51-480: Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf , German: [vɔlf] ; also known as Wolfius ; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff in 1745; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher . Wolff is characterized as one of the most eminent German philosophers between Leibniz and Kant . His life work spanned almost every scholarly subject of his time, displayed and unfolded according to his demonstrative- deductive , mathematical method, which some deem
102-503: A deductive science, knowable a priori and based on two fundamental principles: the principle of non-contradiction ("it cannot happen that the same thing is and is not") and the principle of sufficient reason ("nothing exists without a sufficient reason for why it exists rather than does not exist"). Beings are defined by their determinations or predicates , which can't involve a contradiction. Determinates come in 3 types: essentialia , attributes , and modes . Essentialia define
153-642: A hospital city, and because of a lack of important industrial sites, there was not much damage from bombings except along the railroad tracks. In May 1945, the Monuments men officer Walker Hancock set up the first so-called Central Collecting Point in the Marburg State Archives. But since the capacity of the archive building was not sufficient to store the many objects and since other collecting points, for example in Munich , had been set up in
204-522: A marked insistence everywhere on a clear and methodic exposition, holding confidence in the power of reason to reduce all subjects to this form. He was distinguished for writing copies in both Latin and German. Through his influence, natural law and philosophy were taught at most German universities, in particular those located in the Protestant principalities. Wolff personally expedited their introduction inside Hesse-Cassel. The Wolffian system retains
255-611: A relatively intact Gothic town, simply because there was no money spent on any new architecture or expansion. When Romanticism became the dominant cultural and artistic paradigm in Germany, Marburg became a centre of activities once again, and many of the leaders of the movement lived, taught, or studied in Marburg. They formed a circle of friends that was of great importance, especially in literature , philology , folklore , and law . The group included Friedrich Carl von Savigny ,
306-404: A sufficient reason. The sufficient reason for things without actual existence consists in all the determinations that make up the essential nature of this thing. Wolff refers to this as a "reason of being" and contrasts it with a "reason of becoming", which explains why some things have actual existence. Practical philosophy is subdivided into ethics, economics and politics. Wolff's moral principle
357-672: A volume that unites the three most important older biographies of Wolff. An excellent modern edition of the famous Halle speech on Chinese philosophy is: Freiherr Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 548189810 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:35:57 GMT Marburg Marburg ( German pronunciation: [ˈmaːɐ̯bʊʁk] or [ˈmaʁbʊʁk] )
408-426: Is twinned with: Marburg's coat of arms shows a Hessian landgrave riding a white horse with a flag and a shield on a red background. The shield shows the red-and-white-striped Hessian lion, also to be seen on Hessen's state arms, and the flag shows a stylized M, blue on gold (or yellow). The arms are also the source of the city flag's colors. The flag has three horizontal stripes colored, from top to bottom, red (from
459-563: Is a university town in the German federal state ( Bundesland ) of Hesse , capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district ( Landkreis ). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximately 76,000. Having been awarded town privileges in 1222, Marburg served as capital of the landgraviate of Hessen-Marburg during periods of the 15th to 17th centuries. The University of Marburg
510-454: Is divided into the following 25 boroughs ( Ortsbezirke ): As a larger mid-sized city, Marburg, like six other such cities in Hessen, has a special status as compared to the other municipalities in the district. This means that the city takes on tasks more usually performed by the district so that in many ways it is comparable to an urban district ( kreisfreie Stadt ). Before 1974, the city
561-537: Is one of the smaller "university towns" in Germany. These include Greifswald , Erlangen , Jena , and Tübingen , as well as the city of Gießen , which is located 30 km south of Marburg. In 1529, Philipp I of Hesse arranged the Marburg Colloquy , to propitiate Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli . Owing to its neglect during the entire 18th century, Marburg – like Rye or Chartres – survived as
SECTION 10
#1732772156779612-483: Is the realization of human perfection—seen realistically as the kind of perfection the human person actually can achieve in the world in which we live. It is perhaps the combination of Enlightenment optimism and worldly realism that made Wolff so successful and popular as a teacher of future statesmen and business leaders. Wolff's most important works are as follows: Wolff's complete writings have been published since 1962 in an annotated reprint collection: This includes
663-483: The Critique of Pure Reason . In the "Preface" of the 2nd edition of Kant's book, Wolff is defined as "the greatest of all dogmatic philosophers." Wolff was read by Søren Kierkegaard 's father, Michael Pedersen. Kierkegaard himself was influenced by both Wolff and Kant to the point of resuming the tripartite structure and philosophical content to formulate his own three Stages on Life's Way . Wolff saw ontology as
