purchase (equivalent to $ 8,761,722 in 2023) of 637 acres (258 ha) of land in northeast Marion County, Indiana , on August 21, 1968, at the time the largest land sale in the county's history. The purchased land was developed into Indianapolis's Castleton neighborhood , helping make Sunbeam one of the largest land developers in Indiana. Due to the license being a short-term permit similar to
804-681: A channel 7 license increased to five on December 16, 1953, after real estate developer Sidney Ansin filed one under the Sunbeam Television Corp. name. Ansin included a proposal for studios located in Miami's Allapattah neighborhood and encompassing his existing six-block Park-and-Shop City development dubbed "Television City", with sons Ronald and Edmund Ansin assisting. Originally a shoe maker from Massachusetts , Sidney relocated to Miami Beach, Florida , in 1941 and sold land to Mitchell Wolfson for WTVJ's transmission tower after
938-510: A competitive advantage. As part of the change, Sunbeam acquired the rights for the WSVN call letters from PBS member WBRA-TV in Roanoke, Virginia , which had used them for their Norton -licensed satellite. Sunbeam invested a total of $ 150,000 into this change, including $ 50,000 for the call letter purchase and FCC paperwork and $ 100,000 for an extensive marketing campaign. The call sign change
1072-492: A daily showcase of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films recently purchased by the station. Competing against Chuck Zink 's Popeye Playhouse on WTVJ and The Mickey Mouse Club on WPST-TV, Clayton's friendly demeanor proved to be a hit among viewers and was voted one of the best local TV personalities in a Herald readers' poll. WCKT soon added the Sunday night MGM Theater sponsored by a local mattress company and acquired rights to
1206-421: A distance greater than the line of sight is required. Occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used. Due to the short wavelengths, UHF antennas are conveniently stubby and short; at UHF frequencies a quarter-wave monopole ,
1340-471: A documentary simply because it's important—not even our own—and I'm sure other viewers don't either." Daily on-air editorials were instituted, with Harriette Bishop presenting the station's viewpoint, largely written by either Sidney or Charles Kelly; Fort Lauderdale News critic Joe Bryant praised Bishop for her "crisp, clean, businesslike... strong delivery" that could easily be mistaken for WCKT's news anchors. One December 4, 1963, editorial in advance of
1474-516: A freeze on additional television licenses on September 30, 1948, the Miami market had only one television station in operation during that period: WTVJ, which signed on the air on March 21, 1949. In preparation for the freeze being lifted, WIOD radio and the Miami Daily News —jointly controlled by publisher James M. Cox —filed an application with the FCC for a new station on very high frequency (VHF) channel 7 on May 26, 1952. As part of
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#17328021799011608-650: A heart attack. Lead anchor Steve Rondinaro left in August 1984 after declining an offer to return to field reporting, calling wages paid to anchors " hazard pay " due to their jobs being dependent on ratings. Rondinaro's coverage of the 1984 Democratic National Convention garnered praise, having done so knowing his contract was not renewed. His replacement was CNN Headline News anchor Peter Ford , an Australian native. WSVN debuted Live at Five , an hour-long lifestyle-centered newscast anchored by Denise White and Frank Robertson, on August 1, 1986. While in development for nearly
1742-460: A major affiliation switch . With minimal advance preparation, WSVN relaunched their news department with an emphasis on tabloid journalism under Joel Cheatwood 's direction, an unconventional decision initially pilloried by the local media but since been emulated and copied throughout the industry. WSVN's newscasts have attracted national and international attention for aggressive and controversial content and have been credited as an inspiration for
1876-472: A major bank failed and a truck carrying pigs overturned on the freeway on the same day, WPLG would lead with the pigs, WTVJ probably would go with the bank and WSVN would miss the stories altogether. Television station The Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow ( TV Station Paul Nipkow ) in Berlin , Germany , was the first regular television service in the world. It was on the air from 22 March 1935, until it
2010-415: A much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in
2144-587: A newscaster. Hanover left the station in May 1982 to marry Rudy Giuliani before working for the Justice Department in Washington, with NewsCenter 7 remaining stuck in third place. Sally Fitz, who had been doing local news updates during Today along with general reporting duties, was Hanover's replacement. Sandra Easely of the Herald said of the switch, "Fitz is 29 and has short, dark hair. Hanover
2278-725: A proposed "power and privileges" bill in the Parliament of the Bahamas —where media outlets accused of "false or misleading" information would be called to testify before Parliament—led the Nassau Guardian-Observer to publish a front-page editorial rebuking "the meddlesome Miami television crew" and advised WCKT to "go home—and stay there!" A citizens committee in Broward County accused WCKT, WTVJ, and WLBW of engaging in biased reporting regarding education in
2412-440: A qualified applicant for a licensee has been compelled, by the moral shortcomings of his original competitors and of public servants themselves, to spend 10 years in the quest... it is perhaps not arbitrary to suggest that, as against the new applicants who have been spared that frustrating and expensive experience, the commission may take note of the fact—for it is nothing more—that the four-months licensee has actually been operating
2546-496: A replacement license to WCKY owner L.B. Wilson, Inc., the only bidder for the channel 10 license not disqualified, but FCC chairman Frederick W. Ford said that new license was short-term and meant to ensure uninterrupted broadcasting if another bidding process took place. Following a year-long review, WCKT's license was officially revoked by the FCC on July 26, 1961, but the ruling was held in abeyance to allow Biscayne an opportunity to appeal. Biscayne's petition for reconsideration
2680-506: A specific finding declaring they were "completely innocent" while the other applicants disqualified themselves. Stern issued his ruling on September 14, 1960, agreeing with the general counsel's proposals and affirmed them in his recommendations, with Sunbeam the recipient of a new license by default. Sidney Ansin was "delighted" at the ruling but unsure if it meant Sunbeam would be awarded a new license outright with no bidding process. The FCC revoked WPST-TV's license on July 14, 1960, and awarded
