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40-467: Womyn is one of several alternative political spellings of the English word women , used by some feminists . There are other spellings, including womban (a reference to the womb or uterus) or womon (singular), and wombyn or wimmin (plural). Some writers who use such alternative spellings, avoiding the suffix "-man" or "-men" , see them as an expression of female independence and

80-741: A K? [...] Klassified. [...] Oh, it's very good! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt !" A common satiric usage of the letters KKK is the spelling of America as Amerikkka , alluding to the Ku Klux Klan , referring to underlying racism in American society. The earliest known usage of Amerikkka recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary is in July 1970, in an African-American magazine called Black World . The spelling Amerikkka came into greater use after

120-438: A backlash that led many to criticize Dianic Wicca as an inherently transphobic lesbian-separatist movement . The Los Angeles Times wrote that: Talia Bettcher, a professor of philosophy at Cal State L.A., said this trans exclusionary stance is common—though not universal—among women like Budapest who were grounded in lesbian separatism, a political vision that originated in the '70s. [...] The same defiance that made Budapest

160-628: A difference in spelling does not indicate a difference in pronunciation of a word. That is, it is dialect to the eye rather than to the ear. It suggests that a character "would use a vulgar pronunciation if there were one" and "is at the level of ignorance where one misspells in this fashion, hence mispronounces as well." The word womyn appeared as an Older Scots spelling of woman in the Scots poetry of James Hogg . The word wimmin appeared in 19th-century renderings of Black American English , without any feminist significance. The usage of "womyn" as

200-526: A feminist spelling of women (with womon as the singular form) first appeared in print in 1976 referring to the first Michigan Womyn's Music Festival . This is just after the founding of the Mountain Moving Coffeehouse for Womyn and Children , a lesbian feminist social event centred around women's music . Both the annual "MichFest" and the weekly coffeehouse operated a womyn-born womyn (cisgender women-only) policy. Womyn's land

240-455: A long-standing theme of insulting the law firm Carter-Ruck by replacing the R with an F to read Carter-Fuck. The law firm once requested that Private Eye cease spelling its name like that; the magazine then started spelling it "Farter-Fuck". Likewise, Private Eye often refers to The Guardian as The Grauniad , due to the newspaper's early reputation for typographical errors . Plays on acronyms and initialisms are also common, when

280-543: A repudiation of traditions that define women by reference to a male norm . Recently, the term womxn has been used by intersectional feminists to indicate the same ideas while foregrounding or more explicitly including transgender women , non-binary women , intersex women , queer women , and women of color . Historically, but unrelatedly, "womyn" and other spelling variants were associated with regional dialects (e.g. Scottish English ) and eye dialect (e.g. African American Vernacular English ). Old English had

320-476: A ritual, women shifted their understanding of power from the hands of their abusers to themselves. It was found that this ritual had improved self-perception in participants in the short-term, and that the results could be sustained with ongoing practice. Dianic Wicca developed from the Women's Liberation Movement and some covens traditionally compare themselves with radical feminism . Dianics pride themselves on

360-467: A sentence the wrong form, eg. "we was robbed!"), or simply replacing a letter with another letter (for example, in English, k replacing c ), or symbol ( $ replacing s ). Satiric misspelling is found widely today in informal writing on the Internet , but is also made in some serious political writing that opposes the status quo . Replacing the letter c with k in the first letter of

400-468: A specific negative attribute, real or perceived, of a product or service. This is especially effective if the misspelling is done by replacing part of the word with another that has identical phonetic qualities. Journalists may make a politicized editorial decision by choosing to differentially retain (or even create) misspellings, mispronunciations, ungrammaticisms, dialect variants, or interjections. The British political satire magazine Private Eye has

440-404: A system of grammatical gender , whereby every noun was treated as either masculine, feminine or neuter, similar to modern German. In Old English sources, the word man was grammatically masculine but gender-neutral in meaning. One of its meanings was similar to the modern English usage of " one " as a gender-neutral indefinite pronoun (compare with mankind ( man  + kind ), which means

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480-701: A variety of different cultures. Dianic Wiccans of the Budapest lineage worship the Goddess , who they see as containing all goddesses, from all cultures; she is seen as the source of all living things and containing all that is within her. While Diana does have a triple aspect, it is in Her aspect as Virgin Huntress that She guides Her daughters to wholeness. She is "virgin" in the ancient sense of "She Who Is Whole Unto Herself." The ancient meaning of "virgin" described

520-427: A woman who was unmarried, autonomous, belonging solely to herself. The original meaning of this word was not attached to a sexual act with a man. Diana/Artemis did not associate herself or consort with men, which is why these Goddesses are often understood to be lesbian. Dianic covens practice magic in the form of meditation and visualization in addition to spell work. They focus especially on healing themselves from

560-680: A word was used by the Ku Klux Klan during its early years in the mid-to-late 19th century. The concept is continued today within the group. For something similar in the writing of groups opposed to the KKK, see §  KKK replacing c or k , below. In the 1960s and early 1970s in the United States , the Yippies sometimes used Amerika rather than America in referring to the United States. According to Oxford Dictionaries , it

