91-561: Ngoyo was a kingdom of the Woyo ethnic group, located in the south of Cabinda and on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa , just north of the Congo River . In the 13th century it formed part of a confederation led by Vungu . Ngoyo tradition held that the kingdom's ancestors were among the earliest settlers in the area, leading their chiefs to title themselves the nfumu nsi ("lords of
182-545: A naval base in the western part of Cabinda, making it the only Brazilian colony outside of South America. Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco , which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the Portuguese Crown under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda". This is often the basis upon which the legal and historical arguments in defense of
273-465: A barrier to small farmers, and particularly, female farmers. The primary benefits to certification include improving conservation practices and reducing the use of agrochemicals, business support through cooperatives and resource sharing, and a higher price for cocoa beans which can improve the standard of living for farmers. Fair trade cocoa producer groups are established in Belize, Bolivia, Cameroon,
364-526: A botanical basis. They are still used frequently in marketing material. Criollo has traditionally been the most prized variety. Believed to have been native to South America, by the time of the Spanish conquest they were grown in Mesoamerica. After European colonization, disease and population decrease led to the Spanish and Portuguese using different cacao varieties from South America. Different from
455-704: A charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS). An ad-hoc United Nations commission for human rights in Cabinda reported in 2003 that many atrocities had been perpetrated by the MPLA. In 2004, according to Peter Takirambudde , executive director of the Human Rights Watch mission for Africa, the Angolan army continued to commit crimes against civilians in Cabinda. Although
546-579: A class action lawsuit filed by eight former children from Mali who alleged that the companies aided and abetted their enslavement on cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast . The suit accused Barry Callebaut , Cargill , The Hershey Company , Mars , Mondelez , Nestlé , and Olam International , of knowingly engaging in forced labour , and the plaintiffs sought damages for unjust enrichment , negligent supervision , and intentional infliction of emotional distress . In 2022, world production of cocoa beans
637-453: A lemonade-like taste enclosing 30 to 50 large seeds that are fairly soft and a pale lavender to dark brownish purple color. During harvest, the pods are opened, the seeds are kept, and the empty pods are discarded and the pulp made into juice. The seeds are placed where they can ferment. Due to heat buildup in the fermentation process, cacao beans lose most of the purplish hue and become mostly brown in color, with an adhered skin which includes
728-522: A population of 716,076 at the 2014 census; the latest official estimate (as at mid-2019) is 824,143. According to 1988 United States government statistics , the total population of the province was 147,200, with a near even split between rural and urban populations. At one point an estimated one third of Cabindans were refugees living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ; however, after
819-566: A public-private partnership with the governments of Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire to address child labor practices in the cocoa industry. As of 2017, approximately 2.1 million children in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire were involved in harvesting cocoa, carrying heavy loads, clearing forests, and being exposed to pesticides. According to Sona Ebai, the former secretary general of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries: "I think child labor cannot be just
910-443: A ship's hold or in containers, is still common. Throughout Mesoamerica where they are native, cocoa beans are used for a variety of foods. The harvested and fermented beans may be ground to order at tiendas de chocolate , or chocolate mills. At these mills, the cocoa can be mixed with a variety of ingredients such as cinnamon , chili peppers , almonds , vanilla , and other spices to create drinking chocolate . The ground cocoa
1001-524: A small blood pressure lowering effect. The beans also contain theobromine and a small amount of caffeine . The tree takes five years to grow and has a typical lifespan of 100 years. Cocoa is a variant of cacao, likely due to confusion with the word coco . It is ultimately derived from kakaw(a) , but whether that word originates in Nahuatl or a Mixe-Zoquean language is the subject of substantial linguistic debate. The term cocoa beans originated in
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#17328009019071092-423: A tree rather than from the end of a branch, similar to jackfruit . This makes harvesting by hand easier as most of the pods will not be up in the higher branches. The pods on a tree do not ripen together; harvesting needs to be done periodically through the year. Harvesting occurs between three and four times weekly during the harvest season. The ripe and near-ripe pods, as judged by their colour, are harvested from