714-679: The American occupation zone in the meantime, the Marburg facility was closed after more than a year in favor of the Wiesbaden Collecting Point. With the relocation of the sarcophagus of Field Marshal and President Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) to the Elisabethkirche in August 1946 the project ended. Post-war developments included a population growth first due to war refugees, then to increasing significance of
765-525: The Landgraves of Thuringia , residing on the Wartburg above Eisenach . In 1228, the widowed princess-landgravine of Thuringia, Elizabeth of Hungary , chose Marburg as her dowager seat, as she did not get along well with her brother-in-law, the new landgrave. The countess dedicated her life to the sick and would become after her early death in 1231, aged 24, one of the most prominent female saints of
816-620: The Marburg virus , because this disease , a viral hemorrhagic fever resembling ebola , was first recognized and described during an outbreak in the city. In 1967, workers were accidentally exposed to infected green monkey tissue at the city's former industrial plant, the Behring-Werke, then part of Hoechst and today of CSL Behring , founded by Marburg citizen and first Nobel Prize in Medicine winner, Emil Adolf von Behring . During
867-685: The North Sea to the Alps and on to Italy , the former crossing the river Lahn here. A first mention of the settlement dates from 822 in the Reinhardsbrunner Chronik . The settlement was protected and customs were raised by a small castle built during the ninth or tenth century by the Giso. Marburg has been a town since 1140, as proven by coins. From the Gisos, it fell around that time to
918-576: The Pirate Party (1 seat). [1] Among the left wing groups are ATTAC , the Worldshop movement, an autonomist - anarchist scene, and a few groups engaged in ecological or human-rights concerns. The city of Marburg, similar to the cities of Heidelberg , Tübingen and Göttingen , has a rich history of student fraternities or Verbindungen of various sorts, including Corps, Landsmannschaften, Burschenschaften, Turnierschaften, etc. Marburg
969-566: The Thirty Years' War (1618–48), when it was fought over by Hessen-Darmstadt and Hesse-Kassel . The Hessian territory around Marburg lost more than two-thirds of its population, which was more than in any later wars (including World War I and World War II ) combined. Marburg is the seat of the oldest existing Protestant -founded university in the world, the University of Marburg (Philipps-Universität-Marburg), founded in 1527. It
1020-508: The University of Halle . By this time he had made the acquaintance of Gottfried Leibniz (the two men engaged in an epistolary correspondence), of whose philosophy his own system is a modified version. At Halle, Wolff at first restricted himself to mathematics, but on the departure of a colleague, he added physics, and soon included all the main philosophical disciplines. However, the claims Wolff advanced on behalf of philosophical reason appeared impious to his theological colleagues. Halle
1071-494: The University of Marburg into the regional academic centre. Thus, Marburg's rise as an administrative and university city began. As the Prussian university system was one of the best in the world at the time, Marburg attracted many respected scholars. However, there was hardly any industry to speak of, so students, professors, and civil servants – who generally had enough but not much money and paid very little in taxes – dominated
SECTION 20
#17327721567791122-411: The determinism and optimism of Leibniz , but the monadology recedes into the background, the monads falling asunder into souls or conscious beings on the one hand and mere atoms on the other. The doctrine of the pre-established harmony also loses its metaphysical significance (while remaining an important heuristic device), and the principle of sufficient reason is once more discarded in favor of
1173-414: The principle of contradiction which Wolff seeks to make the fundamental principle of philosophy. Wolff had philosophy divided into a theoretical and a practical part. Logic, sometimes called philosophia rationalis , forms the introduction or propaedeutics to both. Theoretical philosophy had for its parts ontology or philosophia prima as a general metaphysics , which arises as a preliminary to
1224-617: The 59-seat city parliament is held by a coalition of Green party (15 seats), SPD (14 seats) and Klimaliste (4 seats) members. Also represented are the factions of the Christian Democratic Union (13 seats), The Left (7 seats), the Free Democratic Party (2 seats), a CDU splinter group MBL ( Marburger Bürgerliste – 2 seats), the BfM ( Bürger für Marburg – 2 seats), Alternative für Deutschland (1 seat), and
1275-529: The Alps outside France, is an archetype of Gothic architecture in Germany. Much of the physical attractiveness of Marburg is due to Hanno Drechsler who was Lord Mayor between 1970 and 1992. He promoted urban renewal, the restoration of the Oberstadt (uptown), and he established one of the first pedestrian zones in Germany. Marburg's Altstadtsanierung (since 1972) has received many awards and prizes. Parks in
1326-767: The Chinese" (Eng. tr. 1750), in which he praised the purity of the moral precepts of Confucius , pointing to them as an evidence of the power of human reason to reach moral truth by its own efforts. On 12 July 1723, Wolff held a lecture for students and the magistrates at the end of his term as a rector. Wolff compared, based on books by the Flemish missionaries François Noël (1651–1729) and Philippe Couplet (1623–1693), Moses, Christ, and Mohammed with Confucius. According to Voltaire , Prof. August Hermann Francke had been teaching in an empty classroom but Wolff attracted with his lectures around 1,000 students from all over. In
