The Wood River Jewish Community , also known as the WRJC , is a Jewish congregation serving Ketchum , Hailey , Sun Valley , and Bellevue in the Wood River Valley in central Idaho . The congregation is affiliated with the Union for Reform Judaism .
70-567: The first Jewish residents of the Wood River Valley included Simon J. Friedman , Simon M. Friedman , Leopold Werthheimer , and other German immigrants following a mining boom in the 1880s. After a mining bust in the 1890s, most Jewish residents left the valley until the 1950s and 60s, when the success of the Sun Valley Resort attracted Jews once again to settle in the region. A growing Jewish community, alternatively named
140-441: A " Mohel (Circumciser) who does not suck creates a danger, and should be dismissed from practice". Rashi on that Talmudic passage explains that this step is in order to draw some blood from deep inside the wound to prevent danger to the baby. There are other modern antiseptic and antibiotic techniques—all used as part of the brit milah today—which many say accomplish the intended purpose of metzitzah , however, since metzitzah
210-543: A 2-week-old baby died of herpes because of metzitzah b'peh. In three medical papers done in Israel, Canada, and the US, oral suction following circumcision was suggested as a cause in 11 cases of neonatal herpes. Researchers noted that prior to 1997, neonatal herpes reports in Israel were rare, and that the late incidences were correlated with the mothers carrying the virus themselves. Rabbi Doctor Mordechai Halperin implicates
280-493: A concern about hemophilia . An Israeli study found a high rate of urinary tract infections if the bandage is left on too long. If the child is born prematurely or has other serious medical problems, the brit milah will be postponed until the doctors and mohel deem the child strong enough for his foreskin to be surgically removed. In recent years, the circumcision of adult Jews who were not circumcised as infants has become more common than previously thought. In such cases,
350-529: A home Friedman built at 123 Second Avenue N. Like many of Hailey’s Jewish residents, the Friedman family maintained close ties to Salt Lake City even after settling in Hailey, both because they had once lived there and because it was the location of the nearest large Jewish community. When their son was born, Luscha sent for her brother, who traveled from Salt Lake City to Hailey to perform the brit milah . When
420-494: A mohel to perform metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact, and that his grandfather, Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, instructed mohelim in Brisk not to do metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact. However, although Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik also generally prohibited metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact, he did not ban it by those who insisted upon it." The sefer Mitzvas Hametzitzah by Rabbi Sinai Schiffer of Baden, Germany, states that he
490-501: A mohel, the epithelium is most commonly peeled off only after the foreskin has been amputated. This procedure is called priah ( Hebrew : פריעה ), which means 'uncovering'. The main goal of "priah" (also known as "bris periah"), is to remove as much of the inner layer of the foreskin as possible and prevent the movement of the shaft skin, what creates the look and function of what is known as a "low and tight" circumcision. According to Rabbinic interpretation of traditional Jewish sources,
560-468: A non-Jewish child raised by a mother who has not converted to Judaism. The laws of conversion and conversion-related circumcision in Orthodox Judaism have numerous complications, and authorities recommend that a rabbi be consulted well in advance. In Conservative Judaism , the milah l'shem giur procedure is also performed for a boy whose mother has not converted, but with the intention that
630-419: A permanent store in place of his tent. When Hailey was destroyed by fire on July 2, 1889, S.J. Friedman’s store was one of the only buildings to survive. His construction methods in 1881 had been uniquely fireproof, including his decision to cover the windows with steel shutters and to pack a foot of dirt underneath the building’s roof. He remained trapped inside his store during the conflagration. According to
700-773: A restraining order against the mohel requiring use of a sterile glass tube, or pipette. The mohel's attorney argued that the New York Department of Health had not supplied conclusive medical evidence linking his client with the disease. In September 2005, the city withdrew the restraining order and turned the matter over to a rabbinical court. Thomas Frieden, the Health Commissioner of New York City, wrote, "There exists no reasonable doubt that 'metzitzah b'peh' can and has caused neonatal herpes infection....The Health Department recommends that infants being circumcised not undergo metzitzah b'peh." In May 2006,
770-484: A serious risk of spreading herpes to the infant. Proponents maintain that there is no conclusive evidence that links herpes to Metzitza , and that attempts to limit this practice infringe on religious freedom. The practice has become a controversy in both secular and Jewish medical ethics . The ritual of metzitzah is found in Mishnah Shabbat 19:2, which lists it as one of the four steps involved in