1183-578: A whole, largely because of corruption. The private sector, particularly the oil industry , has both affected and been affected by the secessionist conflict. During the early days of Cabinda's struggle, the oil companies were perceived as sympathetic to, if not supportive of, Cabinda's self-determination cause. The strategy used by the separatists to gain international attention, was most evident in 1999 and 2000. During 1999, FLEC-R kidnapped four foreign workers (two Portuguese and two French citizens), but released them after several months, having failed to attract
1274-502: Is 9–10% of the total weight in the pod. One person can separate the beans from about 2000 pods per day. The wet beans are then transported to a facility so they can be fermented and dried. The farmer removes the beans from the pods, packs them into boxes or heap them into piles, then covers them with mats or banana leaves for three to seven days. Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process, red clay mixed with water
1365-542: Is also an important ingredient in tejate . The first allegations that child slavery is used in cocoa production appeared in 1998. In late 2000, a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The Harkin–Engel Protocol
1456-474: Is an exclave and province of Angola , a status that has been disputed by several political organizations in the territory. The capital city is also called Cabinda , known locally as Tchiowa , Tsiowa or Kiowa . The province is divided into four municipalities— Belize , Buco-Zau , Cabinda and Cacongo . Modern Cabinda is the result of a fusion of three kingdoms: N'Goyo , Loango and Kakongo . It has an area of 7,290 km (2,810 sq mi) and
1547-693: Is an effort to end these practices. In 2001, it was signed and witnessed by the heads of eight major chocolate companies, US senators Tom Harkin and Herb Kohl , US Representative Eliot Engel , the ambassador of the Ivory Coast, the director of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor, and others. It has, however, been criticized by some groups including the International Labor Rights Forum as an industry initiative which falls short, as
1638-586: Is associated with Sonangol , Agip Angola Lda (41%), Chevron (39.2%), TotalEnergies (10%) and Eni (9.8%). In 1885, the Treaty of Simulambuco established Cabinda as a protectorate of the Portuguese Empire , and Cabindan independence movements consider the occupation of the territory by Angola illegal. While the Angolan Civil War largely ended in 2002, an armed struggle persists in
1729-662: Is engaged in projects around the world to support sustainable cocoa production and provide current information on the world cocoa market. Cocoa is one of seven commodities included in the EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products (EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products European Union (EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or forest degradation worldwide. There are numerous voluntary certifications including Fairtrade and UTZ (now part of Rainforest Alliance ) for cocoa which aim to differentiate between conventional cocoa production and that which
1820-469: Is estimated that oil exports from the province are worth the equivalent of US$ 100,000 per annum for every Cabindan. Yet Cabinda remains one of the poorest provinces in Angola. An agreement in 1996 between the national and provincial governments stipulated that 10% of Cabinda's taxes on oil revenues would be given back to the province, but Cabindans often feel that these revenues do not benefit the population as
1911-505: Is interrupted, the resulting cocoa may be ruined; if underdone, the cocoa seed maintains a flavor similar to raw potatoes and becomes susceptible to mildew . Some cocoa-producing countries distill alcoholic spirits using the liquefied pulp. A typical pod contains 30 to 40 beans and about 400 dried beans are required to make 1 pound (450 g) of chocolate. Cocoa pods weigh an average of 400 g (14 oz) and each one yields 35 to 40 g (1.2 to 1.4 oz) dried beans; this yield
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#17328009019072002-419: Is more sustainable in terms of social, economic and environmental concerns. As of 2016, at least 29% of global cocoa production was compliant with voluntary sustainability standards. However, among the different certifications there are significant differences in their goals and approaches, and a lack of data to show and compare the results on the farm level. While certifications can lead to increased farm income,
2093-587: Is obliged to maintain the integrity of the territories placed under its protection". The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC-R) argues that the above-mentioned treaty was signed between the emissaries of the Portuguese Crown and the princes and notables of Cabinda, then called Portuguese Congo, giving rise to not one, but three protectorates: Cacongo, Loango, and Ngoio. Through