2814-455: A unanimous 5–0 vote, concluding that they possessed all the necessary qualifications. Community Broadcasting Corp. filed an appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, arguing that the FCC's inclusion of Sunbeam's ongoing record maintaining the interim operation was unfair to their bid. The court ruled in favor of Sunbeam and the FCC in June 1966, with judge Carl E. McGowan noting: Where
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#17328021799012948-425: A variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials . They may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network , or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies. Many stations have some sort of television studio , which on major-network stations
3082-464: A year with a $ 2 million investment, production manager Frank Biancuzzo said, "we're going to be the David Letterman of the 5 p.m. shows, in that we'll try anything." WSVN also began a series of remote broadcasts spotlighting the region's history titled Celebrating South Florida and billed themselves as "Your Hometown Station". When a major story breaks in Miami, you don't turn to WSVN... If
3216-496: Is non-commercial educational (NCE) and considered public broadcasting . To avoid concentration of media ownership of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs . In those countries,
3350-424: Is 32 and blond. And that's all about there is to say about the changeover in female anchors at Ch. 7." Discrepancies also began to emerge between Arbitron and Nielsen ratings for the Miami market: both placed WCKT's 6 p.m. news at third during July 1982 surveys, but Arbitron had it 10 points behind WPLG, while Nielsen showed the race as closer. Still, station officials were optimistic about NBC's prospects entering
3484-428: Is a considerable amount of lawful unlicensed activity (cordless phones, wireless networking) clustered around 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, regulated under Title 47 CFR Part 15 . These ISM bands —frequencies with a higher unlicensed power permitted for use originally by Industrial, Scientific, Medical apparatus—are now some of the most crowded in the spectrum because they are open to everyone. The 2.45 GHz frequency
3618-470: Is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a TV network and an individual station within the network is referred to as O&O or affiliate , respectively. Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. Broadcast television systems standards vary around
3752-535: Is for cellphones , allowing handheld mobile phones be connected to the public switched telephone network and the Internet . Current 3G and 4G cellular networks use UHF, the frequencies varying among different carriers and countries. Satellite phones also use this frequency in the L band and S band . UHF channels are used for digital television broadcasting on both over the air channels and cable television channels . Since 1962, UHF channel tuners (at
3886-792: Is often used for newscasts or other local programming . There is usually a news department , where journalists gather information. There is also a section where electronic news-gathering (ENG) operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV . Outside broadcasting vans, production trucks , or SUVs with electronic field production (EFP) equipment are sent out with reporters , who may also bring back news stories on video tape rather than sending them back live . To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing operators with broadcast automation systems to increase profits in recent years. Some stations (known as repeaters or translators ) only simulcast another, usually
4020-452: Is the standard for use by microwave ovens , adjacent to the frequencies allocated for Bluetooth network devices. The spectrum from 806 MHz to 890 MHz (UHF channels 70 to 83) was taken away from TV broadcast services in 1983, primarily for analog mobile telephony . In 2009, as part of the transition from analog to digital over-the-air broadcast of television , the spectrum from 698 MHz to 806 MHz (UHF channels 52 to 69)
4154-432: The 1982–83 television season , with Edmund Ansin calling newly installed network chairman Grant Tinker "superb" and "the best management team they've had in 20 years". Rick Sanchez , a Cuban exile who joined the station in 1982, produced the five-part series Why I Left Cuba that November and was part of the station's coverage of President Ronald Reagan 's visit to Little Havana the following May. WCKT also aligned with
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4288-505: The 26th of July Movement that they regarded Silver as one of their own. Fariss's newscasts were additionally translated in Spanish and simulcast over local radio beginning in 1962, with his scripts translated and interpreted in real time. While Fariss was originally said to deliver newscasts via notes instead of a prepared script, he eventually allowed producer David Choate to assist with any advance preparation and copy editing ; Fariss
4422-623: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rezoned it for broadcasting, which became the source for his interest in the medium. Sidney filed an application after consulting a friend in Washington, D.C. , and included Ronald and Edmund—both Harvard University students—when they expressed interest. After the Davenport-based group withdrew their bid, hearings were scheduled to begin on February 19, 1954, for
4556-586: The NBC Radio Network . This resulted in the network terminating its existing affiliation with WGBS-TV, which was forced to convert into an independent . Groundbreaking for the new combined radio-television studios at the WIOD transmitter site took place on March 20, 1956, which Trammell promised would be ready for operation by June. In order to prevent interference from WCKR's towers, $ 25,000 worth of copper sheeting (equivalent to $ 2,801,714 in 2023)
4690-594: The Radio-Television News Directors Association for outstanding televised news story, citing the station "having courage to use a news story on sexual psychopaths"; Whispered Menace was also screened at area schools and PTA meetings. After Harrison left WCKT in October 1957, veteran CBS News correspondent Bill Shadel was hired as his replacement. Within the station's first year, WCKT succeeded in achieving ratings parity with
4824-511: The Satellite News Channel , an ABC/ Westinghouse Broadcasting joint venture, providing hourly local news updates; in announcing the affiliation, Leider said, "we have to become the news information center for South Florida. That's where our future lies." We first changed all the cosmetic things you can do, even the call letters from WCKT to WSVN. We had to position ourselves to know what we were... We wanted to be looked upon as
4958-695: The United States Bicentennial on July 4, 1976, with a special taped production recreating news events of July 4, 1776, with anchors Fariss, Klass and Cafiero dressed in period-appropriate attire; news director Gene Strul spent several months with pre-planning and research in advance of the taping. By September 1977, Vic Mason replaced Klass as 6 p.m. co-anchor after Klass returned to reporting; Cafiero also left WCKT to return to New Orleans but quickly returned. Recently promoted to station manager, Robert Leider explained that Mason represented an effort to attract younger viewers, particularly in