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#1732780961558840-524: A warrant for the position that metzitzah b’peh was not an obligatory part of the circumcision ceremony. It relates the story that a mohel (who was suspected of transmitting herpes via metzizah to infants) was checked several times and never found to have signs of the disease and that a ban was requested because of the "possibility of future infections". Moshe Schick (1807–1879), a student of Moses Sofer, states in his book of Responsa, She’eilos u’teshuvos Maharam Schick (Orach Chaim 152,) that Moses Sofer gave
910-631: Is kareth (making oneself liable to extirpation or excommunication), as noted in Genesis 17:1-14. Conversion to Judaism for non-Israelites in Biblical times necessitated circumcision, otherwise one could not partake in the Passover offering. Today, as in the time of Abraham, it is required of converts in Orthodox , Conservative and Reform Judaism . As found in Genesis 17:1–14, brit milah
980-571: Is also applied to the first three years' fruit of a tree, which is forbidden. However, the Israelites born in the wilderness after the Exodus from Egypt were not circumcised. Joshua 5:2–9, explains, "all the people that came out" of Egypt were circumcised, but those "born in the wilderness" were not. Therefore, Joshua, before the celebration of the Passover , had them circumcised at Gilgal specifically before they entered Canaan. Abraham, too,
1050-432: Is born in the house, or bought with money of any foreigner, that is not of thy seed. He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised; and My covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken My covenant. Leviticus 12:3 says: "And in
1120-546: Is considered among the most important and central commandments in Judaism , and the rite has played a central role in the formation and history of Jewish civilization . The Talmud , when discussing the importance of Brit Milah , considers it equal to all other mitzvot (commandments). Jews who voluntarily fail to undergo Brit Milah , barring extraordinary circumstances, are believed to suffer Kareth in Jewish theology:
1190-520: Is considered to be so important that should the eighth day fall on the Sabbath , actions that would normally be forbidden because of the sanctity of the day are permitted in order to fulfill the requirement to circumcise. The Talmud , when discussing the importance of Milah, compares it to being equal to all other mitzvot (commandments) based on the gematria for brit of 612. Covenants in ancient times were sometimes sealed by severing an animal, with
1260-477: Is in possession of letters from 36 major Russian (Lithuanian) rabbis that categorically prohibit Metzitzah with a sponge and require it to be done orally. Among them is Rabbi Chaim Halevi Soloveitchik of Brisk. In September 2012, the New York Department of Health unanimously ruled that the practice of metztizah b'peh should require informed consent from the parent or guardian of the child undergoing
1330-417: Is no need for this circumcision. Most prominent acharonim rule that the mitzvah of brit milah lies in the pain it causes, and anesthetic, sedation, or ointment should generally not be used. However, it is traditionally common to feed the infant a drop of wine or other sweet liquid to soothe him. Eliezer Waldenberg , Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg , Shmuel Wosner , Moshe Feinstein and others agree that
1400-539: Is not known with certainty; however, artistic and literary evidence from ancient Egypt suggests it was practiced in the ancient Near East from at least the Sixth Dynasty ( c. 2345 –2181 BCE). According to some scholars, it appears that it only appeared as a sign of the covenant during the Babylonian Exile. Scholars who posit the existence of a hypothetical J source (likely composed during
1470-580: Is one of the four steps to fulfill Mitzvah, it continues to be practiced by Orthodox, Ultraorthodox and Hassidic Jews. The traditional method of performing metzitzah b'peh ( Hebrew : מְצִיצָה בְּפֶה , abbreviated as MBP )—or oral suction —has become controversial. The process has the mohel place his mouth directly on the infant's genital wound to draw blood away from the cut. Many circumcision ceremonies no longer use metzitzah b'peh, but Haredi Jews continue to perform it, while traditional Karaites and Beta Israel never practiced it. The practice poses
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#17327809615581540-404: Is that the brit is not considered complete unless a drop of blood is actually drawn. The standard medical methods of circumcision through constriction do not meet the requirements of the halakhah for brit milah, because they are done with hemostasis , i.e. , they stop the flow of blood. Moreover, circumcision alone, in the absence of the brit milah ceremony, does not fulfill the requirements of
1610-408: Is usually done by adoptive parents for adopted boys who are being converted as part of the adoption or by families with young children converting together. It is also required for adult converts who were not previously circumcised, e.g., those born in countries where circumcision at birth is not common. The conversion of a minor is valid in both Orthodox and Conservative Judaism until a child reaches