2184-412: Is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in other countries. Drying in the sun is preferable to drying by artificial means, as no extraneous flavors such as smoke or oil are introduced which might otherwise taint the flavor. The beans should be dry for shipment, which is usually by sea. Traditionally exported in jute bags, over
2275-435: Is the world's smallest soft commodity market. The futures price of cocoa butter and cocoa powder is determined by multiplying the bean price by a ratio. The combined butter and powder ratio has tended to be around 3.5. If the combined ratio falls below 3.2 or so, production ceases to be economically viable and some factories cease extraction of butter and powder and trade exclusively in cocoa liquor . Cocoa futures traded on
2366-574: The Treaty of Simulambuco , three kingdoms existed in what is now referred to as Cabinda: Cacongo, Ngoyo, and Loango. The Cabindans belong to the Bakongo ethnic group whose language is Kikongo . The Bakongo also comprise the majority of the population in Uíge and Zaire provinces of Angola . However, despite this shared ancestry, the Cabindans developed a very different culture and distinct variants of
2457-417: The rind is discarded. The pulp and seeds are then piled in heaps, placed in bins, or laid out on grates for several days. During this time, the seeds and pulp undergo "sweating", where the thick pulp liquefies as it ferments. The fermented pulp trickles away, leaving cocoa seeds behind to be collected. Sweating is important for the quality of the beans, which originally have a strong, bitter taste. If sweating
2548-400: The self-determination of modern-day Cabinda are constructed. Article 1, for example, states, "the princes and chiefs and their successors declare, voluntarily, their recognition of Portuguese sovereignty, placing under the protectorate of this nation all the territories by them governed" [ sic ]. Article 2, which is often used in separatist arguments, goes even further: "Portugal
2639-651: The 19th century; during the 18th century they were called chocolate nuts , cocoa nuts or just cocoa . The cacao tree is native to the Amazon rainforest. It was first domesticated at least 5,300 years ago, in equatorial South America from the Santa Ana-La Florida (SALF) site in what is present-day southeast Ecuador ( Zamora-Chinchipe Province ) by the Mayo-Chinchipe culture, before being introduced in Mesoamerica. More than 4,000 years ago, it
2730-532: The 2007 peace agreement, refugees started returning to their homes. Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola by a narrow strip of territory belonging to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known, up until 1960, as the Belgian Congo ), which bounds the province on the south and the east. Cabinda is bounded on the north by the Republic of the Congo (formerly known as French Congo ), and on
2821-592: The 2014 Census and according to the latest official estimates: The city of Cabinda contains 87% of the provincial population. The other three municipalities lie to the north of the city. The province of Cabinda contains the following communes ( Portuguese : comunas ); sorted by their respective municipalities: Two giant oil fields , the Malonga North and Malonga West were discovered in 1967 and 1970, respectively, both pre-salt or pre- Aptian producers. Located in water depths of 50 to 75 m, oil
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2912-524: The Angolan government says FLEC is no longer operative, this is disputed by the Republic of Cabinda and its Premier, Joel Batila. Earlier increases in the price of oil have made Cabinda's untapped onshore oil reserves a valuable commodity. In July 2006, after ceasefire negotiations in the Republic of Congo, António Bento Bembe – as a president of Cabindan Forum for Dialogue and Peace, and vice-president and executive secretary of FLEC – announced that
3003-570: The Angolans, and that the only acceptable solution is total independence. On 8 January 2010, the bus carrying the Togo national football team traveling through Cabinda en route to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament was attacked by gunmen, even though it had an escort of Angolan forces. The ensuing gunfight resulted in the deaths of the assistant coach, team spokesman and bus driver, and caused injuries to several others as well. An offshoot of
3094-722: The Cabindan separatist forces were ready to declare a ceasefire. Bembe is the leader of the " Cabindan Forum for Dialogue ", an organization which represents most Cabindan groups . The peace was recognized by the United States, France, Portugal, Russia , Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Japan , South Korea , the European Union and the African Union. From Paris, FLEC-FAC contended Bembe has no authority or mandate to negotiate with
3185-574: The Congo, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Haiti, India, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sierra Leone, and São Tomé and Príncipe. In 2018, the Beyond Chocolate partnership was created between multiple stakeholders in the global cocoa industry to decrease deforestation and provide a living income for cocoa farmers. The many international companies are currently participating in this agreement and