600-469: Is a deliberate misspelling of dog . The internet slang of DoggoLingo , which appeared around the same time, spells dog as doggo and also includes respelled words for puppy ( pupper ) and other animals such as bird ( birb ) and snake ( snek ). Respellings in DoggoLingo usually alter the pronunciation of the word. Along the same lines, intentional misspellings can be used to promote

640-506: Is frequently considered the mother of modern Dianic Wiccan tradition. Dianic Wicca itself is named after the Roman goddess of the same name. Ruth Rhiannon Barrett was ordained by Z Budapest in 1980 and inherited Budapest's Los Angeles ministry. This community continues through Circle of Aradia, a grove of Temple of Diana, Inc. McFarland Dianic is a Neopagan tradition of goddess worship founded by Morgan McFarland and Mark Roberts which, despite

680-409: Is not born from a rejection of males but rather an embracing of women’s unique biological rites of passage and how living in female body in a patriarchal world informs and effects our lives. Many women choose Dianic separatist ritual simply because of the joy, fun, pleasure, feeling of safety, and value which they derive from being in a exclusively female space with other like-minded women. Aradia, or

720-417: Is often referred to as the "National Surveillance Agency" and sometimes " National Socialist Agency" by opponents of its PRISM program, who view it as dystopian encroachment on personal privacy. Dianic Wicca While there is more than one tradition known as Dianic , the most widely known is the female-only variety, with the most prominent tradition thereof founded by Zsuzsanna Budapest in

760-467: Is rejecting the concept of duality based in gender stereotypes. When asked why "men and gods" are excluded from her rituals, Budapest stated: It's the natural law, as women fare so fares the world, their children, and that's everybody. If you lift up the women you have lifted up humanity. Men have to learn to develop their own mysteries. Where is the order of Attis? Pan? Zagreus? Not only research it, but then popularize it as well as I have done. Where are

800-564: The Wiccan Rede . However, many other Dianic witches (notably Budapest) do not consider hexing or binding of those who attack women to be wrong, and actively encourage the binding of rapists . Like other Wiccans, Dianics may form covens , attend festivals , celebrate the eight major Wiccan holidays , and gather on Esbats . They use many of the same altar tools , rituals, and vocabulary as other Wiccans. Dianics may also gather in less formal Circles. The most noticeable difference between

840-400: The 1990 release of the gangsta rap album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted by Ice Cube . The letters KKK have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include: Currency symbols like €, $ and £ can be inserted in place of the letters E , S and L respectively to indicate plutocracy , greed , corruption , or

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880-703: The Dionysian rites? I think men are lazy in this aspect by not working this up for themselves. It's their own task, not ours. Sociological studies have shown that there is therapeutic value inherent in Dianic ritual. Healing rituals to overcome personal trauma and raise awareness about violence against women have earned comparisons to the female-centered consciousness-raising groups of the 1960s and 1970s. Some Dianic groups develop rituals specifically to confront gendered personal trauma, such as battery, rape , incest , and partner abuse . In one ethnographic study of such

920-753: The Gospel of the Witches claims that ancient Diana , Aphrodite , Aradia , and Herodias cults linked to the Sacred Mysteries are the origin of the all-female coven and many witch myths as we know them. Z Budapest's branch of Dianic Wicca began on the Winter Solstice of 1971, when Budapest led a ceremony in Hollywood, California. Self-identifying as a "hereditary witch," and claiming to have learned folk magic from her mother, Budapest

960-539: The Greek Artemis ) "is seen as representing a central mythic theme of woman-identified cosmology. She is the protector of women and of the wild, untamed spirit of nature." The Dianic Wiccan belief and ritual structure is an eclectic combination of elements from British Traditional Wicca , Italian folk-magic as recorded by Charles Leland in Aradia , New Age beliefs, and folk magic and healing practices from

1000-536: The United States in the 1970s. It is notable for its worship of a single, monotheistic Great Goddess (with all other goddesses—of all cultures worldwide—seen as "aspects" of this goddess) and a focus on egalitarian matriarchy. While the tradition is named after the Roman goddess Diana , Dianics worship goddesses from many cultures, within the Dianic Wiccan ritual framework. Diana, (considered correlate to

1040-540: The category of "woman" and consequently prevent them from accessing spaces and resources for women; the term wombyn has been particularly criticized for this since it implies that a woman must have a womb to be a woman. Millie Tant , a fictional character in the British satirical comic Viz , often used the term wimmin when discussing women's rights. " Womxn " has been used in a similar manner as womyn and wimmin. Due to transgender women's perceived exclusion from

1080-520: The decision whether to include or exclude males as "solely the choice of [a member coven's] individual High Priestess." Dianic Wicca has been criticised by elements in the Neopagan community for being transphobic . In February 2011, Zsuzsanna Budapest conducted a ritual with the Circle of Cerridwen at PantheaCon for "genetic women only" from which she barred trans women as well as men. This caused