1680-552: The Hebrew Bible , Adonai commanded the biblical patriarch Abraham to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his descendants: This is My covenant, which ye shall keep, between Me and you and thy seed after thee: every male among you shall be circumcised. And ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of a covenant betwixt Me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generations, he that
1750-535: The Wood River News-Miner , as Friedman watched the town burn around his store, he exclaimed “Shesus, see the old synagogue stand the test.” After Friedman died in 1917, his family members continued to operate his store on Hailey’s Main Street. Friedman served as the unofficial leader of Hailey’s Jewish community, which boomed along with the town’s mining fortunes and peaked at several dozen people in
1820-720: The Wood River Times announcing the closure of his dry goods store for the High Holidays and asking patrons to place their orders before 6 PM on Erev Rosh Hashanah . In April 1886, Friedman traveled to Salt Lake City and married Luscha Meyer (1864-1948), who moved back to Hailey with her new husband and served alongside him as a leading Jewish woman in the town. Friedman and Meyer raised four children in Hailey: Beatrice (1887-1963), Myrtle (1893-1990), Jerome (1894-1961), and Frederick (1898-1975). They lived in
1890-557: The foreskin is surgically removed. According to the Book of Genesis , God commanded the biblical patriarch Abraham to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his male descendants on the eighth day of life, symbolizing the covenant between God and the Jewish people . Today, it is generally performed by a mohel on the eighth day after the infant's birth and is followed by a celebratory meal known as seudat mitzvah . Brit Milah
1960-527: The seventh century BCE ) of the Pentateuch in Genesis 15 hold that it would not have mentioned a covenant that involves the practice of circumcision. Only in the P source (likely composed during the sixth century BCE) of Genesis 17 does the notion of circumcision become linked to a covenant. Some scholars have argued that it originated as a replacement for child sacrifice . According to
2030-447: The "better hygiene and living conditions that prevail among the younger generation", which lowered to 60% the rate of young Israeli Haredi mothers who carry the virus. He explains that an "absence of antibodies in the mothers' blood means that their newborn sons received no such antibodies through the placenta, and therefore are vulnerable to infection by HSV-1". Because of the risk of infection, some rabbinical authorities have ruled that
2100-658: The 'priah' has been performed as part of the Jewish circumcision since the Israelites first inhabited the Land of Israel . The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that many Hellenistic Jews attempted to restore their foreskins, and that similar action was taken during the Hadrianic persecution, a period in which a prohibition against circumcision was issued. The writers of the dictionary hypothesize that
2170-402: The 1880s and early 1890s. In his home, Friedman owned and kept the community’s ritual objects, including prayer books, mezuzot , and Kiddush cups. He conducted Reform -style Jewish services in living rooms and social halls for Shabbat and holidays, including a Yom Kippur service in 1884 at Hailey's Masonic Lodge. On at least two occasions, in 1886 and 1892, Friedman placed advertisements in
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2240-527: The Department of Health for New York State issued a protocol for the performance of metzitzah b'peh. Antonia Novello , Commissioner of Health for New York State, together with a board of rabbis and doctors, worked, she said, to "allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health". Later in New York City in 2012
2310-633: The Friedmans died, they were both buried in Salt Lake City’s B’nai Israel Cemetery. Brit milah The brit milah ( Hebrew : בְּרִית מִילָה , Modern Israeli : [bʁit miˈla] , Ashkenazi : [bʁis ˈmilə] ; " covenant of circumcision ") or bris ( Yiddish : ברית , Yiddish: [bʁɪs] ) is the ceremony of circumcision in Judaism and Samaritanism , during which
2380-756: The WRJC and “Temple Beth Baldy” after Bald Mountain , celebrated Shabbat and holidays in living rooms and local restaurants including the Sun Valley Lodge. A congregation was formally established in 1983 by Helen and Ben Goldberg, Carlyn Ring, Naomi Fine, and Steven Luber in the Goldberg home. In 1989, the WRJC received a 150-year-old Torah scroll that had survived the Holocaust in Czechoslovakia . An ark designed by Ketchum-based artist David Hurd
2450-437: The above ruling. He tells the story that a student of Moses Sofer, Lazar Horowitz , Chief Rabbi of Vienna at the time and author of the responsa Yad Elazer , needed the ruling because of a governmental attempt to ban circumcision completely if it included metztitzah b'peh. He therefore asked Sofer to give him permission to do brit milah without metzitzah b'peh. When he presented the defense in secular court, his testimony