3276-683: The Criollo beans, these new beans were named Forastero, which can be translated as strange or foreign . They are generally of the Amelonado type and are associated with West Africa. Any hybrid between Criollo and Forastero. The Nacional is a rare variety of cocoa bean found in areas of South America such as Ecuador and Peru. Some experts in the 21st century had formerly considered the Nacional bean to be extinct after an abrupt end in 1916, when an outbreak of witch's broom disease devastated
3367-562: The FLEC claimed responsibility. Rodrigues Mingas , secretary general of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Military Position (Flec-PM), said his fighters had meant to attack security guards as the convoy passed through Cabinda. "This attack was not aimed at the Togolese players but at the Angolan forces at the head of the convoy", Mingas told France 24 television. "So it
3458-622: The ICE Futures US Softs exchange, are valued at 10 Tonnes per contract with a tick size of 1 and tick value of US$ 10. Multiple international and national initiatives collaborate to support sustainable cocoa production. These include the Swiss Platform for Sustainable Cocoa (SWISSCO), the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO), and Beyond Chocolate, Belgium. A memorandum between these three initiatives
3549-582: The Kikongo language. In the early 1960s, several movements advocating a separate status for Cabinda came into being. The Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC) was formed in 1960 under the leadership of Luis Ranque Franque . Resulting from the merger of various émigré associations in Brazzaville , the MLEC rapidly became the most prominent of the separatist movements. A further group
3640-646: The Kingdoms of Ngoyo , Loango , and Kakongo in present-day Cabinda. Over the years, the Portuguese, Dutch , and English established trading posts , logging camps, and small palm oil processing factories in Cabinda. Trade continued and the European presence grew, resulting in conflicts between the rival colonial powers. Between 1827 and 1830, the Imperial Brazilian Navy maintained
3731-524: The Nacional variety throughout these countries. Pure genotypes of the bean are rare because most Nacional varieties have been interbred with other cocoa bean varieties. A cocoa pod (fruit) is about 17 to 20 cm (6.7 to 7.9 in) long and has a rough, leathery rind about 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) thick (varying with the origin and variety of pod) filled with sweet, mucilaginous pulp (called baba de cacao in South America) with
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3822-496: The Portuguese constitution of 1933 until 15 January 1975 under the Alvor Agreement. The Portuguese constitution of 1933 distinguished between the colony of Angola and the protectorate of Cabinda, but in 1956, the administration of Cabinda was transferred to the governor-general of Angola. The legal distinction of Cabinda's status from that of Angola was also expressed in the Portuguese constitution of 1971. Yet, when Angola
3913-650: The Treaty of Simulambuco in 1885 between the kings of Portugal and the princes of Cabinda, a Portuguese protectorate was decreed, reserving rights to the local princes and independent of Angola. Cabinda once had the Congo River as the only natural boundary with Angola, but in 1885, the Berlin Conference extended the territory of the Congo Free State along the Congo River to the river's mouth at
4004-405: The application of pyrenoids , as well as hermetic storage in sealed bags or containers with lowered oxygen concentrations. Safe long-term storage facilitates the trading of cocoa products at commodity exchanges. Cocoa beans, cocoa butter and cocoa powder are traded on futures markets. The London market is based on West African cocoa and New York on cocoa predominantly from Southeast Asia. Cocoa
4095-557: The attention of the international community. FLEC-FAC also increased its activities during 2000 with the more widely publicized kidnapping of three Portuguese workers employed by a construction company, while FLEC-R kidnapped another five Portuguese civilians. These hostages were not freed until June 2001, following diplomatic intervention by the governments of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo . The province of Cabinda consists of four municipalities ( Portuguese : municípios ); listed below with their areas (in km ) and populations at
4186-522: The cacao tree, from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted. Cacao trees are native to the Amazon rainforest . They are the basis of chocolate and Mesoamerican foods including tejate , an indigenous Mexican drink. The cacao tree was first domesticated at least 5,300 years ago by the Mayo-Chinchipe culture in South America, before it
4277-511: The capital of the territory, was a Portuguese administrative and services center with a port and airfield. The beaches of Cabinda were popular with Portuguese Angolans. A 1974 military coup in Lisbon abolished the authoritarian regime established by António de Oliveira Salazar that had prevailed in Portugal for decades. The new government decided immediately to grant all Portuguese colonies