5092-410: The [Miami] Herald and had not disclosed this to the FCC we would have been subject to loss of our licenses... I thought there were very serious implications to the untrue rumor, and I felt that as a member of the FCC, [Richard] Mack should know the facts. James M. Cox The FCC decided to reopen the process for the channel 7 license on April 3, 1959, and hold hearings on conflict of interests among
5226-405: The broadcast range , or geographic area, that the station is limited to, allocates the broadcast frequency of the radio spectrum for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of television programs can be programmed for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as public affairs messages . Another form of television station
5360-514: The circle 7 logo similar to a design originally created for ABC's owned-and-operated stations on January 19. WCKT replaced 6 p.m. co-anchor Richard Whitcomb with Larry Klass for The Fariss-Klass Report , with Carmel Cafiero taking over Klass's prior weekend duties and becoming the station's first female news anchor. Klass's on-air delivery, described as "sedate" in a way that matched WCKT's overall presentation, contrasted with his youthful demeanor and penchant for cynicism. The station celebrated
5494-534: The electricity bill and emergency backup generators . In North America , full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video ( VSB ) and 10 kW analog audio ( FM ), or 45 kW digital ( 8VSB ) ERP. Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5 dB to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1 . UHF , by comparison, has
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5628-456: The 'hometown station,' just as the slogan says, the place where you get everything from your entertainment to your news. David Choate, WSVN news director Sunbeam filed paperwork with the FCC in mid-March 1983 to change WCKT's call sign to WSVN, derived from "seven", while retaining their existing "South Florida 7" slogan. Calling it "one of the biggest moves" made by the station in recent years, general manager Robert Leider explained that
5762-692: The 18–34 demographic. Mason resigned abruptly in October 1978, with Constance Hicks replacing him as co-anchor. WPLG was now on a ratings upswing led by anchors Glenn Rinker and Ann Bishop (who went by Harriette while at WCKT). By the end of 1977, it was challenging WCKT for second place; it overtook channel 7 in 1979. WCKT reporters and cameramen, 27 in total, voted to join the National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians in January 1979 despite past resistance from management in three prior attempts. Reporters were allowed to participate in
5896-644: The 1960 Jerry Lewis movie The Bellboy , filmed at the Fountainbleu Hotel in Miami Beach; Lewis tabbed Clayton later in the year for the unsold television pilot Permanent Waves . After a female viewer referred Clayton to her daughter—a talent agent in New York City—Clayton was cast as host for the ABC game show Make a Face , which WPST-TV carried locally starting on October 2, 1961. It
6030-481: The August 1959 Arbitron ratings commanded a 23.8 share at 6:30 p.m; this prompted WCKT to move Fariss's early-evening newscast to 6 p.m., in between the station's late-afternoon movie hosted by Bob Clayton . WCKT had a substantial scoop when Fariss and reporter Ben Silver were selected by Gov. Collins to be a part of a fact-finding tour of the Soviet Union in June 1959, with Fariss providing reports to
6164-600: The Causeway"; this was rejected by management. Herald radio critic Jack Anderson described the facility as "impressive" but noted the absence of a parking lot , saying, "it would help to have some Swiss mountain climbing experience to get into the building." Dedication of the building took place on November 10, 1956, with multiple dignitaries and politicians in attendance including Florida governor LeRoy Collins , Sen. George Smathers, FCC chairman George McConnaughey , and commissioner John C. Doerfer ; WCKT and WCKR carried
6298-596: The Clown" on the Sunday morning Seven's Circus and "Toby the Robot " on the Saturday morning Superheroes (with The Marvel Super Heroes between in-studio wraparound segments ). Drawing inspiration from a similar robot character he had portrayed several years earlier, Folds assembled Toby's costume from several garbage cans and assorted pieces of junk that weighed 40 lb (18 kg ) and intoned "beep-beep-beep" as
6432-452: The FCC in 1951 endorsed WKAT owner A. Frank Katzentine, who bid for the channel 10 license but lost out to National Airlines, who signed on WPST-TV. Whiteside testified several days later that Mack was a part-owner of Stembler-Shelden Insurance, which handled the insurance for both WPST-TV and Biscayne Television. In reply, Trammell called the Mack connection "a complete surprise" and claimed he
6566-449: The FCC rejecting any proposal filed to order the station to do dark . Biscayne's license grant was reaffirmed by the FCC on June 21, 1957, by a 4–2 vote. The FCC gave Biscayne a demerit for "possible conflict of interest " with regards to Trammell, but still considered the company to be the "best qualified applicant" for the license. The license application file was closed by the commission that December. "[John S.] Knight told me he knew
6700-515: The FCC's fairness doctrine . Bishop hoped her role would lead to females having more substantive on-air roles "a step removed from fashion and recipes" but was fired after 18 months for trying to land a reporting job at the station, remarking later, "they said I was too ambitious". Sidney was the public face of Sunbeam but remained unfamiliar with television, while Edmund started to assert a larger role. When Sidney began inviting friends to appear on WCKT newscasts, Edmund threatened to quit in support of
6834-399: The Miami market was now more familiar identifying the station by channel number, saying, "if someone asks you if you saw Hill Street Blues last night, you say, 'Yeah, I saw it last night on Ch. 7'... you don't say 'on WCKT.'" The station was also being placed on different channel positions over area cable systems , in some cases on channels "O" and "D", and felt the WSVN name helped provide
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#17328021799016968-533: The Robot) by beeping. By acting inside, I can make the kids laugh or cry. The kids actually know what I'm saying... kids either like a mechanical thing or a clown, if I wasn't a robot, I'd be a clown. Charlie Folds The Dungeon ended production on September 7, 1967, after Baxter claimed the station ran out of horror movies to show, at one point airing the Jungle Jim serial during its final year. Superheroes
7102-437: The Saturday morning children's show Bobsville for weeks in advance, Movie 7 was dropped for The Mike Douglas Show by May 1965, and Clayton relinquished Bobsville by that September. Charlie Baxter's broadcast career began at age 14 when he joined a Toledo, Ohio –based radio dramatic group and, like Clayton, joined WCKT at its 1956 launch. Serving as a booth announcer and doing fill-in work for vacationing staffers Baxter
