115-474: Wotansvolk (English: " Odin's Folk ") promulgates a white nationalist variant of Neo-Paganism —founded in the early 1990s by Ron McVan, Katja Lane and David Lane (1938–2007) while Lane was serving a 190-year prison sentence for his actions in connection with the white supremacist revolutionary domestic terrorist organization The Order . After the founding of 14 Word Press by David Lane and his wife Katja to disseminate her husband's writings, Ron McVan joined
230-486: A Rasse or "race", so these two terms did not always denote the same concept. Unlike the adjective völkisch , which became associated with German nationalism, the German noun Volk remains the unmarked term for "a people" or "nation" (while its older meanings of "a crowd of people" or "commoners" are less current). The Reichstag building retains its dedication, inscribed in 1916, reading dem deutschen Volke ("to
345-594: A deist , a pantheist , or an atheist and still be Wotansvolk. McVan and Lane have described many rituals and practices, none of which are required of practitioners. Lane often used "Odinist" and "Wotanist" as synonymous in his writings, and the Southern Poverty Law Center regards Lane's Wotanism as a form of Odinism, whereas Ron McVan labelled it "Heathen". Universalist Asatruars—notably The Troth —along with some non-folkish Odinists , have rejected what they perceive as an attempt to appropriate
460-540: A neurosis is". Initially, Jung had aspirations of becoming a preacher or minister. There was a strong moral sense in his household and several of his family were clergymen. Jung had wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than the University of Basel, which did not teach it. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung decided against the path of religious traditionalism and decided to pursue psychiatry and medicine. His interest
575-436: A "back-to-the-land" anti-urban populism with many parallels with expressions of Romantic nationalism in other parts of Europe, such as the writings of William Morris . "In part this ideology was a revolt against modernity," Nicholls remarked. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was not universally agreed that there was such a thing as a single "German nation" ( Volk ). The "Germans" ( die Deutschen ) were rather seen as
690-447: A "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory of analytical psychology, for which he became famous in the following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me my friendship with Freud". Another disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious. Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative and inelastic. According to Jung, Freud conceived
805-699: A 1999 interview that prisoners constituted only an estimated 20 percent of Wotansvolkers in the United States. Wotansvolk is based on a combination of white separatism, Jungian psychology, the neo-völkisch movement , Western esotericism and syncreticism from other far-right subcultures and religious movements, notably the Church of the Creator . Lane was an early proponent of the Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory ,
920-609: A belief that the U.S. government and the Western world is dominated by "traitors and Jews working towards the establishment of a New World Order ". Convinced the white race was on the verge of extinction, Lane popularized the "Fourteen Words" slogan as a rallying point in the White pride movement. The group praises a mythologized version of the Viking Age , with Odinism as a religious component. Wotansvolkers also cite as influential
1035-619: A copy of which he later sent to Freud—who had already purchased a copy. Preceded by a lively correspondence, Jung met Freud for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907. Jung recalled the discussion between himself and Freud as interminable, unceasing for 13 hours. Six months later, the then 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich. This marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted six years. In 1908, Jung became an editor of
1150-553: A decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels. Constance Long arranged for Jung to deliver a seminar in Cornwall in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this one organized by Jung's British protégé Helton Godwin Baynes (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925. In 1935, at the invitation of his close British friends and colleagues, H. G. Baynes , E. A. Bennet and Hugh Crichton-Miller , Jung gave
1265-506: A few days. Paul Jung, Carl's father, was the youngest son of noted German-Swiss professor of medicine at Basel , Karl Gustav Jung (1794–1864). Paul's hopes of achieving a fortune never materialised, and he did not progress beyond the status of an impoverished rural pastor in the Swiss Reformed Church . Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also grown up in a large family, whose Swiss roots went back five centuries. Emilie
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#17328013983341380-485: A few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of Mount Elgon , where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised. One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs
1495-700: A head detached from the neck and floating in the air in front of the body. Jung had a better relationship with his father. Jung's mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel, for an unknown physical ailment. His father took Carl to be cared for by Emilie Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but he was later brought back to his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence and depression deeply troubled her son and caused him to associate women with "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant for him reliability, but also powerlessness. In his memoir, Jung would remark that this parental influence
1610-414: A hundred prison kindreds by the fall of 1996; more than three hundred of them were present by the year 2000. Prison authorities however often break groups by disseminating their members to various establishments. Lane's campaigning has contributed to the fact that all states now allow any prisoner to wear a Thor 's hammer as a religious medallion. If there are many white supremacist groups active in prison,