4368-529: The dried remains of the fruity pulp. This skin is released easily by winnowing after roasting. White seeds are found in some rare varieties, usually mixed with purples, and are considered of higher value. Cacao trees grow in hot, rainy tropical areas within 20° of latitude from the Equator . Cocoa harvest is not restricted to one period per year and a harvest typically occurs over several months. In fact, in many countries, cocoa can be harvested at any time of
4459-487: The earth"). The capital was Mbanza Ngoyo . In the 1630s Ngoyo was invaded by the forces of Soyo , and the son of the ruler of Soyo was installed as ruler of Ngoyo. It is not clear who the following rulers were for the next few decades. In the 1680s Ngoyo had various relations with Soyo. It also had several English merchants present. When Antonio II Baretto da Silva invaded, the English forces tried to stop him and protect
4550-403: The educational and financial resources provided are more readily available to male farmers versus female farmers. Access to credit is important for cocoa farmers, as it allows them to implement sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, and provide a financial buffer in case disasters like pest or weather patterns decrease crop yield. Cocoa production is likely to be affected in various ways by
4641-524: The exclave of Cabinda. Some of the factions have proclaimed an independent Republic of Cabinda , with offices in Paris . Portuguese explorers, missionaries , and traders arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in the mid-15th century, making contact with the Manikongo , the powerful King of the Bakongo tribe . The Manikongo controlled much of the region through affiliation with smaller kingdoms, such as
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#17328009019074732-440: The expected effects of global warming . Specific concerns have been raised concerning its future as a cash crop in West Africa, the current centre of global cocoa production. If temperatures continue to rise, West Africa could simply become unfit to grow the beans. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture warned in a paper published in 2013 that Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, the world's two top cocoa growers, will experience
4823-663: The felling of trees by logging companies. This trend has decreased as many governments and communities are beginning to protect their remaining forested zones. However, deforestation due to cocoa production is still a major concern in parts of West Africa. In Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, barriers to land ownership have led migrant workers and farmers without financial resources to buy land to illegally expand their cocoa farming in protected forests. Many cocoa farmers in this region continue to prioritize expansion of their cocoa production, which often leads to deforestation. Sustainable agricultural practices such as utilizing cover crops to prepare
4914-543: The flavor of the cacao seed (or bean) became popular, the sweet pulp of the chocolate fruit, used in making a fermented (5.34% alcohol) beverage, first drew attention to the plant in the Americas. The cocoa bean was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica before the Spanish conquest. The bean was utilized in pre-modern Latin America to purchase small items such as tamales and rabbit dinners. A greater quantity of cocoa beans
5005-402: The following voluntary certification programs are also partners in the Beyond Chocolate initiative: Rainforest Alliance, Fairtrade , ISEAL, BioForum Vlaanderen. Many major chocolate production companies around the world have started to prioritize buying fair trade cocoa by investing in fair trade cocoa production, improving fair trade cocoa supply chains and setting purchasing goals to increase
5096-410: The goal to eliminate the "worst forms of child labor" from cocoa production by 2005 was not reached. The deadline was extended multiple times and the goal changed to a 70% child labor reduction. Child labour was growing in some West African countries in 2008–09 when it was estimated that 819,921 children worked on cocoa farms in Ivory Coast alone; by 2013–14, the number went up to 1,303,009. During
5187-530: The gods") cacao . Cocoa was an important commodity in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. A Spanish soldier who was on Hernan Cortés ' side during the conquest of the Aztec Empire tells that when Moctezuma II , emperor of the Aztecs , dined, he took no other beverage than chocolate , served in a golden goblet. Flavored with vanilla or other spices , his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in
5278-559: The independence for which nationalist guerilla movements had been striving. In Angola, the decolonization process took the form of a violent conflict between the different guerilla movements and their allies. In 1975, the Treaty of Alvor between Portugal and National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) reconfirmed Cabinda's status as part of Angola. The treaty