7236-478: The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, citing the station's Peabody Award and industrial acclaim. However, the May 21, 1962, issue of Broadcasting reported Biscayne proposed donating WCKT's license and assets to the University of Miami , which would be leased back to Sunbeam; Sunbeam regarded the FCC ruling as a new license outright. Sidney Ansin confirmed that the proposal was suggested two months earlier but
7370-647: The U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown . Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in
7504-607: The UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band: the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz. Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by line-of-sight propagation (LOS) and ground reflection; unlike in the HF band there is little to no reflection from the ionosphere ( skywave propagation), or ground wave . UHF radio waves are blocked by hills and cannot travel beyond
7638-469: The UHF spectrum is used worldwide for land mobile radio systems, two-way radios used for voice communication for commercial, industrial, public safety, and military purposes. Examples of personal radio services are GMRS , PMR446 , and UHF CB . The most rapidly-expanding use of the band is Wi-Fi ( wireless LAN ) networks in homes, offices, and public places. Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 low band operates between 2412 and 2484 MHz. A second widespread use
7772-556: The VHF ( very high frequency ) or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight ; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting , cell phones , satellite communication including GPS , personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth , walkie-talkies , cordless phones , satellite phones , and numerous other applications. The IEEE defines
7906-520: The accomplishments of both the News and Herald ; Cox cited the News ' s crusade against Al Capone 's 1929 move to Miami, while Knight referenced multiple awards given to the Herald for public service, with both newspapers Pulitzer Prize recipients. East Coast was primarily represented by Lee Phillips, a former WTVJ employee, while Jack C. Stein testified for South Florida Television, boasting his corporation consisted of Miami-based shareholders and
8040-688: The agency of his resignation from NBC. Cox testified to speaking on the phone with Mack in December 1955, regarding rumors of a sub rosa arrangement between the News and Herald that Cox feared threatened not only the Biscayne bid but the licenses of his other broadcast assets. After the hearings concluded, FCC general counsel proposed revoking WCKT's license and disqualifying Biscayne, South Florida Television and East Coast Television from participating in any subsequent license applications. All three companies denied any wrongdoing, while Sunbeam requested
8174-435: The application process. Sunbeam purchased WCKT's assets and re-launched the station under a new license with uninterrupted service, while claiming the old WCKT's history as its own. The market's NBC affiliate since its inception, WCKT was renamed WSVN in 1983 and became an independent with Fox programming on January 1, 1989, after NBC's purchase of CBS affiliate WTVJ and CBS's purchase of Fox affiliate WCIX-TV initiated
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#17328021799018308-421: The application, WIOD and the News proposed a new studio facility built at WIOD's transmission towers on the 79th Street Causeway , totaling a $ 1.25 million investment (equivalent to $ 14,342,105 in 2023). The WIOD- News application was met with a competing application filed several weeks later by WQAM owner Miami Broadcasting Company, controlled by Miami Herald publisher John S. Knight . Faced with
8442-418: The arrest of a postman for selling quaaludes with the footage admissible in court; management for WPLG and WCIX saw this as going against all journalism ethics and compromising WCKT's ability to cover police-related stories objectively. After a seven-month hiatus, Wayne Fariss returned to anchor duty on February 2, 1981, to co-anchor the noon newscast with Connie Eng; in addition, Fariss joined WKAT radio as
8576-515: The art of the occult after being adopted by Romani people , was imprisoned in Budapest and fled to America, then was trapped in an underground "dungeon" which the WCKT studios were built on top of. The Dungeon became immediately popular with younger viewers who were drawn to Graves's clown-like antics and jokes, were unfazed by his appearance or "villain" role, and saw him as a hero. After relaying
8710-463: The attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as VHF TV signals. As the visual horizon sets the maximum range of UHF transmission to between 30 and 40 miles (48 to 64 km) or less, depending on local terrain, the same frequency channels can be reused by other users in neighboring geographic areas ( frequency reuse ). Radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when
8844-635: The biggest gamblers in South Florida" in an interview WCKT broadcast despite threats from Taylor. Two successive documentaries on extremist groups "Let Freedom Ring" and the Ku Klux Klan in late 1965 resulted in the former circulating play money containing anti-WCKT messages, while the latter was accused of defacing one roadside billboard for the station with the message, "The KKK is watching you." A three-part series in November 1968 over
8978-546: The commission's policy of encouraging diversity in mass media ownership and risked creating a competitive imbalance in the Miami market. The Dade County Central Labor Union (CLU), the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) all filed protests with the FCC, with the CLU's protest citing both newspapers holding anti-labor policies, but these were dismissed. The FCC formally awarded
9112-715: The commissioners and do so outside of Washington, D.C., conducting them in Philadelphia. Mack had resigned under pressure from President Eisenhower and was indicted with Whiteside on charges of influence peddling , fraud and conspiracy regarding the WPST-TV license. The first trial resulted in a hung jury ; while Mack was too ill to be retried, Whiteside was acquitted but committed suicide. Former Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice Horace Stern presided as FCC examiner and scheduled hearings to begin on June 13, 1960, stressing they were for investigative purposes only; indeed, Stern
9246-422: The committee was "trying to whitewash " behavior by Eisenhower administration officials, told reporters an unnamed commissioner engaged in bribery regarding an unspecified license application dispute. Schwartz testified under oath that commissioner Richard Mack was paid several thousand dollars by Thurman A. Whiteside, a lawyer National Airlines retained as a " fixer ", according to Schwartz. Letters Mack sent to