1725-640: A liberal German nation-state faltered and collapsed. A division developed among German nationalists, with one group led by the Prussians that supported a " Lesser Germany " that excluded Austria and another group that supported a " Greater Germany " that included Austria. Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the "wars of unification": the Second Schleswig War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), which effectively established
1840-583: A membership organization but rather as a propaganda center, providing "a philosophical foundation for independent kindreds and fraternities" with a large number of individual supporters helping disseminate Wotansvolk materials in their local communities. Besides illustrating the group's publications, McVan extended Odinism to a business by selling artifacts such as rune-staffs, Thor's hammers or ceremonial drinking horns. A number of pagan white-power bands have referenced Wotansvolk in their lyrics, including Darken's Creed of Iron album and Dissident's album A Cog in
1955-426: A modern sense of "of the common people, whose culture is handed down orally", and opened up a flood of compound formations, e.g. folk art (1921), folk-hero (1899), folk-medicine (1898), folk-tale (1891), folk-song (1847), folk-music (1889), folk-dance (1912). In German philosophy of the late 18th and 19th centuries, Volksgeist is used in the sense of "national spirit", not necessarily in reference to
2070-574: A name chosen by the German Labour Front in 1937 for a car designed to be affordable to the "common man". In contrast to German Volk being elevated to the sense of "nation" in the early 19th century, English folk came to be seen as inelegant at around the same time, being mostly replaced by the latinate people . It re-entered formal or academic English only through the invention of the word folklore , coined in 1846 by William J. Thoms as an Anglo-Saxonism. This word revived folk in
2185-466: A paramilitary underground. The mission of the overt part was to "counter system-sponsored propaganda", "educate the Folk", and "provide a man pool from which the covert or military arm can be [recruited]." Predicting that the openly racist propaganda arm would be "under scrutiny", Lane emphasized by 1994 the need for members to "operate within the [legal] parameters" and keep themselves "rigidly separated" from
2300-487: A permanent 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became a lecturer Privatdozent in the medical faculty of Zurich University. In 1904, he published with Franz Riklin their Diagnostic Association Studies , of which Freud obtained a copy. In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital and began a private practice in his home in Küsnacht . Eventually, a close friendship and strong professional association developed between
2415-608: A quite successful prison outreach program. Research by Mattias Gardell indicated "a pagan revival among the white prison population, including the conversion of whole prison gangs to the ancestral religion [...] partly due to the reputation of Lane and its association with the legendary Brüders Schweigen , Wotansvolk's name-recognition is high among the Aryan prison population". As of January 2001, Wotansvolk catered to more than 5,000 prisoners, including several members of The Order like David Lane and Richard Scutari. There were fewer than
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#17328013983342530-518: A research scientist at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital, in Zurich , under Eugen Bleuler . Jung established himself as an influential mind, developing a friendship with Sigmund Freud , founder of psychoanalysis , conducting a lengthy correspondence paramount to their joint vision of human psychology. Jung is widely regarded as one of the most influential psychologists in history. Freud saw
2645-414: A self-denying Christianity, is seen by Wotansvolkers as a "natural religion", preaching "war, plunder, and sex". Lane's followers, who regard him as a folk hero , see Lane's writing, such as the " 14 Words " and the "88 Precepts" manifesto, as holy scriptures and foundational texts. They primarily consider the gods through a " soft polytheistic " lens as Jungian archetypes , although Lane said one could be
2760-740: A series of lectures at the Tavistock Clinic in London, later published as part of the Collected Works . In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Oxford . At the tenth International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the presidential address, followed by a visit to Cheshire to stay with the Bailey family at Lawton Mere. In 1946, Jung agreed to become
2875-490: A somewhat altered meaning. The collective unconscious is not so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from the alleged ubiquity of archetypes over space and time. In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in Munich for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals. At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on Amenhotep IV , Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in
2990-405: A stone, which he had painted into upper and lower halves, and hid the case in the attic. Periodically, he would return to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language. He later reflected that this ceremonial act brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. Years later, he discovered similarities between his personal experience and
3105-405: A student by reading Psychopathia Sexualis by Richard von Krafft-Ebing . In 1900, Jung completed his degree and started work as an intern (voluntary doctor) under the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler at Burghölzli Hospital. It was Bleuler who introduced him to the writings of Freud by asking him to write a review of The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). In the early 1900s psychology as a science
3220-400: A suicidal psychosis that precipitated his writing of his Red Book, his seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously in 2009. Eleven years later, in 2020, they were published in their entirety as his Black Books. Jung described his 1912 book as "an attempt, only partially successful, to create a wider setting for medical psychology and to bring the whole of
3335-462: A time when Internet was beginning to revolutionize communication means, the group set up a website in 1995, and got its own domain in 1997, "14words.com". In 2001, an online chat was created, in order to link Heathens around the world in a common white power culture. The first European Wotansvolk group was established in spring 1996 in London . According to Mattias Gardell , Wotansvolk was not founded as
