The Wollongong Group, Inc. (TWG), was one of the first companies to sell commercial software products based on the Unix operating system. It was founded to market a port of Unix Version 6 developed by researchers at the University of Wollongong , Australia (thus the name "Wollongong Group"). The company was active in Palo Alto, California from 1980 to 1995.
28-454: It later achieved name recognition as a pioneer in developing and selling commercial versions of the TCP/IP protocols. The Wollongong Group had annual sales of $ 40 million and employed 165 people when it was acquired by former competitor Attachmate in 1995. Virtually all Wollongong's products were initially based on versions of software that had been developed at Universities and released into
56-417: A flame retardant . Other uses include as a plasticizer in manufacturing for lacquers and varnishes and vinyl plastics and as an antiwear additive in lubricants. Pure tricresyl phosphate is a colourless, viscous liquid, although commercial samples are typically yellow. It is virtually insoluble in water, but easily soluble in organic solvents like toluene , hexane , and diethyl ether among others. It
84-517: A Bluetooth communication standard FAST TCP , a TCP congestion avoidance algorithm TCP/IP , the Internet protocol suite Medicine [ edit ] TCP (antiseptic) Tenocyclidine , an anesthetic drug Toxin-coregulated pilus, a protein that allows Vibrio cholerae to adhere to enterocytes Transcutaneous pacing Chemistry [ edit ] 1,2,3-Trichloropropane , an industrial solvent Thermal conversion process ,
112-575: A card game Two-candidate-preferred vote , in the Australian electoral system Tax Compliance and Planning in the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination (United States) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title TCP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
140-564: A depolymerization process for producing crude oil from waste Tocopherols , a class of methylated phenols Tricalcium phosphate , an anticaking agent Trichlorophenol , any organochloride of phenol that contains three covalently bonded chlorine atoms Tricresyl phosphate , an organophosphate compound Organizations [ edit ] Taiwan Communist Party , a political party in Taiwan Text Creation Partnership , an archival digitization effort at
168-529: A manufacturer of Ginger Jake added Lindol—a compound that consisted mainly of TOCP—to their product. The exact reason for why TOCP was found in Ginger Jake is disputed; one source claims it was to further extract the Jamaica root, another source claims it was to water the drink down, and yet another source claims it was a result of contamination from lubricating oils. Binges of Ginger Jake resulted in what
196-491: Is also of concern. The ortho-isomer is rarely used on its own outside of laboratory studies that require isomeric purity, due to its extremely toxic nature, and is generally excluded from commercial products where TCP is involved. The most dangerous isomers are considered to be those containing ortho isomers, such as tri- ortho -cresyl phosphate, TOCP. The World Health Organization stated in 1990 that "Because of considerable variation among individuals in sensitivity to TOCP, it
224-416: Is mainly excreted through urine and feces, it is partially metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system. Pathways include hydroxylation at one or more methyl groups, dearylation (removal of a o-cresyl group) and conversion of the hydroxymethyl groups to an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid . The first step results in a saligenin cyclic o-tolyl phosphate ( SCOTP ) intermediate , a neurotoxin . To
252-407: Is not irritating to the gastric mucous membranes. When creosote is combined with phosphoric acid the metabolic action produced is much more marked, and Phosote can be tolerated in larger doses and for a longer continuance than Creosote or Guaiacol. Dose of the preparation, one to two grammes three times a day. The greatest mass poisoning by TOCP occurred in 1930 when it was added as an adulterant to
280-488: Is not possible to establish a safe level of exposure" and "TOCP are therefore considered major hazards to human health." Therefore, strenuous efforts have been made to reduce the content of the ortho isomers in commercial TCP if there is a risk of human exposure. However, researchers at the University of Washington found that non- ortho TCP isomers present in synthetic jet engine oils do inhibit certain enzymes. TCP
308-540: Is the name given to the alleged ill effects (with symptoms including memory loss , depression and schizophrenia ) caused by exposure to engine chemicals. However, industry-funded studies in the UK discussed in 1999–2000 did not find a link between TCP and long-term health problems. In studies on slow lorises ( Nyticebus coucang coucang ), numerous chronic effects observed from topical applications. Mammalian placental development were also negatively affected. Although TOCP
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#1732772281920336-466: The public domain . Wollongong products included: Individual licensing arrangements were made with brand-name vendors such as Philips for the P9000 Unix offerings, and Cray Research . These products, which they advertised in publications such as Computerworld and Hardcopy , were among the first commercially supported systems of their type, allowing people other than software developers access to
364-414: The Internet. The PC product in particular made it possible for a non-technical user to access the Internet with equipment costing less than $ 3000 - about one tenth the cost of any other available systems at the time. PATHway was the name they used for a specialized TCP/IP product. By the mid 1980s many Wollongong employees were active in developing new Internet Technologies. Wollongong Employees produced
392-571: The University of Michigan, US The Children's Place , a US retailer The Clergy Project , US nonprofit helping clergy leave the ministry Top Cow Productions , a US comics publisher Trading Corporation of Pakistan , a Pakistani government organization Terceiro Comando Puro , a Brazilian criminal organization T.C. Pharmaceutical Industries Co. Ltd., manufacturer of Krating Daeng Other uses [ edit ] Taba International Airport (IATA code), Egypt Three card poker ,
420-425: The abortion-inducing (abortifacient) drug apiol . This drug, formed by the phenylpropanoid compound extracted from parsley leaves, was exploited throughout history—and even known to Hippocrates —as an agent to terminate pregnancies. The contamination of the modern drug in 1932 was not accidental, but rather included as an "additional stimulus." Those who took the pill experienced comas, convulsions, paralysis of