1120-499: The full name is spelled out but one of the component words is replaced by another. For example, Richard Stallman and other Free Software Foundation executives often refer to digital rights management as "digital restrictions management". a reference to the tendency for DRM to stifle the end user's ability to reshare music or write CDs more than a certain number of times. Likewise, the National Security Agency

1160-411: The human race, and German man , which has retained the indefinite pronoun meaning to the modern day). The words wer and wīf were used, when necessary, to specify a man or woman, respectively. Combining them into werman or wīfman expressed the concept of "any man" or "any woman". Some feminist writers have suggested that this more symmetrical usage reflected more egalitarian notions of gender at

1200-531: The inclusion of lesbian and bisexual members in their groups and leadership. It is a goal within many covens to explore female sexuality and sensuality outside of male control, and many rituals function to affirm lesbian sexuality, making it a popular tradition for lesbians and bisexuals. Some covens exclusively consist of same-sex oriented women and advocate lesbian separatism . Ruth Barrett writes, For other lesbian Dianics, as well as heterosexual and bisexual Dianics, excluding males from participation in ritual

1240-653: The intentionally poor spelling and fractured grammar as "kitty pidgin ". The negative squared letter B (🅱️; originally used to represent blood type B) can be used to replace hard consonants as an internet meme . This originates from the practice of members of the Bloods replacing the letter C with the letter B , but has been extended to any consonant. Common examples are: Various different instances of intentional misspellings of animal names have been made as internet memes . The mid-2000s lolcat memes used spellings such as kitteh for kitty. The 2013 Doge meme

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1280-456: The perceived immoral, unethical, or pathological accumulation of money . For example: Occasionally a word written in its orthodox spelling is altered with internal capital letters, hyphens, italics, or other devices so as to highlight a fortuitous pun. Some examples: In the mid-2000s, lolcat image macros were captioned with deliberate misspellings, known as "lolspeak", such as a cat asking "I can haz cheezburger?" Blogger Anil Dash described

1320-543: The shared name, has a different theology and structure than the women-only groups. In most cases, the McFarland Dianics accept male participants. McFarland largely bases their tradition on the work of Robert Graves and his book The White Goddess . While some McFarland covens will initiate men, the leadership is limited to female priestesses. Like the women-only Dianic traditions, "McFarland Dianic covens espouse feminism as an all-important concept." They consider

1360-419: The time. The term wimmin was considered by George P. Krapp (1872–1934), an American scholar of English, to be eye dialect , the literary technique of using nonstandard spelling that implies a pronunciation of the given word that is actually standard. The spelling indicates that the character's speech overall is dialectal , foreign, or uneducated. This form of nonstandard spelling differs from others in that

1400-462: The two are that Dianic covens of Budapest lineage are composed entirely of women. Central to feminist Dianic focus and practice are embodied Women's Mysteries—the celebrations and honoring of the female life cycle and its correspondences to the Earth's seasonal cycle, healing from internalized oppression , female sovereignty and agency. Another marked difference in cosmology from other Wiccan traditions

1440-450: The usage of these respellings, an "x" is used to "broaden the scope of womanhood," to include them. The Womxn's March on Seattle chose the spelling of its title for this reason. Alternative political spelling A satiric misspelling is an intentional misspelling of a word, phrase or name for a rhetorical purpose. This can be achieved with intentional malapropism (e.g. replacing erection for election ), enallage (giving

1480-563: The wounds of the patriarchy while affirming their own womanhood. Rituals can include reenacting religious and spiritual lore from a female-centered standpoint, celebrating the female body, and mourning society's abuses of women. The practice of magic is rooted in the belief that energy or 'life force' can be directed to enact change. However it is important to note that rituals are often improvised to suit individual or group needs and vary from coven to coven. Some Dianic Wiccans eschew manipulative spellwork and hexing because it goes against

1520-665: Was an allusion to the Russian and German spellings of the word and intended to be suggestive of fascism and authoritarianism . A similar usage in Italian , Spanish , Catalan and Portuguese is to write okupa rather than ocupa (often on a building or area occupied by squatters ), referring to the name adopted by okupación activist groups. It stems from a combination of English borrowings with k in them to those languages, and Spanish anarchist and punk movements which used "k" to signal rebellion. Replacing "c" with "k"

1560-577: Was another usage of the term, associated with separatist feminism . Z. Budapest promoted the use of the word wimmin (singular womon ) in the 1970s as part of her Dianic Wicca movement, which claims that present-day patriarchy represents a fall from a matriarchal golden age . These re-spellings existed alongside the use of herstory , a feminist re-examination and re-telling of history. The word "womyn" has been criticized by transgender people due to its usage in transphobic radical feminist circles which exclude trans women from identifying into

1600-465: Was at the center of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle 's character has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in "blassified" instead of "classified". Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K; Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies: "what, you mean, pronounce 'blassified' with

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