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23-510: The last Buurba of a united Jolof Empire, Leele Fuli Fak , was killed at Danki in 1549. His sons were children, and so their uncle Alboury became regent. He refused to yield power when they came of age, however, leading to a civil war where Giran Buri Jeleen defeated and killed him. With Jolof weakened, the Deniankes of Futa Toro made Jolof and Waalo their vassals, although this was largely nominal. The burbas of Jolof tried several times in

46-400: A force of slave soldiers which maintained order and formed the core of the kingdom's army. Succession generally went from uncle to nephew. This created endemic succession disputes that often led to civil wars and foreign interference, which the jaraaf jambuure was generally powerless to prevent. Leele Fuli Fak Leele Fuli Fak or Leele Fuli Fak Njie (ruled c.1543–c.1549) was

69-793: The École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1862. He was promoted to lieutenant in the Troupes de marine in 1867 and subsequently posted to the French colony of Réunion where he distinguished himself during the riots of 1868. He made captain in December 1869. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, his military prowess was noted at the Blue Division when he was made Knight of the Legion of Honour . Captured, he escaped after

92-484: The 1830s and 40s. During this period central rule was weak, but the bergel Makura Niang, dominating a series of buurbas , maintained order in the kingdom. Upon his death around 1848 Jolof was torn by succession disputes and foreign intervention until 1864. In 1865 Maba Diakhou Bâ 's forces led by Lat Jor invaded Jolof and drove buurba Bakantam Khadi, who had refused to convert to Islam, into exile in Bambouk . Maba

115-446: The 1860s. The buurba , or king, was the head of state. He appointed from the royal family the tuube , who served as regent in the king's absence, and the buumi , who commanded a province and was the burba' s presumed successor. The Lingeer , often the king's mother but sometimes his sister, ran the royal household and was the most powerful woman in the kingdom. Nobles with territorial commands were known as kangaame , and among these

138-658: The Damel of Cayor, but was nevertheless defeated in a third battle at Ndipa and forced into exile. The accession of Bira Yamb Ndaw marked the end of the period of civil war. In the early 19th century, the Trarza Moors dominated the Senegal river valley through their monopoly on the lucrative trade in gum arabic . They frequently raided Jolof for slaves and booty until buurba Mba Buuri began paying an annual tribute around 1820, though raids restarted, and conflict intensified in

161-568: The Muslims before finally driving them out of Jolof. The Mauritanians still remained a problem, however; Waalo in particular suffered from their constant raids. Biram Penda Tabara's death inaugurated a long period of civil war in Jolof. The electoral college chose his maternal half-brother Biram Mbaakure as Buurba, but a rival claimant, Bakar Penda Xole, exiled himself in Cayor with his supporters. With

184-479: The Saint-Louis post office, a quadroon and of Métis descent; his mother was Charlotte de la Chapelle, a signare of French and African descent. He was the eldest of 10 children. His paternal grandfather was John Dodds, a British Army officer and aide-de-camp to the last English governor of Saint-Louis. John Dodds was married to a Senegalese woman of French and African descent. Dodds graduated from

207-752: The capitulation of the Battle of Sedan , and rejoined the Armée de la Loire and later the Armée de l'Est . He was held in Switzerland at the end of the war. He served in Senegal from 1871 to 1878, in Cochinchina from 1878 to 1879. Made battalion leader in 1879, he then served again in Senegal and participated in the fighting in Casamance from 1879 to 1883. Then made a lieutenant colonel, he served in

230-537: The conquest of Dahomey , one of West Africa's most powerful pre-colonial states, against King Béhanzin . Close to the French Radical Party , Alfred Dodds owed his nomination as expedition leader to the personal intervention of powerful French politician Georges Clemenceau . Dodds was born on 6 February 1842 in Saint-Louis , Senegal. His father was Antoine Henri Dodds, a merchant, and director of

253-403: The freeborn (including both nobles and peasants), the artisan castes, and slaves, which were around 15% of the population. Most slaves were captured in war or raids, and those born into slavery could not be sold. The economy was fundamentally agricultural, and Jolof was isolated from the growing commercial exchanges with European merchants on the coast. For much of Jolof's history Islamic practice

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276-587: The frequent raiding, promoted trade and agricultural production, and continued the Islamization of the country. He supported his cousin Lat Jor in a dispute with the French over the construction of a railroad, creating tension temporarily resolved by a favorable treaty in 1885. In 1886 he defeated an invasion from Cayor by the damel installed by the French in place of Lat Jor in the battle of Gile. By 1890 Jolof