2520-405: The age of majority (13 for a boy, 12 for a girl); at that time the child has the option of renouncing his conversion and Judaism, and the conversion will then be considered retroactively invalid. He must be informed of his right to renounce his conversion if he wishes. If he does not make such a statement, it is accepted that the boy is halakhically Jewish. Orthodox rabbis will generally not convert
2590-468: The baby is born on Sunday before sunset, the brit will be held the following Sunday. However, if the baby is born on Sunday night after sunset, the brit is on the following Monday. The brit takes place on the eighth day following birth even if that day is Shabbat or a holiday; however, if the baby is born on Friday night between sunset and nightfall, the Berit is delayed until the following Sunday. Furthermore,
2660-491: The berit is performed on the Sabbath only if it is a natural birth; if the birth is a Caesarean section , the berit is delayed until Sunday. A brit is traditionally performed in the morning, but it may be performed any time during daylight hours. The Talmud explicitly instructs that a boy must not be circumcised if he had two brothers who died due to complications arising from their circumcisions, and Maimonides says that this excluded paternal half-brothers. This may be due to
2730-441: The brit milah will be done at the earliest date that can be arranged. The actual circumcision will be private, and other elements of the ceremony (e.g., the celebratory meal) may be modified to accommodate the desires of the one being circumcised. According to Halacha, a baby who dies before they had time to circumcise him must be circumcised before burial. Several reasons were given for this commandment. Some have written that there
2800-416: The child be raised Jewish. This conversion of a child to Judaism without the conversion of the mother is allowed by Conservative interpretations of halakha . Conservative Rabbis will authorize it only under the condition that the child be raised as a Jew in a single-faith household. Should the mother convert, and if the boy has not yet reached his third birthday, the child may be immersed in the mikveh with
2870-500: The child should not be sedated, although pain relieving ointment may be used under certain conditions; Shmuel Wosner particularly asserts that the act ought to be painful, per Psalm 44:23. In a letter to the editor published in The New York Times on January 3, 1998, Rabbi Moshe David Tendler disagrees with the above and writes, "It is a biblical prohibition to cause anyone unnecessary pain." Rabbi Tendler recommends
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2940-591: The circumcision rite. Rabbi Moses Sofer , also known as the Chatam Sofer (1762–1839), observed that the Talmud states that the rationale for this part of the ritual was hygienic — i.e., to protect the health of the child. As such, the Chatam Sofer issued a ruling to perform metzitzah with a sponge instead of oral suction in order to safeguard the child from potential risks. He also cited a passage in Nedarim 32a as
3010-553: The eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised." According to the Hebrew Bible, it was "a reproach" for an Israelite to be uncircumcised. The plural term arelim ("uncircumcised") is used opprobriously , denoting the Philistines and other non-Israelites and used in conjunction with tameh (unpure) for heathen. The word arel ("uncircumcised" [singular]) is also employed for "impermeable"; it
3080-667: The extinction of the soul and denial of a share in the world to come . Judaism does not see circumcision as a universal moral law . Rather, the commandment is exclusive to followers of Judaism and the Jewish people; Gentiles who follow the Noahide Laws are believed to have a portion in the World to Come. Historical conflicts between Jews and European civilizations have occurred several times over Brit Milah , including multiple campaigns of Jewish ethnic, cultural, and religious persecution, with subsequent bans and restrictions on
3150-464: The first certified Reform mohelet ; she was certified by the Berit Mila program of Reform Judaism. It is customary for the brit to be held in a synagogue, but it can also be held at home or any other suitable location. The brit is performed on the eighth day from the baby's birth, taking into consideration that according to the Jewish calendar, the day begins at the sunset of the day before. If
3220-489: The former without any injury to the latter. A scalpel is used to detach the foreskin. A tube is used for metzitzah In addition to milah (the initial cut amputating the akroposthion) and p'riah and subsequent circumcision, mentioned above, the Talmud ( Mishnah Shabbat 19:2) mentions a third step, metzitzah , translated as suction, as one of the steps involved in the circumcision rite. The Talmud writes that
3290-541: The four main blessings are concluded, special ha-Rachaman prayers are recited. They request various blessings by God that include: According to the Western Ashkenazic rite, Nodeh Leshimcha is not recited. Elohim tzivita li-yedidcha bechiracha is recited during the second blessing, and a set of ha-Rachaman prayers, different from the ones in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite, are recited. At