9380-622: The competition, while WGBS-TV shut down on April 13, 1957, after Storer sold off the station's assets to National Airlines to help with the launch of WPST-TV . Bill Shadel left the station by May 1958 to join ABC News after that network reportedly "made him an offer he couldn't resist". WCKT hired Wayne Fariss from WTVT in Tampa, Florida , where he had been that station's first newscaster, to be lead anchorman starting on June 30, 1958. Fariss competed against top-rated Ralph Renick at WTVJ, who in
9514-517: The course of the bulletin, which included a train derailment report. The news team had radio backgrounds: Harrison was a distinguished reporter at Philadelphia 's WFIL , Shaw and Kelleher were WQAM veterans, and assistant news director Gene Strul was previously WIOD's news director. Under Harrison's guidance, WCKT produced its first long-form documentary — Whispered Menace , about sex psychology and molesters —that premiered on August 7, 1957. This documentary helped WCKT win its first national award by
9648-434: The dedication live. At launch, WCKT's newscasts were handled by Gordon Shaw in mornings, news director Charles Harrison in early evenings, and Phil Kelleher in late evenings; the station also boasted "a completely equipped" newsroom located adjacent to the main studio. WCKT's debut program was a news bulletin anchored by Shaw, with Jack Anderson retrospectively noting the excess goodwill at startup that Shaw smiled throughout
9782-614: The few bright spots on NBC's entire lineup, which was experiencing a prolonged and substantial ratings downturn starting in the middle of the decade. Consequently, WCKT preempted network fare more often than WTVJ or WPLG by 1978, with Leider noting the substituted programs generally performed better and NBC rarely commented on them. In late 1977, WCKT substituted The Devil's Brigade and Anchors Aweigh in place of Black Sheep Squadron , briefly revived from cancellation by star Raymond Burr , causing Burr to personally call WCKT operations manager Allen Sternberg and NBC executives and protest
9916-442: The four remaining applicants—Biscayne, Sunbeam, East Coast Television Corporation, and South Florida Television Corporation—supervised by FCC examiner James D. Cunningham. All four applicants agreed to a timetable of informal conferences with Cunningham so as to reduce the amount of needed testimony to one-tenth of what normal applications called for. Biscayne was the first to complete their case in mid-May, with Cox and Knight extolling
10050-421: The funds would help bolster its scientific education and research programs. The $ 3.4 million sale was approved on December 5, 1962, with Biscayne dropping all remaining challenges and appeals. Ansin retained all on- and off-air personnel, including existing station manager Charles Kelly, and re-used the WCKT call sign for the new license. Ownership of the island housing both WCKT and WCKR was partitioned between
10184-420: The highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a summit , the top of a high skyscraper , or on a tall radio tower . To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or T1 / E1 . A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of
10318-429: The horizon, but can penetrate foliage and buildings for indoor reception. Since the wavelengths of UHF waves are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects, reflection and diffraction from these objects can cause fading due to multipath propagation , especially in built-up urban areas. Atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates , the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and
10452-423: The launch of Fox News . One of the largest Fox affiliates not owned by the network, it was famously called "the future of television" by onetime Fox executive Lucie Salhany . Involved with Sunbeam from the company's beginnings until his death on July 26, 2020, chairman Edmund Ansin repeatedly refused offers to sell either WSVN or his Boston stations. Due to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) imposing
10586-497: The license had been awarded to Biscayne Television before it was announced by the FCC," said [Stephen J.] Angland. The attorney said he asked [Niles] Trammell if he had talked to any of the commissioners while the case was pending. He said Trammell replied: "I guess I made the rounds. I don't guess I missed anybody." Paul Einstein, The Miami News Without fanfare, the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight
10720-529: The license to Biscayne on January 20, 1956, by a 5–2 vote among the commissioners. Losing applicants East Coast Television, South Florida Television, and Sunbeam filed appeals with the United States Court of Appeals in Washington and were joined by a separate joint appeal filed by Storer Broadcasting , owner of Fort Lauderdale –licensed WGBS-TV (channel 23) and Gerico Investment, owners of ABC affiliate WITV (channel 17). The Storer-Gerico appeal
10854-419: The license. Angland's investigation found three of the four final applicants for the channel 7 license, including Biscayne, went outside of normal procedures, with Sunbeam being the only one that went through proper protocol. Subcommittee counsel Robert W. Lishman believed that internal pressure by applicants to the commission was present in nine contested TV licenses across the country. If I had been allied with
10988-400: The local television station has no station identification and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local television news . To broadcast its programs, a television station requires operators to operate equipment, a transmitter or radio antenna , which is often located at
11122-516: The lone method of communication. This became Folds's defining character. Success for Charlie Folds came despite substantial shyness whenever in front of a camera; while performing a skit during a live broadcast, Toby's helmet accidentally fell off revealing Folds's face, which he later deemed as his "worst moment". Toby was soon regarded as one of the more popular children's television personalities in Miami, frequently being booked for public appearances months in advance. I communicate (when playing Toby
11256-419: The main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air , or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry. VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength , but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output , also saving on
11390-428: The market: VHF channels 7 and 10 and ultra high frequency (UHF) channels 27 and 33. In particular, Biscayne Television faced three competing applications for channel 7, including one from two Davenport, Iowa , residents; Florida Sen. George Smathers warned of a possibility that Miami might not have another television station sign on before 1958 due to the number of competing applications. The number of applicants for
11524-530: The most common omnidirectional antenna is between 2.5 and 25 cm long. UHF wavelengths are short enough that efficient transmitting antennas are small enough to mount on handheld and mobile devices, so these frequencies are used for two-way land mobile radio systems , such as walkie-talkies , two-way radios in vehicles, and for portable wireless devices ; cordless phones and cell phones . Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips , sleeve dipoles , rubber ducky antennas or