3450-658: A visit in nearby Zurich, an incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the US and gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the year as Psychology of the Unconscious , subsequently republished as Symbols of Transformation . While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the libido, they represent largely
3565-525: A watershed in the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. This forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans. Jung returned to the United States the next year for a brief visit. In 1910 Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his crown prince and successor", for the position of lifetime President of the newly formed International Psychoanalytical Association . However, after forceful objections from his Viennese colleagues, it
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3680-468: Is a representative example.) The word 民族 is often used by nationalists in China (" zhonghua minzu "), Korea (" minjok "), and Vietnam (" dân tộc "). The Volk -based nationalism is deeply related to the nation-buildings in modern Chinese, Japanese and Korean nationalism . The term "zhonghua minzu" ("中华民族") is a very important concept in explaining mainland Chinese nationalism . "Zhonghua minzu"
3795-626: Is also appears in March of the Volunteers , the official national anthem of China. The term "minjok" ("民族") was reflected in South Korea 's Pledge of Allegiance before 2007. Notes Bibliography Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung ( / j ʊ ŋ / YUUNG ; German: [kaʁl ˈjʊŋ] ; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist , psychotherapist , psychologist and pioneering evolutionary theorist who founded
3910-533: Is kinship libido. Jung defined this as an instinctive feeling of belonging to a particular group or family and Jung believed it was vital to the human experience and used this as an endogamous aspect of the libido and what lies amongst the family. This is similar to a Bantu term called Ubuntu that emphasizes humanity and almost the same meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because you are." In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive tour of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, he felt himself "under
4025-647: The Antichrist and embodying the spirits of Mars , Thor , and King David while being described as "the Man of prophecy", the "666 Man", and the " Joseph Smith of Wotanism". Ron McVan dismissed the African-Americans who "zealously emphasize the rigors of 200 years of slavery in this country" and Jews who "rant hysterically and endlessly about an alleged holocaust", while highlighting the "freethinking Aryan pagans, alchemists, and scientists [who] suffered under
4140-577: The Bible as containing secret codes hidden by pre-Christian, non-Jewish Aryan masters. Lane stated that this Bible code was carried over into the King James Version , which he believed Sir Francis Bacon had translated. Lane also taught something which he called "Pyramid Prophecy" which, according to him, said his name and birthdate were prophesied in the Bible as being connected to the coming of
4255-492: The Terry Lectures at Yale University , later published as Psychology and Religion . In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by his English friend, "Peter" Baynes and an American associate, George Beckwith . On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari
4370-479: The Vedagiriswarar Temple where he had a conversation with a local expert about the symbols and sculptures on the gopuram of this temple. He later wrote about this conversation in his book Aion . Jung became seriously ill on this trip and endured two weeks of delirium in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe. Jung became a full professor of medical psychology at
4485-621: The collective unconscious were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with his later research. At the age of 12, shortly before the end of his first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel, Jung was pushed to the ground by another boy so hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was indirectly his fault.) A thought then came to him—"now you won't have to go to school anymore". From then on, whenever he walked to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained at home for
4600-471: The "mystery of the blood", the belief that unmixed Aryan blood carries a genetic memory of the racial lineage with all its gods, demigods, and heroes of the aboriginal golden age. Given that the Aryan can reconnect to the archetypal gods of the blood, "man is able", in the words of McVan, "to awaken to a divinity which flows within him". "A race without its mythos and religion of the blood", McVan followed, "shifts aimlessly through history". Wotanism, contrary to
4715-513: The Christian pogroms and Inquisition. This was a deliberate, religious slaughter of the innocents unparalleled in the Western world". McVan argued that the main cause of the fall and degeneration of Aryan golden age was the spiritual advent of Jewish Christianity. According to him, the folk then began to gradually lose consciousness of itself as a race: "If ever there were a birth of tragedy, it
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4830-660: The GDR, since they regarded it as their right to decide whether the state should give shelter to refugees or not. This, however, is a constitutional right in Germany for "[p]ersons persecuted on political grounds" that can not be changed unless the constitution is changed with a two-thirds majority in both houses of the parliament; however, asylum seekers who enter "from a member state of the European Communities" already have no constitutional right to asylum. The term Volk
4945-638: The German nation, but still strongly correlated with the development of a German national identity in the wake of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire . The völkisch movement originates in this time, proposing the formation of a German nation state as a solution to the " German Question ". Johann Gottlieb Fichte in his Addresses to the German Nation , published still during the Napoleonic Wars from 1808 onwards, asked, in