1377-799: The Enlightenment in Central Europe and the Baltic countries before the French Revolution." Prussian crown prince Frederick defended Wolff against Joachim Lange and ordered the Berlin minister Jean Deschamps, a former pupil of Wolff, to translate Vernünftige Gedanken von Gott, der Welt und der Seele des Menschen, auch allen Dingen überhaupt into French. Frederick proposed to send a copy of Logique ou réflexions sur les forces de l'entendement humain to Voltaire in his first letter to
1428-665: The Prussian Academy. Wolff refused, but accepted on 10 September 1740 an appointment in Halle. His entry into the town on 6 December 1740 took on the character of a triumphal procession. In 1743, he became chancellor of the university, and in 1745, he received the title of Freiherr ( Baron ) from the Elector of Bavaria , possibly the first scholar to have been created hereditary Baron of the Holy Roman Empire on
1479-403: The background), white (from the horse) and blue (from the shield). The coat of arms, which was designed in the late nineteenth century, is based on a landgrave seal on a municipal document. It is an example of a very prevalent practice of replacing forgotten coats of arms, or ones deemed not to be representative enough, with motifs taken from seals. The city's name is connected to a filovirus ,
1530-516: The basis of his academic work. When Wolff died on 9 April 1754, he was a very wealthy man, owing almost entirely to his income from lecture-fees, salaries, and royalties. He was also a member of many academies. His school, the Wolffians, was the first school in the philosophical sense to be associated with a German philosopher. It dominated Germany until the rise of Kantianism . Wolff was married and had several children. Wolffian philosophy has
1581-419: The circumstances of his expulsion drew universal attention to his philosophy. It was everywhere discussed, and over two hundred books and pamphlets appeared for or against it before 1737, not reckoning the systematic treatises of Wolff and his followers. According to Jonathan I. Israel , "the conflict became one of the most significant cultural confrontations of the 18th century and perhaps the most important of
Christian Wolff (philosopher) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1632-419: The distinction of the three special metaphysics on the soul, world and God: rational psychology , rational cosmology , and rational theology . The three disciplines are called empirical and rational because they are independent of revelation. This scheme, which is the counterpart of religious tripartition in creature, creation, and Creator, is best known to philosophical students by Kant's treatment of it in
1683-502: The era. She was canonized in 1235. In 1264, St Elizabeth's daughter Sophie of Brabant , succeeded in winning the Landgraviate of Hessen , hitherto connected to Thuringia , for her son Henry . Marburg (alongside Kassel ) was one of the capitals of Hessen from that time until about 1540. Following the first division of the landgraviate, it was the capital of Hessen-Marburg from 1485 to 1500 and again between 1567 and 1605. Hessen
1734-644: The fairy tale editions are by the painter Otto Ubbelohde , who also lived in and near Marburg. The original building inspiring his drawing Rapunzel 's Tower stands in Amönau near Marburg. Across the Lahn hills, in the area called Schwalm, the costumes of little girls included a red hood. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Prince-elector of Hessen had backed Austria . Prussia won and took
1785-453: The follow-up, Wolff was accused by Francke of fatalism and atheism, and ousted in 1723 from his first chair at Halle in one of the most celebrated academic dramas of the 18th century. His successors were Joachim Lange , a pietist, and his son, who had gained the ear of the king Frederick William I . (They claimed to the king if Wolff's determinism were recognized, no soldier who deserted could be punished as he would have acted only as it
1836-545: The most important jurist of his day and father of the Roman Law adaptation in Germany, as well as the poets, writers, and social activists Achim von Arnim , Clemens Brentano , and especially Bettina von Arnim , Clemens Brentano's sister, who became Achim von Arnim's wife. Most famous internationally, however, were the Brothers Grimm , who collected many of their fairy tales here. The best-known illustrations for
1887-431: The nature of a being and are therefore necessary properties of this being. Attributes are determinations that follow from essentialia and are equally necessary, in contrast to modes , which are merely contingent. Wolff conceives existence as just one determination among others, which a being may lack. Ontology is interested in being at large, not just in actual being. But all beings, whether actually existing or not, have
1938-526: The opportunity to invade and annex the Electorate of Hessen (as well as Hanover , the city of Frankfurt , and other territories) north of the Main River. However, the pro-Austrian Hesse-Darmstadt remained independent. For Marburg, this turn of events was very positive, because Prussia decided to make Marburg its main administrative centre in this part of the new province Hessen-Nassau and to turn