11658-608: The move on The Tonight Show ; Sternberg cited the show's Wednesday night slot as consistently one of the network's weakest-performing timeslots. He is unique among news directors. He is a Spartan , an individual totally immersed in his profession. He almost has blinders on that shield him from outside Involvements and personal contacts within the community. He is an inside operator. Ralph Renick, on Gene Strul Edmund Ansin relinquished his general manager duties in June 1979 to devote more time to Sunbeam's real estate holdings, with incumbent station manager Robert Leider taking over
11792-540: The name change, WSVN continued to struggle in the ratings at both 6 p.m. and 11 p.m., often finishing in third place after WTVJ and WPLG. News director David Choate admitted, "we're not the favorite station for news in Miami... we keep battling Channel 4 for second place". Wayne Fariss left the station on January 31, 1984, initially retiring after a 36-year broadcasting career; a brief comeback attempt as vice president of news for WEVU-TV in Naples ended after Fariss suffered
11926-433: The network's talent and organized Biscayne after convincing Cox and Knight to collaborate rather than compete. In addition, Biscayne would purchase WIOD from Cox, Knight would divest WQAM, and Cox and Knight would each hold 42.5 percent of company stock, with Trammell holding the remaining 15 percent. Despite this new joint venture, the application found itself as one of 12 competing applications for four channel allotments in
12060-407: The new station's planned affiliation with NBC while also saying, "while it would be improper to anticipate when the commission will confirm Mr. Cunningham's report, Biscayne hopes to be in operation as shortly thereafter as possible." The FCC's broadcast bureau challenged Cunningham's recommendation of Biscayne due to Cox and Knight's ownership of the city's two daily newspapers, stating it undermined
12194-417: The news department from the first WCKT carried over directly to the second WCKT, several changes started to take place under Sidney Ansin. This included a gradual increase in the on-air quality of existing local public affairs productions via an increased budget, but Sidney explained, "...it's not enough that they be important and well done: they have to entertain, be of real interest to the viewer. I don't watch
12328-481: The news department's editorial independence , prompting Sidney to end the practice. Under news director Gene Strul, the station furthered a reputation for hard-hitting newscasts and investigative journalism , with Strul resisting outside pressure from politicians, community members, and even the station's sales department. Controversy was courted several times. Carnival operator Newell Taylor sued WCKT and Florida governor W. Haydon Burns after Burns called Taylor "one of
12462-433: The one awarded for WPST-TV replacement WLBW-TV , Sunbeam faced another bidding process for a full-time license. Sunbeam's only opposition came from Community Broadcasting Corp., composed of advertising executive Tally Embry and other Miami-based interests. FCC examiner Thomas Donahue ruled in favor of Sunbeam, saying that even though much of the station's programming output was done so "knowing ... that continued operation of
12596-483: The planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) used in cellphones. Higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas . The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi , log periodic , corner reflectors , or reflective array antennas . At
12730-470: The position. Leider's promotion came after the May 1979 sweeps period showed The Fariss-Hicks Report at 6 p.m. tied for third place alongside Star Trek reruns on WCIX amid a significant overall decline in the station's ratings. News director Gene Strul, a part of channel 7 since the first WCKT's 1956 sign-on, resigned several days later with minimal fanfare. While credited for channel 7 having won over 200 regional and national journalism awards, Strul
12864-404: The possibility of protracted competitive hearings before the FCC lasting last two to three years, Cox and Knight withdrew their bids and filed a joint application as Biscayne Television Corporation, operating autonomously from either newspaper and with former NBC president Niles Trammell as its president. Trammell, who joined NBC in 1929 and parent RCA in 1923, was credited for developing much of
12998-458: The prior WCKT's history as its own. Edmund's want to work with his father was his lead reason for joining Sunbeam after briefly considering working on Wall Street and encompassed additional ventures; this included a life insurance company formed in 1966 that bore the Sunbeam name that was divested two years later. Edmund headed the most significant expansion for Sunbeam's real estate operations:
13132-476: The programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in developing countries . Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide. Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications . TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations , particularly co-owned sister stations . This may be
13266-466: The rest of MGM's 300-title film library in April 1958. A popular twice-weekly segment of Movie 7 focused on pet adoption . Clayton teamed up with fellow announcer Don Barber for The Don and Bob Show , a late-morning daily comedy show that eventually moved to Saturday late-nights , but ended production at the start of 1962 due to low ratings. Clayton's star was on the rise after playing a bell captain in
13400-512: The seventh moon of Jupiter ") and a daily children's show as uninhibited child "Charlie Baxter" but was still easily recognizable to younger fans of M. T. Graves even without the makeup. Charlie Folds, who started at WCKT in 1958 as a editor removing profanities from movies , joined The Dungeon as sidekick " Count Down the Vampire ", establishing both a close friendship and partnership with Baxter. In addition to "Count Down", Folds played "Buffo
13534-414: The slot antenna or reflective array antenna are used: the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas. UHF television broadcasting channels are used for digital television , although much of the former bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile radio system , trunked radio and mobile telephone use. Since at UHF frequencies transmitting antennas are small enough to install on portable devices,
13668-453: The state, focusing on WCKT and Sidney's real estate business as a conflict of interest. Future NBC reporter Brian Ross later said of Strul's work, "he goes after the so-called sacred cows ... no one is immune where he is concerned." WCKT's local programming extended beyond newscasts. Bob Clayton was a charter on-air staffer in 1956 and was teamed with Corine Gustafson to host the early-afternoon talk show Your Biscayne Host . Gustafson left