5060-602: The German people"). While Volk suggests an ethnic group or nation, the term Bevölkerung is used in the sense of "populace, resident population". The term Volksdeutsche for "ethnic Germans" retains some usage but is increasingly replaced by Deutschstämmige ("[people] of German descent"). In composition, Volks- retains the meaning "of/for the common people", after the pattern of Volkswagen , sometimes used humorously in advertising (as in Volks-Zahnbürste "people's toothbrush" ) "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are
5175-600: The Japanese who opposed the war were called "anti- kokumin " (非国民; hikokumin ). These words are not often used in Japan today, but they are used by some right-wing conservative and Japanese nationalist politicians. Taro Aso has called Japan a "one race" or "one minzoku ". 国民 and 民族 greatly influenced the nationalism (mainly romantic nationalism ) of East Asian countries. East Asia's "Nationalist Party" often describe it as 国民党 or 國民黨. (Republic of China's Kuomintang
5290-493: The Jungs remained shareholders in a thriving business that ensured the family's financial security for decades. Emma Jung, whose education had been limited, evinced considerable ability and interest in her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychoanalyst in her own right. The marriage lasted until Emma died in 1955. They had five children: None of
5405-567: The Skies (1959), which analyzed the archetypal meaning and possible psychological significance of the reported observations of UFOs . In 1961, he wrote his last work, a contribution to Man and His Symbols entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in 1964). Jung died on 6 June 1961 at Küsnacht after a short illness. He had been beset by circulatory diseases . Among his principal distinctions are honorary doctorates from: In addition, he was: Jung's thought derived from
5520-463: The Unconscious in 1912 that led to the final break with Freud. The letters they exchanged show Freud's refusal to consider Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in his posthumously-published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962) as a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew dropped away from him, except two of his colleagues. After the Munich congress he was on the verge of
5635-588: The United States "race treason", as he viewed the United States as actively committing genocide against white people . While Wotansvolk followers have endorsed the white separatist project of the Northwest Territorial Imperative , they mostly dismissed the constitution of the white ethnostate proposed by Aryan Nations in April 1996 on the ground that it restricted liberties, especially the freedom of religion . David Lane attributed
5750-496: The University of Basel in 1943, but resigned after a heart attack the next year to lead a more private life. In 1945, he began corresponding with an English Roman Catholic priest, Father Victor White , who became a close friend, regularly visiting the Jungs at the Bollingen estate. Jung became ill again in 1952. Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in
5865-605: The Wheel. The original group eventually split in 2002, when administration of Wotansvolk was transferred to John Post in Napa , California . In March of the same year, Post announced the formation of the National Prison Kindred Alliance, as a joint effort of Wotansvolk and a number of independent Asatrú/Odinist tribal networks seeking to improve their religious rights in penitentiaries. Wotansvolk operated
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#17328013983345980-426: The age of 38, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He worried at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" or was "doing a schizophrenia". He decided that it was valuable experience and, in private, he induced hallucinations or, in his words, a process of " active imagination ". He recorded everything he experienced in small journals, which Jung referred to in
6095-472: The children continued their father's career. The daughters, Agathe and Marianne, assisted in publishing work. During his marriage, Jung engaged in at least one extramarital relationship: his affair with his patient and, later, fellow psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein . A continuing affair with Toni Wolff is also alleged. Jung and Freud influenced each other during the intellectually formative years of Jung's life. Jung had become interested in psychiatry as
6210-501: The classical education he received at school and from early family influences, which on the maternal side were a combination of Reformed Protestant academic theology with an interest in occult phenomena. On his father's side was a dedication to academic discipline emanating from his grandfather, the physician, scientist and first Basel Professor of Medicine, Karl Gustav Jung , a one time student activist and convert from Catholicism to Swiss Reformed Protestantism. Family lore suggested there
6325-547: The compound word Herrenvolk , translated as " master race "; the " Volksjäger " jet fighter, translated as "people's fighter "; and the term Volksgemeinschaft , translated as "people's community". The term Volk, in the vision of Nazis, had a broad set of meanings, and referred sometimes to the entirety of German nation and other times to the Nordic race . In the writings of leading Nazi thinkers, such as Alfred Rosenberg and Hans Günther several Völker or "peoples" made up
6440-461: The conflict, who crossed their frontier to evade capture. Jung worked to improve the conditions of soldiers stranded in Switzerland and encouraged them to attend university courses. Jung emerged from his period of isolation in the late nineteen-tens with the publication of several journal articles, followed in 1921 with Psychological Types , one of his most influential books. There followed
6555-451: The course of the protests, indicating the ethnic meaning of Volk , where the division of Germany was regarded as unjust because of the common ethnic identity of all Germans. In 2015 the slogan "Wir sind das Volk" became popular again among members of PEGIDA (a nationalist movement), and various groups that claimed to stand in the tradition of Monday Demonstrations. Here, however, the ethnic connotation of "Volk" quickly became obvious. While
6670-431: The current weakness of the "Aryan man" to Christianity, a creed "diametrically opposed to the natural order" and part of a Jewish conspiracy to rule the world. "God is not love", he said, "God the Creator made lions to eat lambs; he made hawks to eat sparrows. Compassion between species is against the law of nature. Life is struggle and the absence of struggle is death." Despite Lane's contempt for Christianity, he described