299-503: The late 16th and early 17th century to reconquer Cayor , but were not successful, although they retained some of their imperial cachet and influence with their former vassals. Biram Penda Tabara succeeded his uncle Giran, leading to a period of succession conflicts. During his reign, in 1670, a regional rebellion against the Wolof rulers of Senegambia broke out, led by Muslim clerics from Mauretania . He reputedly fought ten battles against

322-410: The most powerful and influential were the belep and bergel , each of whom ruled an important province on Jolof's borders and whose titles were hereditary. The jaraaf jambuure was the council of nobles who elected new kings and advised them on all matters. Each caste and minority ethnicity also had a representative who served as an intermediary between them and the buurba . The ruler also controlled

345-469: The state, and he settled there with his numerous followers. Resistance remained, however, led by the tuube Sanor Ndiaye and Alboury Ndiaye . After many setbacks, an alliance of Ndiaye, Lat Jor , Ibra Almaami of Futa Toro , and the French defeated and killed Amadou Ba in the battle of Samba Sadio on February 11, 1875. Alboury Ndiaye then became de facto buurba , with an elder uncle as a figurehead. Ndiaye re-established firm royal control in Jolof, ended

368-580: The support of the Damel and teigne (king) Lat Sukabe Fall , he marched on Jolof and killed Biram Mbaakure at the battle of Batal in 1693. Biram Penda Tabara's son, Bakar Kor Njaare, resisted this perceived outside invasion, however. He also exiled himself with his supporters, but upon his return he was defeated. An attack on Cayor also ended in defeat, and he died in exile in Waalo soon afterwards. Another claimant, Bakantam Ngaan, assassinated Bakar Penda Xole and

391-488: The twelfth ruler, or Burba , of the Jolof Empire . He was the last emperor. After his defeat at the Battle of Danki in 1549, the empire collapsed and Jolof became a mere kingdom . Leele Fuli was killed in that battle. This biography of a member of an African royal house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Alfred Dodds Alfred Amédée Dodds (6 February 1842 – 17 July 1922)

414-889: The war of conquest in Tonkin . A colonel in 1887, he served in the counter-insurgency warfare in the Fouta Djalon in French Guinea . He was decorated Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1891 and was given command of the Eighth Colonial Army in Toulon . Then, in 1892, he was appointed superior commander of Dahomey and led the Second Franco-Dahomean War . Dodds was named général de brigade , inspector of naval infantry, and Grand Officer of

437-421: Was deeply syncretized with pre-Islamic and animistic practices and the rulers and nobility were nominal Muslims at best. The marabout class was generally set apart, serving as providers of magical amulets and gri-gris as well as secretaries and priests for the nobility. The distinction between observant Muslim marabouts and quasi-pagan ceddo s deepened over time and was at the heart of the religious conflicts of

460-529: Was forced to retreat a few months later to deal with a revolt and French invasion in his base in Saloum, and the buurba returned, moving the capital to Yang-Yang , but was not able to fully restore order. In 1870 another reformer, Shaikh Amadou Ba of the Imamate of Futa Toro , again tried to convince the buurba to convert. Ultimately, he succeeded in cowing the political leadership of the kingdom, Islamizing

483-522: Was in turn crowned Buurba. His rule was short-lived, however. Alboury Jaxeer Lodo, a supporter of Bakar Kor Njaare, besieged Bakantam Ngaan in the capital of Ceng, captured the town, and killed him. After his victory, Alboury Jaxeer moved the capital from Ceng, which had supported his rival, to the more loyal Warkhokh. Only two years into his reign, however, his rule was contested by his nephew Bira Yamb Majigeen Ndaw. Two battles, one at Warkhokh and one at Njabakundam, were indecisive. Alboury Jaxeer allied with

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506-582: Was the commander of French forces in Senegal from 1890, commander of French forces in the second expeditionary force to suppress the Boxer Rebellion , and commander of French forces during the First and Second Franco-Dahomean War . As both a quadroon and Métis , he was famed in the African diaspora at the beginning of the 20th century as an example of African leadership. From 1892 to 1894, he led

529-609: Was the only remaining independent kingdom in western Senegal, and Alboury Ndiaye was planning to evacuate much of the population eastwards away from French influence. To prevent this, a column led by Alfred Dodds marched on Yang-Yang in May, and Ndiaye moved eastwards across the Ferlo Desert to Futa Toro. Dodds installed a puppet buurba and officially established a protectorate over Jolof, ending its independence. Jolof society was, like many of its neighbors, composed of three groups -

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