5369-405: The interests of Ngoyo, but they were unsuccessful and Baretto da Silva imposed for peace terms. By 1700, Cabinda had become the leading slave port north of Luanda , and Ngoyo's economy rested heavily on the sale of slaves. In 1783, Ngoyo joined forces with the neighboring state of Kakongo to destroy a Portuguese fort. However, the kingdom was soon undone by the growing financial burden that
5460-546: The kingship entailed. With fewer and fewer possible claimants seeking the office, the kingdom effectively disintegrated in the 1830s after the nobles failed to elect a new king. In 1885, the Ngoyo signed the Treaty of Simulambuco with Portugal , and became a protectorate of that nation. This African history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cabinda (province) Cabinda (formerly called Portuguese Congo , Kongo : Kabinda )
5551-412: The last decade, beans are increasingly shipped in "mega-bulk" parcels of several thousand tonnes at a time on ships, or standardized to 62.5 kilograms (138 lb) per bag and 200 (12.5 metric tons (12.3 long tons; 13.8 short tons)) or 240 (15 metric tons (15 long tons; 17 short tons)) bags per 20 feet (6.1 m) container. Shipping in bulk significantly reduces handling costs. Shipment in bags, either in
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#17328009019075642-497: The majority of Organization of African Unity (OAU) members, concerned that this could encourage separatism elsewhere on the continent , committed to the sanctity of state borders and firmly rejected recognition of the FLEC's government in exile. In January 1975, Angola's MPLA, FNLA and UNITA liberation movements signed the Alvor Agreement with Portugal, to establish the modalities of the transition to independence. FLEC
5733-589: The mouth. No fewer than 60 portions each day reportedly may have been consumed by Moctezuma II, and 2,000 more by the nobles of his court. Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by the mid-17th century. Venezuela became the largest producer of cocoa beans in the world. Spaniards also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines. It
5824-401: The official name was Provincial Commissioner 15th century 16th century 15th century 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century Cocoa bean The cocoa bean , also known simply as cocoa ( / ˈ k oʊ . k oʊ / ) or cacao ( / k ə ˈ k aʊ / ), is the dried and fully fermented seed of Theobroma cacao ,
5915-590: The premium price paid for certified cocoa by consumers is not always reflected proportionally in the income for farmers. In 2012 the ICCO found that farm size mattered significantly when determining the benefits of certifications, and that farms an area less than 1ha were less likely to benefit from such programs, while those with slightly larger farms as well as access to member co-ops and the ability to improve productivity were most likely to benefit from certification. Certification often requires high up-front costs, which are
6006-704: The proportion of fair trade chocolate available in the global market. The Rainforest Alliance lists the following goals as part of their certification program: The UTZ Certified-program (now part of Rainforest Alliance) included counteracting against child labor and exploitation of cocoa workers, requiring a code of conduct in relation to social and environmentally friendly factors, and improvement of farming methods to increase profits and salaries of farmers and distributors. The relative poverty of many cocoa farmers means that environmental consequences such as deforestation are given little significance. For decades, cocoa farmers have encroached on virgin forest, mostly after
6097-599: The province's oil and construction businesses. The National Union for the Liberation of Cabinda ( Portuguese : União Nacional de Libertação de Cabinda ; UNLC), a militant separatist group, emerged in the 1990s under the leadership of Lumingu Luis Gimby. In April 1997, Cabinda joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , a democratic and international organization whose members are indigenous peoples , occupied nations , minorities and independent states or territories. In 2010, Cabinda became
6188-481: The responsibility of industry to solve. I think it's the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, civil society, the private sector. And there, you really need leadership." As Reported in 2018, a 3-year pilot program , conducted by Nestlé with 26,000 farmers mostly located in Côte d'Ivoire, observed a 51% decrease in the number of children doing hazardous jobs in cocoa farming. In 2021, several companies were named in
6279-555: The same period in Ghana, the estimated number of children working on cocoa farms was 957,398 children. The 2010 documentary The Dark Side of Chocolate revealed that children smuggled from Mali to the Ivory Coast were forced to earn income for their parents, while others were sold as slaves for €230. In 2010, the US Department of Labor formed the Child Labor Cocoa Coordinating Group as
6370-469: The sea. During this time rubber was harvested and traded in Cabinda. Atrocities such as the cutting of hands were also committed there, although comprehensive reports on these atrocities were more scant and less publicly known compared to the neighbouring Congo Free State. By the mid-1920s, the borders of Angola had been finally established in negotiations with the neighboring colonial powers. From there on Angola and Cabinda were treated distinctively under