6785-504: The development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement Alcoholics Anonymous on June 10, 1935, in Akron, Ohio , a quarter of a century after James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year. For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published Psychology of the Unconscious , which made manifest the developing theoretical divergence between
6900-508: The direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Africa, his conversations had been strictly limited by the language barrier, but in India, he was able to converse extensively. Hindu philosophy became an important element in his understanding of the role of symbolism and the life of the unconscious, though he avoided a meeting with Ramana Maharshi . He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels he visited
7015-539: The eighth address, "What is a Volk, in the higher sense of the term, and what is love of the fatherland?," He answered that it could only be that "particular spiritual nature of the human environment out of which he himself, with all of his thought and action... has arisen, namely the people from which he is descended and among which he has been formed and grown into that which he is". The movement combined sentimental patriotic interest in German folklore , local history and
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#17328013983347130-697: The elder Freud and Jung , which left a sizeable correspondence . In late summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at the twentieth anniversary celebration of the founding of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts , the Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and received an honorary degree. It was during this trip that Jung first began separating psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. And it
7245-492: The elder daughter of a wealthy industrialist in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck. Rauschenbach was the owner, among other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen —the International Watch Company, manufacturer of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death in 1905, his two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law— Ernst Homberger —became the principal proprietor, but
7360-794: The equivalent of what would now be called the Germanic peoples , i.e. a large ethno-linguistic phylum comprising a number of peoples (such as the German "stems" or tribes of the Franks (or Franconians ), Swabians , Bavarians , Thuringians , Saxons , etc.; also included into the term were the Scandinavians and the Anglo-Saxons , e.g. the Brothers' Grimm Deutsche Sagen of 1816–1818 which includes legends of Germanic antiquity as well as of German, Austrian and Swiss folklore. In
7475-407: The era of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and influential man from the past. Though Jung was close to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's academic approach to faith. Some childhood memories made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he carved a tiny mannequin into the end of the wooden ruler from his pencil case and placed it inside the case. He added
7590-487: The evolutionary past of humanity and his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, is still evident in the psychology of modern humans. In 1900, Jung moved to Zürich and began working at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital under Eugen Bleuler . Bleuler was already in communication with the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud . Jung's dissertation , published in 1903,
7705-710: The final disposition of what he called the Liber Novus or Red Book . Sonu Shamdasani , a historian of psychology from London, tried for three years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to have it published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung archives, decided to publish it when the necessary additional funds needed were raised through the Philemon Foundation . Up to September 2008, fewer than about two dozen people had ever seen it. In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York City publishers W. W. Norton & Company , scanned
7820-462: The first Honorary President of the newly formed Society of Analytical Psychology in London, having previously approved its training programme devised by Michael Fordham . During the period of Jung's collaboration with Freud , both visited the US in 1909 to lecture at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912 Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York which were published later in
7935-529: The infinite past with the infinite future". To McVan, Wotan—a Germanic name for Odin —symbolizes "the essential soul and spirit of the Aryan folk made manifest" as an iron-willed warrior god. The name "Wotan" was also chosen instead of "Odin" because it was also used as an acronym for "will of the Aryan nations". According to James R. Lewis and Jesper A. Petersen, "there is no ontological distinction separating Aryan man and Aryan gods. They are conceived of as kin, differing in power rather than nature". McVan cultivated
8050-409: The main task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including synchronicity , archetypal phenomena , the collective unconscious , the psychological complex , and extraversion and introversion . His belief that some alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or religious experience' indirectly influenced the later founding of Alcoholics Anonymous . Jung
8165-749: The manuscript with a 10,200-pixel scanner. It was published on 7 October 2009, in German with a "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back of the book. According to Sara Corbett, reviewing the text for The New York Times , "The book is bombastic, baroque and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with an antediluvian and mystical reality." The Rubin Museum of Art in New York City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as well as some of his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 October 2009 to 15 February 2010. According to them, "During