13802-399: The station in October, prompting a succession of guest co-hosts in an audition process before Sue Lawton was chosen as a replacement. Clayton's duties were not limited to entertainment, as he teamed with newsman Charles Harrison to interview ten Hungarian refugees following the country's recent revolution for a special half-hour program. By May 1957, Clayton was reassigned to host Movie 7 ,
13936-592: The station via radio and telephone. The station won the Peabody Award on April 19, 1961, for its coverage of the Cuban Revolution and its local ramifications including several long-form documentaries, the first time a Florida radio or television station won the award. Silver's reporting of the Battle of Santa Clara in particular, alongside NBC newsman Herb Kaplow and Ed Scott, was so well received by
14070-422: The station was at stake", Sunbeam demonstrated that they knew how to operate WCKT. The FCC's broadcast bureau disagreed with Donahue's findings, specifically due to Sunbeam getting credit for operating the station under pressure of the interim authority, with an FCC attorney considering the bidding process to be "very close" but Sunbeam still had an edge. The FCC awarded Sunbeam a full-time license on May 15, 1965, by
14204-496: The station was the result of a long and contentious legal battle between Sunbeam and three other applicants for the channel 7 allocation in Miami. Biscayne Television Corporation, a three-way partnership including the publishers of the Miami News and Miami Herald signed on a previous WCKT on July 29, 1956, only to be stripped of its license due to ethics violations within the FCC and unethical behavior by its principals during
14338-470: The station's midday program, which was reformatted to be like Today, when 1963 began. By the end of the year, Hugh Downs recruited Clayton as announcer for the NBC game show Concentration , which Downs hosted; the two had been friends dating back to when Tonight Starring Jack Paar , which Downs announced, originated from Miami Beach. Initially resuming the practice of filming interstitials for Movie 7 and
14472-482: The station. WCKT became the first station in the market to broadcast all local programming in color on December 27, 1965, through a $ 500,000 investment in new color cameras and color news film. By the end of 1966, station manager Charles Kelly had left WCKT for a similar position at West Palm Beach's WEAT-TV , with Edmund assuming his role as station manager. After Sidney Ansin died of a heart attack on October 22, 1971, Edmund succeeded him as Sunbeam's president. While
14606-434: The story of a seven-year-old girl reacting with joy to a phone call from M. T. Graves similar to teenage Elvis fans , Herald critic Jack Anderson mused, "Now, what's that again about TV's scaring the daylights out of the very young? The only thought that lingers with me... is that her taste had better improve." Baxter added a Saturday morning science fiction film show as "M. T. Space" (Graves's astronaut brother orbiting "
14740-527: The time, channels 14 to 83) have been required in television receivers by the All-Channel Receiver Act . However, because of their more limited range, and because few sets could receive them until older sets were replaced, UHF channels were less desirable to broadcasters than VHF channels (and licenses sold for lower prices). A complete list of US Television Frequency allocations can be found at Pan-American television frequencies . There
14874-399: The top end of the band, slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical. For satellite communication, helical and turnstile antennas are used since satellites typically employ circular polarization which is not sensitive to the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. For television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of
15008-486: The two, with shared parking, a security guard booth and an agreement not to build anything else on the island without the other owner's consent. I gave some consideration about going to Wall Street but really wanted to be in business with my father. Edmund Ansin Upon the change in ownership on December 19, 1962, Edmund Ansin—who was Sunbeam's treasurer—was installed as the station's executive vice president, while Sidney
15142-425: The vote, as the station also had them also perform camera work and film editing. Johnny Carson accused both WCKT and Dallas – Fort Worth 's KXAS-TV of 'clipping' portions of The Tonight Show during the program's July 26, 1978, installment, citing a viewer letter claiming WCKT joined Tonight in the middle of Carson's monologue after playing extra commercials. Two years earlier, West Palm Beach station WTVX
15276-462: The world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one television channel , but digital television enables broadcasting via subchannels as well. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a television license defines
15410-609: Was a personal friend of Mack, engaged in 29 telephone conversations with him over a two-year span. Mack then contacted Herald associate editor John D. Pennekamp inquiring about the character of Biscayne's officials, which Pennekamp saw as "disjointed" on Mack's end and a potential tip off of the commission's actions. John S. Knight also approached President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ohio senator John W. Bricker , and previous FCC chairman George McConnaughey about applying political pressure to help Biscayne's application; McConnaughey, Doerfer, and Mack all voted in favor of Biscayne and to reaffirm
15544-458: Was accused of the same practice, prompting the FCC's Broadcast Bureau to hold hearings over their license. Edmund Ansin denied the accusations, citing timing failure from a master control clock that ran 30 seconds behind throughout the newscast that preceded the program. Carson later offered a written apology to Ansin, explaining his stance was based solely on the viewer letter and was not verified prior to going on air. Tonight was, in fact, one of
15678-544: Was also criticized for not adding flair to the newscasts or allowing them to be more feature-driven. David Choate rejoined WCKT as Strul's replacement following a brief stint at NBC News's Miami bureau. Choate initiated multiple changes that included adopting the NewsCenter 7 brand—already in use among several of NBC's owned-and-operated stations—and replacing lead anchors Constance Hicks and Wayne Fariss with Steve Rondinaro and Donna Hanover , respectively. Fariss's removal
15812-403: Was appointed to examine potential misconduct surrounding all disputed or contested licenses. Two weeks before the hearings started, Angland suffered a fatal heart attack, but his extant findings and prior testimony were admitted as evidence. Under oath , Trammell admitted to speaking multiple times with FCC commissioners but denied exerting undue influence and stated that the talks were to inform