3360-570: The hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision". The Maccabee victory in the Maccabean Revolt — ending the prohibition against circumcision — is celebrated in Hanukkah . Circumcision rates are near-universal among Jews. Brit Milah also has immense importance in other religions. The Gospel of Luke records that Mary and Joseph , the parents of Jesus , had him undergo circumcision . The origin of circumcision
3430-488: The implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning "to seal a covenant" translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant. Reasons for biblical circumcision include to show off "patrilineal descent, sexual fertility, male initiation, cleansing of birth impurity, and dedication to God". Mohalim are Jews trained in
3500-418: The legal case or of his ruling applying in only one situation. Rather, that responsa makes quite clear that "metzizah" was a health measure and should never be employed where there is a health risk to the infant. Chaim Hezekiah Medini , after corresponding with the greatest Jewish sages of the generation, concluded the practice to be Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai and elaborates on what prompted Moses Sofer to give
3570-601: The lower court, and ruled that the regulation does have to be reviewed under strict scrutiny to determine whether it infringes on Orthodox Jews' freedom of religion. On September 9, 2015, after coming to an agreement with the community the New York City Board of Health voted to repeal the informed consent regulation. A brit milah is more than circumcision; it is a sacred ritual in Judaism, as distinguished from its non-ritual requirement in Islam . One ramification
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#17327809615583640-713: The merchants who became Hailey’s founding residents, S.J. spent several years in Salt Lake City and small towns in Utah before finding his way to the recently-established Idaho Territory in Spring 1881 after hearing about the silver and lead discoveries in the Wood River Valley . When Friedman arrived in Hailey in Spring 1881, the town had just been platted, so he set up a 20 by 40 foot tent and began selling dry goods, clothing, and boots. In Fall 1881, he erected
3710-459: The mitzvah. Therefore, in cases involving a Jew who was circumcised outside of a brit milah, an already-circumcised convert, or an aposthetic (born without a foreskin) individual, the mohel draws a symbolic drop of blood ( Hebrew : הטפת דם , hatafat-dam ) from the penis at the point where the foreskin would have been or was attached. A milah l'shem giur is a "circumcision for the purpose of conversion". In Orthodox Judaism , this procedure
3780-679: The mohel's mouth and the infant's genitals, such as the use of a sterile syringe, thereby eliminating the risk of infection. According to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel and the Edah HaChareidis metzitzah b'peh should still be performed. The practice of metzitzah b'peh posed a serious risk in the transfer of herpes from mohelim to eight Israeli infants, one of whom suffered brain damage. When three New York City infants contracted herpes after metzizah b'peh by one mohel and one of them died, New York authorities took out
3850-499: The more severe method practiced today was probably begun in order to prevent the possibility of restoring the foreskin after circumcision, and therefore the rabbis added the requirement of cutting the foreskin in periah. According to Shaye J. D. Cohen , the Torah only commands milah. David Gollaher has written that the rabbis added the procedure of priah to discourage men from trying to restore their foreskins: "Once established, priah
3920-415: The mother, after the mother has already immersed, to become Jewish. If the mother does not convert, the child may be immersed in a mikveh, or body of natural waters, to complete the child's conversion to Judaism. This can be done before the child is even one year old. If the child did not immerse in the mikveh , or the boy was too old, then the child may choose of their own accord to become Jewish at age 13 as
3990-435: The neonatal stage, the inner preputial epithelium is still linked with the surface of the glans . The mitzvah is executed only when this epithelium is either removed, or permanently peeled back to uncover the glans. On medical circumcisions performed by surgeons, the epithelium is removed along with the foreskin, to prevent post operative penile adhesion and its complications. However, on ritual circumcisions performed by
4060-578: The practice as an attempted means of forceful assimilation, conversion, and ethnocide , most famously in the Maccabean Revolt by the Seleucid Empire . "In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision ( brit mila ) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution". These periods have generally been linked to suppression of Jewish religious, ethnic, and cultural identity and subsequent "punishment at
4130-483: The practice of brit milah , the "covenant of circumcision". According to traditional Jewish law, in the absence of a grown free Jewish male expert, anyone who has the required skills is also authorized to perform the circumcision, if they are Jewish. Yet, most streams of non-Orthodox Judaism allow women to be mohalot ( Hebrew : מוֹהֲלוֹת , plural of מוֹהֶלֶת mohelet , feminine of mohel ), without restriction. In 1984, Deborah Cohen became