8280-532: The media as "the concerned citizens", started to use the slogan. They wanted to indicate that, according to their beliefs, the Volk (meaning only ethnic Germans ) should have more rights than immigrants and especially refugees. The similarity to the National Socialist Volk conception was pointed out by various media. The protesters also made references to the protests against the dictatorship of
8395-563: The medieval period ( Middle High German volc ) had the primary meaning of "large crowd, army", while the more general sense of "population" or "people" was expressed by diet (adjective dietsch, deutsch "popular, of the people"). It was only in the early modern period that deutsch acquired the meaning of an ethnic self-designation. Beginning in 1512, the Holy Roman Empire was named Imperium Romanum Sacrum Nationis Germanicæ , rendered in German as Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation , suggesting that Latin germanicus "German, Germanic"
8510-564: The military underground. The paramilitary wing would have to "operate in small, autonomous cells, the smaller the better, even one man alone", in order for its members to primarily target "weak points in the infrastructure" of industrialized societies with "fire, bombs, guns, terror, disruption, and destruction". Lane added that "whatever and whoever perform valuable service for the system are targets, human or otherwise", and that "special attention and merciless terror are visited upon those White men who commit race treason". Lane considered loyalty to
8625-431: The movement often selectively cite Carl Jung's theories of an "Aryan" collective subconscious , which they equate with the " race-soul " of Nazism. Wotansvolk followers specifically cite Jung's 1936 essay "Wotan". Desiring a "white revolution", Wotansvolk endorsed the " leaderless resistance " strategy originally developed by Louis Beam . Their own version involved the tactical separation between an open propaganda arm and
8740-402: The name "14 Word Press", along with his wife Katja Lane and Ron McVan, an artist who had become involved in the white supremacist movement from the 1970s after reading the works of Ben Klassen . Headquartered at a mountain outside St. Maries , Idaho , Wotansvolk rapidly evolved into "a dynamic propaganda center that spread its message throughout the United States and abroad". Established at
8855-519: The newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research . In 1909, Jung travelled with Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi to the United States; in September they took part in a conference at Clark University in Worcester , Massachusetts. The conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist G. Stanley Hall and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented
8970-482: The next six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly to a visitor, about the boy's future ability to support himself. They suspected he had epilepsy . Confronted with the reality of his family's poverty, he realized the need for academic excellence. He went into his father's study and began poring over Latin grammar . He fainted three more times, but eventually overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what
9085-454: The organization seemed according to Gardell "more successful in its outreach efforts than other Asatrú/Odinist programs". Non-racist versions of Asatrú and Odinism are protected in the US under freedoms of speech and of religion, but violent and racist religious materials, such as Wotanism, may be banned or restricted from prisons. While the movement is primarily associated to prison culture in the media, Wotansvolk co-founder Katja Lane asserted in
9200-524: The part of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Jung believed were inherited from ancestors. While he did think that libido was an important source for personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not believe that libido alone was responsible for the formation of the core personality. In 1912 these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying him
9315-668: The people!") was a chant used by the Monday demonstrators during the peaceful demonstrations of 1989/1990 to end the GDR and bring down the Berlin Wall . The slogan meant that the "simple people" would no longer endure the dictatorship, and wanted to reform the political system of the GDR. It did not necessarily express support for the idea of a reunification. However, the slogan was also altered to "Wir sind ein Volk!" ("We are one people") during
9430-452: The period in which he worked on this book Jung developed his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's illuminations and illustrations to the text. During World War I, Jung was drafted as an army doctor and soon made commandant of an internment camp for British officers and soldiers. The Swiss were neutral and obliged to intern personnel from either side of
9545-415: The practices associated with totems in indigenous cultures , such as the collection of soul-stones near Arlesheim or the tjurungas of Australia. He concluded that his intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he had practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in distant locations which he, as a young boy, knew nothing about. His observations about symbols, archetypes , and
9660-637: The press in 1995 and founded Temple of Wotan (co-writing a book by that name). 14 Word Press - Wotansvolk proceeded to publish several books for the practice of Wotanism before becoming defunct in the early 2000s. Wotansvolk was launched following the publication by David Lane of a 1995 article titled "Wotan's Folk", which gave the group its name. Wotan is the Germanic name for Odin , a central figure in Norse faith and other Germanic mythologies . Lane had been publishing white supremacist and neopagan work under
9775-582: The psychic phenomena within its purview". The book was later revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in 1952. Jung spoke at meetings of the Psycho-Medical Society in London in 1913 and 1914. His travels were soon interrupted by the war, but his ideas continued to receive attention in England primarily through the efforts of Constance Long who translated and published the first English volume of his collected writings. In 1913, at
9890-513: The psychoanalytic movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted and Jung carried him to a couch. Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introverted and extraverted type in analytical psychology . It was the publication of Jung's book The Psychology of