15946-488: Was asked by management to create a horror host character but without any direction, merely saying, "We need a monster. You're it." Baxter developed the character "M. T. Graves" for the Sunday afternoon horror movie showcase titled The Dungeon after improvising with makeup and establishing a design that took 45 minutes to properly apply. Baxter crafted a backstory for "M. T. Graves": born in St. Petersburg, Russia , Graves learned
16080-413: Was best able to represent the interests of Miamians. The last to present, Sidney Ansin stated on Sunbeam's behalf that he believed television "presented a wonderful future" and was described as the organization's "moving spirit". All four applicants completed their case summaries by mid-August. Cunningham delivered his recommendation for Biscayne Television on January 18, 1955; in response, Trammell announced
16214-436: Was criticized for its abrupt nature that News critic Sherry Woods deemed "bungled" given his years of service to the station and status as the only anchor to have successfully competed against Ralph Renick. At the same time, the revamped newscasts met positive reviews for better pacing and a more visually appealing set. WCKT also made headlines by assisting Miami Beach police with an undercover surveillance team that filmed
16348-473: Was effective at 7 a.m. on June 7, 1983, with News radio critic Tom Jicha joking, "...the station should have gone all the way and done it at 7:07 on July 7". NBC engaged in cross-promotion to help unveil the new "WSVN" name with mentions on both Today and The Tonight Show , with Grant Tinker and Steve Sohmer congratulating Leider for the move; Sohmer also began advising NBC affiliates to stress their respective call letters for future promotions. Even with
16482-529: Was filed to prevent WCKT's sign-on until the FCC agreed to a policy of allowing only VHF or UHF stations to be built in a given market but was dismissed. Biscayne revealed the WCKT call sign for their channel 7 license on March 10, 1956, standing for the Cox-Knight-Trammell partnership. Confirming Trammell's intentions one year earlier, WCKT would sign on as the market's NBC affiliate, while WIOD would be purchased by Biscayne, renamed WCKR and join
16616-449: Was hired as Baxter's replacement for Charlie Reads The Comics , re-titled Sunday Funnies . Even as other locally-produced children's television shows largely ceased during the 1970s due to declines in ratings and advertising, WCKT kept Sunday Funnies on the air under the belief it remained an instructional tool for literacy . Coinciding directly with NBC's adoption of an abstract "N" logo in January 1976, WCKT unveiled an iteration of
16750-434: Was installed around the entire building, encasing it to create "a shield within a shield". The building was still partially unfinished when WCKT took to the air on July 29, 1956, with an open house to the general public set to take place by the fall. Promotion manager Bob Nashick had an idea for an extravagant opening ceremony including water-skiers and skydivers , saying, "I want to see the biggest traffic jam in history on
16884-484: Was named WCKT board chairman. Having graduated from the Wharton Business School in 1957, Edmund began working with his father Sidney's real estate holdings in South Florida as the region continued to enjoy substantial post-war growth. Edmund's addition was the only substantial change made with the license changeover, which was otherwise conducted in such a manner that the new WCKT subsequently claimed
17018-527: Was organized in July 1957 to investigate the practices of federal regulatory agencies. During a cross-examination of FCC chairman John C. Doerfer on February 5, 1958, information was revealed that Civil Aeronautics Board chairman James R. Durfee had a 1956 golf trip paid in full by an undisclosed airline amid accusations of "personal misconduct" among four of the seven active FCC commissioners. Bernard Schwartz, recently fired as subcommittee counsel after alleging
17152-419: Was originally assumed that Clayton would leave the market, but Clayton arranged to commute from New York to Miami by airplane every two weeks, filming Movie 7 interstitials and commercials in advance. Make a Face was cancelled the following March when ABC was obligated to honor a financial commitment for another game show, but Clayton kept his WCKT duties. Clayton moved back to Miami as Barber's replacement for
17286-552: Was regarded as Renick's chief competition by the end of 1962. Despite signing on, the legal battle over the WCKT license continued for nearly a full year. The Washington Court of Appeals temporarily set aside the grant of channel 7 to Biscayne on March 14, 1957, citing the FCC's failure to question any possible adverse effect from Trammell's past ties with NBC that could benefit the network, and considered him "the key figure" and "vital ' middle man '" in Biscayne's operations. The court's ruling did not suspend or affect WCKT's license, with
17420-667: Was rejected amid plans to construct a separate transmitter tower and studios. Despite the court appeal still being on file, Trammell announced on November 14, 1962, that Biscayne agreed to sell off WCKT's non-license assets to Sunbeam, while WCKR was resold back to the Cox family. As part of the agreement, James M. Cox Jr. and John S. Knight pledged their share of the proceeds to the University of Miami, with an initial $ 400,000 down payment and an additional $ 1.4 million over several years; university president Henry King Stanford announced
17554-517: Was rejected by the FCC, which reaffirmed the ruling on May 10, 1962, via a 5–1 vote. Robert E. Lee, by that point the only remaining commissioner to vote in favor of the Biscayne license in 1956 and 1957, was the lone dissenter. The FCC's reaffirming stipulated that WCKT's license would remain active for four months but did not provide a definitive date for the Biscayne-Sunbeam changeover. Biscayne president Niles Trammell filed an appeal with
17688-574: Was shut down in 1944. The station was named after Paul Gottlieb Nipkow , the inventor of the Nipkow disk . Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A terrestrial television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, via digital television signals. Television stations are differentiated from cable television or other video providers as their content
17822-455: Was solicited by an unrelated agent that first contacted him in 1954. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was also called in by the subcommittee to help with the investigation. Subcommittee attorney Stephen J. Angland's testimony on June 2, 1958, revealed that Knight and Trammell met with two Florida Power & Light officials—chairman McGregor Smith and vice-president Ben Fuqua—who in turn approached Mack on Biscayne's behalf. Fuqua, who
17956-442: Was succeeded by Batman-Batkids , wraparounds for reruns of Batman hosted by "Charles Baxter, Esquire " that reprised several Dungeon characters, with Folds as Baxter's valet "The Count". Created by Sidney Ansin, Seven's Circus had high ratings, a loyal audience and fan club boasting 200 members—with Baxter, George DeVries and Bill Barry as successive " ringmasters "—but was cancelled on January 4, 1968, after years of being
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