448-423: The enzyme in nerve synapses can be lethal. The enzyme plays a tantamount role in terminating nerve impulse transmission "by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine." Upon inactivation, acetylcholine can no longer be broken down in the body and results in uncontrollable muscle spasms, paralyzed breathing ( bradycardia ), convulsions, and/or death. Luckily, TOCP is considered a weak AChE inhibitor. In humans,
476-671: The first Internet tunneling specification (RFC1088) and the first SNMP MIB (RFC1066) . Notable Wollongong technical staff that worked on these projects include David H. Crocker ( Email ), Dr. Marshall Rose ( SNMP ), Karl Auerbach ( Netbios , SNMP), Narayan Mohanram (TCP/IP on UNIX), Jerry Scott (TCP/IP on VMS), Leo McLaughlin III and John Bartas (TCP/IP on IBM PC). Internet Technology companies founded by ex-Wollongong employees include Epilogue Technologies, Taos Mountain Software, Interniche Technologies and iPass Inc. TCP From Misplaced Pages,
504-584: The first symptoms are weakness/paralysis of the hands and feet on both sides of the body due to damage to the peripheral nervous system ( polyneuropathy ) and a sensation of pins-and-needles ( paresthesia ). Onset typically occurs between 3–28 days from initial exposure. If ingested, this can be preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms that include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rates of metabolism vary by species and by individual; some people developed severe polyneuropathy after ingesting 0.15g of TOCP, whereas others have been reported asymptomatic after 1-2g. Though death
532-573: The formation of SCOTP, the interactions between TOCP and two different human cytochrome P450 complexes (1A2 and 3A4) can further produce 2-( ortho -cresyl)-4 H -1,2,3-benzodioxaphosphoran-2-one ( CBDP ). This metabolite can bind to butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and/or acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Binding to BuChE results in no adverse effects, for its typical role is to covalently bind to organophosphate poisons and detoxify them by inactivation. The dangers in metabolizing TOCP to CBDP occur when its potential to bind to AChE become imminent, for inactivation of
560-516: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up TCP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. TCP may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Transformer coupled plasma Tool Center Point, see Robot end effector Topologically close pack (TCP) phases, also known as Frank-Kasper phases Computing [ edit ] Transmission Control Protocol , a fundamental Internet standard Telephony control protocol ,
588-443: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TCP&oldid=1242326096 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tricresyl phosphate Tricresyl phosphate ( TCP ), is a mixture of three isomeric organophosphate compounds most notably used as
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#1732772281920616-441: The lower body (paraplegia) and often death. Apiol was subsequently criticized by doctors, journalists, and activists until it was discontinued, citing that the dangers were too great and the number of poisonings was likely higher than accounted for. Other mass poisonings include: TCP is used as an additive in turbine engine oil and can potentially contaminate an airliner cabin via a bleed air " fume event ". Aerotoxic syndrome
644-578: The para- and meta- isomers of TCP due to the lack of neurotoxic potential within these isomers. The earliest known mass poisoning event by TOCP occurred in 1899 when six French hospital patients were given a phosphocresote cough mixture containing the organophosphate compound. Pharmacist Jules Brissonet had synthesized this compound in the hopes of treating tuberculosis , but soon after administration all six patients developed polyneuropathy . The original paper described this phosphocresote to be: A bland, limpid liquid, nearly tasteless and odourless, which
672-688: The popular drink Jamaica ginger , also known as Ginger Jake, during the United States Prohibition era, when all alcoholic drinks had been outlawed by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Jake was listed as a cure for "assorted ailments" in the U.S. Pharmocopoeia and thus easy to obtain; as it had a high alcohol content it was used as a way to obtain alcohol legally. Up to 100,000 people were poisoned and 5,000 paralyzed when
700-428: The right, the first step of TOCP metabolism is depicted by means of chemical structures. This intermediate is able to inhibit neuropathy target esterase ( NTE ) and results in the classic organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy ( OPIDN ). In tandem, TOCP exerts physical damage by causing axon al destruction and myelin disintegration within specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses ( neurons ). In addition to
728-498: Was known to be a "Jake walk", in which patients experienced a highly irregular gait caused by numbness in the legs, followed by eventual paralysis of the wrists and feet. In medical journals it was described to have produced an organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) neurodegenerative syndrome, "characterized by distal axonal lesions, ataxia, and neuronal degeneration in the spinal cord and peripheral nervous systems." In 1932, 60 European women experienced TOCP poisoning due to
756-406: Was synthesized by Alexander Williamson in 1854 upon reacting phosphorus pentachloride with cresol (a mixture of para-, ortho-, and meta- isomers of methylphenol), though today's manufacturers can prepare TCP by mixing cresol with phosphorus oxychloride or phosphoric acid as well. TCP, especially the all-ortho isomer, is the causative agent in a number of acute poisonings. Its chronic toxicity
784-558: Was the source of a 1977 epidemic of acute polyneuropathy in Sri Lanka where 20 Tamil girls were poisoned by TCP-contaminated gingili oil . It is a toxic substance that causes neuropathy , paralysis in the hands and feet, and/or death for humans and animals alike. It can be ingested, inhaled, or even absorbed through the skin. Its ortho-isomer is notoriously known as a source of several delayed neurotoxic outbreaks across recent history. Contemporary commercial products typically contain only
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