1989-682: The outbreak, 31 people became infected and seven of them died. The virus is named after the city following the custom of naming viruses after the location of their first recorded outbreak. Many homes have solar panels and in 2008 a law was passed to make the installation of solar systems on new buildings or as part of renovation projects mandatory. 20 percent of heating system requirements ought to have been covered by solar energy in new buildings. Anyone who fails to install solar panels would have been fined €1,000. The new law, approved on 20 June 2008, should have taken effect in October 2008, however, this law
2040-507: The peak of Enlightenment rationality in Germany. Wolff wrote in German as his primary language of scholarly instruction and research, although he did translate his works into Latin for his transnational European audience. A founding father of, among other fields, economics and public administration as academic disciplines, he concentrated especially in these fields, giving advice on practical matters to people in government, and stressing
2091-502: The pharmaceutical industry based in Marburg, and an increase in staff and students for the university. The historic town was in danger of thorough decay, but was renovated from 1972. The university now has about 21 000 students (2023). Marburg lies on the river Lahn , 25 km north of Gießen . The federal road Bundesstraße 3 connects it with Gießen and Kassel . It is served by Marburg (Lahn) station (long-distance and local trains) and Marburg Süd station (local trains). The city
Christian Wolff (philosopher) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2142-464: The philosopher from 8 August 1736. In 1737, Wolff's Metafysica was translated into French by Ulrich Friedrich von Suhm (1691–1740). Voltaire got the impression Frederick had translated the book himself. In 1738, Frederick William began the hard labour of trying to read Wolff. In 1740, Frederick William died, and one of the first acts of his son and successor, Frederick the Great , was to acquire him for
2193-453: The professional nature of university education. Wolff was born in Breslau , Silesia (now Wrocław , Poland), into a modest family. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Jena , soon adding philosophy. In 1703, he qualified as Privatdozent at Leipzig University , where he lectured until 1706, when he was called as professor of mathematics and natural philosophy to
2244-473: The town include the Old Botanical Garden , as well as the new Botanical Garden outside the town proper. The Marktplatz is the heart of Marburg's old town. In the center is a fountain dedicated to St Georg, a popular meeting place for the youths. To the south is the old town hall and the path running north leads to the palace overlooking the town. The University of Marburg , founded in 1527,
2295-488: The town. Franz von Papen , vice-chancellor of Germany in 1934, delivered an anti-Nazi speech at the University of Marburg on 17 June. From 1942 to 1945, the whole city of Marburg was turned into a hospital, with schools and government buildings turned into wards to augment the existing hospitals. By the spring of 1945, there were over 20,000 patients – mostly wounded German soldiers. As a result of its designation as
2346-539: Was a district-free city. The mayor of Marburg , Thomas Spies, in office since December 2015, and his predecessor Egon Vaupel (directly elected in January 2005), are members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany . His deputy, the head of the building and youth departments, Nadine Bernshausen, is from Alliance '90/The Greens . Following the city parliament elections of March 2021, the majority in
2397-415: Was founded in 1527 and dominates the public life in the town to this day. Marburg is a historic centre of the pharmaceutical industry in Germany, and there is a plant in the town (by BioNTech ) to produce vaccines to tackle Covid-19 . Like many settlements, Marburg developed at the crossroads of two important early medieval highways: the trade route linking Cologne and Prague and the trade route from
2448-489: Was necessarily predetermined that he should, which so enraged the king that he immediately deprived Wolff of his office, and ordered Wolff to leave Prussian territory within 48 hours or be hanged.) The same day, Wolff passed into Saxony, and presently proceeded to Marburg , Hesse-Kassel , to whose university (the University of Marburg ) he had received a call even before this crisis, which was now renewed. The Landgrave of Hesse received him with every mark of distinction, and
2499-491: Was one of the more powerful second-tier principalities in Germany. Its "old enemy" was the Archbishopric of Mainz , the seat of one of the prince-electors , who competed with Hessen in many wars and conflicts for coveted territory, stretching over several centuries. After 1605, Marburg became just another provincial town, known mostly for the University of Marburg . It became a virtual backwater for two centuries after
2550-553: Was stopped by the Regierungspräsidium Giessen in September 2008. Marburg remains a relatively unspoilt, spire-dominated, castle-crowned Gothic or Renaissance city on a hill partly because it was isolated between 1600 and 1850. Architecturally, it is famous both for its castle Marburger Schloss and its medieval churches. The Elisabethkirche , as one of the two or three first purely Gothic churches north of
2601-530: Was the headquarters of Pietism , which, after a long struggle against Lutheran dogmatism , had assumed the characteristics of a new orthodoxy. Wolff's professed ideal was to base theological truths on mathematically certain evidence. Strife with the Pietists broke out openly in 1721, when Wolff, on the occasion of stepping down as pro-rector, delivered an oration "On the Practical Philosophy of
SECTION 50
#1732772156779#778221