4200-621: The ritual. Prior to the ruling, several hundred rabbis, including Rabbi David Niederman, the executive director of the United Jewish Organization of Williamsburg, signed a declaration stating that they would not inform parents of the potential dangers that came with metzitzah b'peh, even if informed consent became law. In a motion for preliminary injunction with intent to sue, filed against New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, affidavits by Awi Federgruen , Brenda Breuer, and Daniel S. Berman argued that
4270-484: The ruling in that specific instance only because the mohel refused to step down and had secular government connections that prevented his removal in favor of another mohel, and the Heter may not be applied elsewhere. He also states ( Yoreh Deah 244) that the practice is possibly a Sinaitic tradition, i.e., Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai . Other sources contradict this claim, with copies of Moses Sofer's responsa making no mention of
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#17327809615584340-532: The study on which the department passed its conclusions is flawed. The "informed consent" regulation was challenged in court. In January 2013 the U.S. District court ruled that the law did not specifically target religion and therefore must not pass strict scrutiny . The ruling was appealed to the Court of Appeals. On August 15, 2014, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision by
4410-528: The term is Middle High German gevater/gevatere ("godfather"). After the ceremony, a celebratory meal takes place. At the birkat hamazon , according to the Eastern Asheknazic rite, additional introductory lines, known as Nodeh Leshimcha , are added. These lines praise God and request the permission of God, the Torah , Kohanim and distinguished people present to proceed with the grace. When
4480-421: The traditional practice of direct contact should be replaced by using a sterile tube between the wound and the mohel 's mouth, so there is no direct oral contact. The Rabbinical Council of America , the largest group of Modern Orthodox rabbis, endorses this method. The RCA paper states: "Rabbi Schachter even reports that Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik reports that his father, Rav Moshe Soloveitchik, would not permit
4550-500: The use of an analgesic cream. Lidocaine should not be used, however, because lidocaine has been linked to several pediatric near-death episodes. The title of kvater ( Yiddish : קוואַטער ) among Ashkenazi Jews is for the person who carries the baby from the mother to the father, who in turn carries him to the mohel . This honor is usually given to a couple without children, as a merit or segula (efficacious remedy) that they should have children of their own. The origin of
4620-661: Was a leading merchant and the first Jewish pioneer in Hailey, Idaho . Friedman was born in Germany to Jewish parents Itzig and Bertha (Usher) Friedman. In 1869, at 23 years old, he immigrated to the United States in 1869 along with his cousin Simon M. Friedman . Originally named Simon Itzig Friedman, he misspelled his middle initial (“I”) as a “J” when emigrating to the United States and the new name (S.J.) stuck. Like many of
4690-504: Was circumcised when he moved into Canaan. The prophetic tradition emphasizes that God expects people to be good as well as pious, and that non-Jews will be judged based on their ethical behavior, see Noahide Law . Thus, Jeremiah 9:25–26 says that circumcised and uncircumcised will be punished alike by the Lord; for "all the nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in heart". The penalty of willful non-observance
4760-1005: Was dedicated in 1998 and the Torah scroll was restored in 2003. In the 1990s, the WRJC held Jewish religious services in Ketchum’s Presbyterian Church of the Bigwood. In the early 2000s, the congregation began holding services at the St. Thomas Episcopal Church. In 2020, the WRJC announced the construction of a permanent synagogue in Sun Valley’s Elkhorn neighborhood, which will be the third synagogue building in Idaho after Congregation Ahavath Beth Israel in Boise and Temple Emanuel in Pocatello . Simon J. Friedman Simon J. Friedman (1846-1917), also known as S.J. Friedman ,
4830-508: Was deemed essential to circumcision; if the mohel failed to cut away enough tissue, the operation was deemed insufficient to comply with God's covenant", and "Depending on the strictness of individual rabbis, boys (or men thought to have been inadequately cut) were subjected to additional operations." In the Metzitzah ( Hebrew : מְצִיצָה ), the guard is slid over the foreskin as close to the glans as possible to allow for maximum removal of
4900-491: Was erroneously recorded to mean that Sofer stated it as a general ruling. The Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), which claims to be the largest American organization of Orthodox rabbis, published an article by mohel Yehudi Pesach Shields in its summer 1972 issue of Tradition magazine, calling for the abandonment of Metzitzah b'peh. Since then the RCA has issued an opinion that advocates methods that do not involve contact between
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