10005-580: The revival of the ancient native faith of northern Europe for political and racial ends. Folkish Heathens on their side, such as Stephen McNallen of the Asatru Folk Assembly , generally support Lane's Fourteen Words , although they are not generally in favor of domestic terrorism to establish a white ethnostate . Notes Bibliography Further reading Volk The German noun Volk ( German pronunciation: [fɔlk] ) translates to people , both uncountable in
10120-423: The school of analytical psychology . He was a prolific author, illustrator, and correspondent, and a complex and controversial character, perhaps best known through his "autobiography" Memories, Dreams, Reflections . Jung's work has been influential in the fields of psychiatry , anthropology , archaeology , literature , philosophy , psychology , religious studies and evolutionary theory. He worked as
10235-558: The sense of people as in a crowd , and countable (plural Völker ) in the sense of a people as in an ethnic group or nation (compare the English term folk ). Within an English-language context, the German word is of interest primarily for its use in German philosophy , as in Volksseele ("national soul"), and in German nationalism – notably the derived adjective völkisch ("national, ethnic"). The term Volk in
10350-835: The separation of Austria from Germany, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1, after which the unification of Germany was finally achieved, by the fusion of the North German Confederation (dominated by Prussia ) and the South or Central German states of Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden and Hesse . Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf denounced usage of the word völkisch as he considered it too vague as to carry any recognizable meaning due to former over-use, although he used it often, especially in connection with ethnic Germans or Volksdeutsche . During
10465-554: The singular as his Black Book , considering it a "single integral whole", even though some of these original journals have a brown cover. The material Jung wrote was subjected to several edits, hand-written and typed, including another, "second layer" of text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing. Around 1915, Jung commissioned a large red leather-bound book, and began to transcribe his notes, along with painting, working intermittently for sixteen years. Jung left no posthumous instructions about
10580-508: The slogan "Wir sind ein Volk" was no longer in use since the reunification, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk" was given a new meaning. Now the word "Wir" was used by right wing protesters to refer to themselves, in order to distinguish from migrants and so-called " Gutmenschen ", Germans that supported refugees. After Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to give shelter to a growing number of refugees, especially from Syria, in 2015, right wing groups as well as more modest movements, that were referred to by
10695-622: The two. Consequently, their personal and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other was unable to admit he could be wrong. After the culminating break in 1913, Jung went through a difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared it favorably to Freud's own period of what he called neurasthenia and hysteria . In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach (1882–1955), seven years his junior and
10810-495: The unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires. Jung's observations overlap to an extent with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the " personal unconscious ", but his hypothesis is more about a process than a static model and he also proposed the existence of a second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond the personal, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist philosopher and embryologist Hans Driesch (1867–1941)—but with
10925-543: The wake of the Revolutions of 1848 , the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to create a national constitution for all German states but rivalry between Prussian and Austrian interests resulted in proponents of the parliament advocating a "Lesser German" solution (a monarchical German nation-state without Austria). The King of Prussia , Frederick William IV of Prussia , refused the offer and efforts to create
11040-570: The works of ariosophist Guido von List and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche . Wotansvolk promotes "white racialism" derived from a white identity . They attribute various wars occurring in Northern Ireland and Yugoslavia as consequences of artificial borders imposed by the enemies of the white race to divide and conquer. Wotansvolk followers have defended Hitler and the Nazis as "prisoners" of these artificial boundaries. Followers of
11155-664: The year as Psychology of the Unconscious . Jung made a more extensive trip westward in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value to Jung was a visit with Chief Mountain Lake of the Taos Pueblo near Taos, New Mexico . Jung made another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard and giving lectures in New York and New England for his growing group of American followers. He returned in 1937 to deliver
11270-564: The years of the Third Reich , the term Volk became heavily used in nationalistic political slogans, particularly in slogans such as Volk ohne Raum – "(a) people or race without space" or Völkischer Beobachter ("popular or racial observer"), an NSDAP party newspaper. Also the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich , ein Führer ("One nation, one empire, one leader");
11385-584: The younger Jung not only as the heir he had been seeking to take forward his "new science" of psychoanalysis, but as a means to legitimize his own work: Freud and other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Europe, and Jung was Christian . Freud secured Jung's appointment as president of Freud's newly founded International Psychoanalytical Association . Jung's research and personal vision, however, made it difficult to follow his older colleague's doctrine and they parted ways. This division
11500-403: Was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was born. Known in the family as "Trudi", she became a secretary to her brother. Jung was a solitary and introverted child. From childhood, he believed that, like his mother, he had two personalities—a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more suited to the 18th century. "Personality Number 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in