6461-475: The soil before planting and intercropping cocoa seedlings with companion plants can support cocoa production and benefit the farm ecosystem. Prior to planting cocoa, leguminous cover crops can improve the soil nutrients and structure, which are important in areas where cocoa is produced due to high heat and rainfall which can diminish soil quality . Plantains are often intercropped with cocoa to provide shade to young seedlings and improve drought resilience of
6552-541: The soil. If the soil lacks essential nutrients, compost or animal manure can improve soil fertility and help with water retention. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by cocoa farmers is limited. When cocoa bean prices are high, farmers may invest in their crops, leading to higher yields which, in turn tends to result in lower market prices and a renewed period of lower investment. While governments and NGOs have made efforts to help cocoa farmers in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire sustainably improve crop yields, many of
6643-482: The total, followed by Ghana and Indonesia . Cocoa beans, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder are traded on futures markets, with London focusing on West African cocoa and New York on Southeast Asian cocoa. Various international and national initiatives aim to support sustainable cocoa production, including the Swiss Platform for Sustainable Cocoa (SWISSCO), the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO), and Belgium's Beyond Chocolate. At least 29% of global cocoa production
6734-811: The tree in these areas since long before the Spanish arrived. As of 2018, evidence suggests that cacao was first domesticated in equatorial South America, before being domesticated in Central America roughly 1,500 years later. Artifacts found at Santa-Ana-La Florida, in Ecuador, indicate that the Mayo-Chinchipe people were cultivating cacao as long as 5,300 years ago. Chemical analysis of residue extracted from pottery excavated at an archaeological site at Puerto Escondido, in Honduras , indicates that cocoa products were first consumed there sometime between 1500 and 1400 BC. Evidence also indicates that, long before
6825-424: The trunk and branches of the cacao tree with a curved knife on a long pole. Care must be used when cutting the stem of the pod to avoid damaging the junction of the stem with the tree, as this is where future flowers and pods will emerge. One person can harvest an estimated 650 pods per day. The harvested pods are opened, typically with a machete , to expose the beans. The pulp and cocoa seeds are removed and
6916-637: The west by the Atlantic Ocean . Adjacent to the coast are some of the largest offshore oil fields in the world. Petroleum exploration began in 1954 with the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company, when the territory was under Portuguese rule . Cabinda also produces hardwoods , coffee , cacao , rubber , and palm oil products; however, petroleum production accounts for most of Cabinda's domestic product. Cabinda produces 700,000 barrels (110,000 m ) of crude oil per day. Cabinda Oil
7007-405: The year. Pesticides are often applied to the trees to combat capsid bugs , and fungicides to fight black pod disease . Immature cocoa pods have a variety of colours, but most often are green, red, or purple, and as they mature, their colour tends towards yellow or orange, particularly in the creases. Unlike most fruiting trees, the cacao pod grows directly from the trunk or large branch of
7098-403: Was 5.87 million tonnes , led by Ivory Coast with 38% of the total, while secondary producers were Ghana and Indonesia (table). Cocoa beans are traditionally shipped and stored in burlap sacks , in which the beans are susceptible to pest attacks. Fumigation with methyl bromide was to be phased out globally by 2015. Additional cocoa protection techniques for shipping and storage include
7189-570: Was also introduced into the rest of Asia, South Asia and into West Africa by Europeans. In the Gold Coast , modern Ghana , cacao was introduced by a Ghanaian, Tetteh Quarshie . Cocoa beans are traditionally classified into three main varieties : Forastero, Criollo and Trinitario. Use of these terms has changed across different contexts and times, and recent genetic research has found that the categories of Forastero and Triniario are better understood as geohistorical inventions rather than as having
7280-569: Was compliant with voluntary sustainability standards in 2016. Deforestation due to cocoa production remains a concern, especially in West Africa. Sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroforestry , can support cocoa production while conserving biodiversity. Cocoa contributes significantly to economies such as Nigeria 's, and demand for cocoa products continues to grow steadily at over 3% annually since 2008. Cocoa contains phytochemicals like flavanols , procyanidins , and other flavonoids , and flavanol-rich chocolate and cocoa products may have