11615-479: Was agreed Jung would be elected to serve a two-year term of office. While Jung worked on his Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido , tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of libido . Jung de-emphasized the importance of sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious:
11730-545: Was an artist , craftsman , builder, and prolific writer. Many of his works were not published until after his death and some remain unpublished. Carl Gustav Jung was born 26 July 1875 in Kesswil , in the Swiss canton of Thurgau , as the first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923). His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that of a son named Paul, born in 1873, who survived only
11845-416: Was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for. In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of Basel. Barely a year later, his father Paul died and left the family near destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies. During his student days, he entertained his contemporaries with the family legend that his paternal grandfather
11960-622: Was during this visit that Jung was introduced to the elder philosopher and psychologist William James , known as the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work. Jung connected with James around their mutual interests in mysticism , spiritualism and psychical phenomena . James wrote to a friend after the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed." James died about eleven months later. The ideas of both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender and spiritual experiences, were influential in
12075-546: Was now expressed by the adjective deutsch . Volk is the cognate of English folk and also overlaps in the usage of the latter as in Volksmusik " folk music ", Volksglaube " folk belief " etc. In the 18th century, German Volk was mostly reserved for "crowd" or "mass of the population", while the concept of "a people" or "a nation" was now expressed by the Latinism Nation . Use of Nation in this sense
12190-473: Was painful for Jung and resulted in the establishment of Jung's analytical psychology, as a comprehensive system separate from psychoanalysis. Scholar Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi believed Jung's later antisemitic remarks may be a clue to the schism. Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is individuation —the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the self out of each individual's conscious and unconscious elements. Jung considered it to be
12305-436: Was replaced by Volk after 1800, explicitly in the context of emergent German nationalism . Compounds in which Volk- translates to "populace" or "nation" include Volksentscheid ( plebiscite , literally "decision of/by the people") Völkerbund ( League of Nations ). The somewhat obsolete meaning of the common people , hoi polloi , working class is visible in the brand name Volkswagen "people's car", historically
12420-418: Was six months old. Tensions between father and mother had developed. Jung's mother was an eccentric and depressed woman; she spent considerable time in her bedroom, where she said spirits visited her at night. Though she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He said that one night he saw a faintly luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room, with
12535-498: Was still in its early stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent of Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich and Jung's research had already gained him international recognition. Jung sent Freud a copy of his Studies in Word Association in 1906. The same year, he published Diagnostic Association Studies ,
12650-538: Was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted men friends and been disappointed by them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed." After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer. In 1879 he was called to Kleinhüningen, next to Basel, where his family lived in a parsonage of the church. The relocation brought Emilie Jung closer into contact with her family and lifted her melancholy. When he
12765-562: Was the illegitimate son of Goethe and his German great-grandmother, Sophie Ziegler . In later life, he pulled back from this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece. It was during this early period, when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Basel University, that he took an interest in palaeoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of Homo erectus and Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to his fascination with
12880-534: Was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871), and his second wife. Samuel Preiswerk was an Antistes , the title given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a Hebraist , author, and editor, who taught Paul Jung as his professor of Hebrew at Basel University . Jung's father was appointed to a more prosperous parish in Laufen when Jung
12995-582: Was titled On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena . It was based on the analysis of the supposed mediumship of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's contemporary Théodore Flournoy . Jung studied with Pierre Janet in Paris in 1902 and later equated his view of the complex with Janet's idée fixe subconsciente . In 1905, Jung was appointed as
13110-570: Was translated into kokumin ( Kanji : 国民, lit: nation; people) and minzoku (Kanji: 民族, lit: people; ethnic group) by Japan in the Meiji Era . ( Kokumin is used in a non-racial context, unlike minzoku .) Throughout the period of the Empire of Japan , these two words were used frequently, especially minzoku to indicate the superiority of the " Yamato race ". During the Shōwa "statist" period ,
13225-425: Was when Aryan man turned his back on the indigenous Gods of his race," McVan wrote in 1999. Ron McVan developed Wotansvolk ariosophy in two books titled Creed of Iron (1997) and Temple of Wotan (2000), with the project to get the lost "folk consciousness" to re-emerge, and reconnect white people to their "roots [in] the Aryan race". Wotanism is presented by McVan as "the inner voice of the Aryan soul, which links
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