7371-623: Was consumed by pre-Hispanic cultures along the Yucatán, including the Maya, and as far back as Olmeca civilization in spiritual ceremonies. It also grows in the foothills of the Andes in the Amazon and Orinoco basins of South America , in Colombia and Venezuela . Wild cacao still grows there. Its range may have been larger in the past; evidence of its wild range may be obscured by cultivation of
7462-440: Was declared an " overseas province " (Província Ultramarina) within the empire of Portugal in 1951, Cabinda was treated as an ordinary district of Angola. In 1972, the name of Angola was changed to "State of Angola". Under Portuguese rule, Cabinda was an important agricultural and forestry center, and in 1967, it discovered huge offshore oil fields. Oil, timber, and cocoa had been its main exports until then. The town of Cabinda,
7553-679: Was discovered in Barremian deposits in 1971, then the Cenomanian section in 1979. Four offshore oil fields, the Wamba , Takula , Numbi and Vuko , are located in the greater Takula area, producing from the Upper Cretaceous , Cenomanian Vermelha sandstone deposited in the coastal environment. Cretaceous and Paleocene vertebrates, including fossil turtles as Cabindachelys have been collected from Lândana. Up to 1991,
7644-634: Was elected president. Following the declaration of Angolan independence in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), with the support of Cuban troops. The MPLA overthrew the provisional FLEC government and incorporated Cabinda into Angola. For much of the 1970s and 1980s, FLEC operated a low intensity guerrilla war , attacking Angolan government troops and economic targets, or creating havoc by kidnapping foreign employees working in
7735-489: Was introduced in Mesoamerica. Cacao was consumed by pre-Hispanic cultures in spiritual ceremonies and its beans were a common currency in Mesoamerica. The cacao tree grows in a limited geographical zone; today, West Africa produces nearly 81% of the world's crop. The three main varieties of cocoa plant are Forastero , Criollo, and Trinitario; Forastero is the most widely used. In 2020, global cocoa bean production reached 5.8 million tonnes, with Ivory Coast leading at 38% of
7826-459: Was not invited. On 1 August 1975, at an OAU summit in Kampala which was discussing Angola in the midst of its turbulent decolonization process, Ranque Franque proclaimed the independence of the "Republic of Cabinda". Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko called for a referendum on the future of Cabinda. FLEC formed a provisional government , led by Henriques Tiago . Luiz Branque Franque
7917-746: Was pure chance that the gunfire hit the players. We don't have anything to do with the Togolese and we present our condolences to the African families and the Togo government. We are fighting for the total liberation of Cabinda." Consisting largely of tropical forest , Cabinda produces hardwoods , coffee, cocoa, crude rubber, and palm oil. The product for which it is best known, however, is its oil . Conservative estimates say that Cabinda accounts for close to 60% of Angola's oil production, estimated at approximately 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m /d), and it
8008-737: Was rejected by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda and other local political organizations which advocated for separate independence. Since then, Cabinda has been, on the one hand, a normal Angolan province, but on the other hand, there has been persistent political protest against this status; the "Kabinda Free State" says the exclave was a Portuguese protectorate until Angola invaded in 1974. They also say they control 85% of Kabinda territory and invite proposals for joint ventures . A number of guerrilla actions have also occurred in Cabinda. The arguments for self-determination are based on Cabindans' cultural and ethnic background. Prior to
8099-624: Was signed in 2020 to measure and address issues including child labor, living income, deforestation and supply chain transparency. Similar partnerships between cocoa producing and consuming countries are being developed, such as the cooperation between the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) and the Ghanaian Cocoa Authority , who aim to increase the proportion of sustainable cocoa being imported from Ghana to Switzerland to 80% by 2025. The ICCO
8190-716: Was the Alliama (Alliance of the Mayombe), representing the Mayombe , a small minority of the population. In an important development, these movements united in August 1963 to form a united front. They called themselves the FLEC, and the leadership role was taken by the MLEC's Ranque Franque. In marked contrast with the FNLA, the FLEC's efforts to mobilize international support for its government in exile met with little success. In fact,
8281-464: Was used to purchase turkey hens and other large items. Cacao trees grow in a limited geographical zone, of about 20° to the north and south of the Equator. Nearly 70% of the world crop today is grown in West Africa. The cacao plant was first given its botanical name by Swedish natural scientist Carl Linnaeus in his original classification of the plant kingdom, where he called it Theobroma ("food of
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