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51-600: The remains of the dinosaur Hadrosaurus have been recovered from this formation. Using radio isotope dating of bivalve shells, the formation has been dated to between 80.5 and 78.5 million years ago. However, a more accurate date make range from 83.6 to around 77.9 MYA. This article about a specific stratigraphic formation in New Jersey is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hadrosaurus Hadrosaurus ( / ˌ h æ d r ə ˈ s ɔːr ə s / ; lit.   ' bulky lizard ' )

102-439: A lateral and medial border . These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces: One anterior , one medial and one lateral. Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated . The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with

153-475: A biped, in contrast to the view at the time that such dinosaurs were quadrupedal . The entire skeleton was completely assembled in 1868 by a team including English sculptor and naturalist Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and was put on display at Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences . It was the first-ever mounted dinosaur skeleton. When the skeleton was first put together, it was displayed with

204-433: A partial right coracoid , left humerus , left radius , left ulna , left ilium , right ischium , right partial pubis , the left hindlimb composed by the femur , tibia , fibula with metatarsals II and IV and the first pedal phalanx from the third digit . Foulke and Leidy studied the fossils together and, in 1858, Leidy formally described and named Hadrosaurus foulkii in honor of his collaborator. While originally

255-485: A particularly close relative of classic "hadrosaurines" such as Edmontosaurus and Saurolophus . As a result of this, the name Hadrosaurinae was restricted to Hadrosaurus alone, and the subfamily comprising the traditional "hadrosaurines" was renamed the Saurolophinae . Below is a simplified cladogram recovered by Ramírez-Velasco et al. in 2012 in their description of Huehuecanauhtlus . This topology

306-518: A plaster skull sculpted by Hawkins. Many other artists have recreated Hadrosaurus with skulls from other, related species such as Gryposaurus and Brachylophosaurus . A statue of Hadrosaurus , sculpted by Haddonfield resident John Giannotti, now stands in the center of the town of Haddonfield, commemorating its discovery there. Thanks to Joyce Berry and her 4th grade classes (1988–1991) at Strawbridge Elementary School in Haddon Twp, New Jersey,

357-467: A portmanteau of Haddonfield, the location of its discovery with the accepted suffix for dinosaurs -saurus, the name Hadrosaurus was scientifically justified as deriving from the Greek ἁδρός , hadros , meaning "bulky" or "large", and σαῦρος , sauros , meaning "lizard". The name was an additional play on words by Leidy since it translates from Greek as Foulke’s big lizard . Leidy recognized that

408-498: A study looking for epidemiology of tumors in dinosaurs. Evidence of tumors , including hemangiomas , desmoplastic fibroma , metastatic cancer , and osteoblastoma were discovered in specimens of Hadrosaurus by analyzing dinosaur vertebrae using computerized tomography and fluoroscope screening. Several other hadrosaurids, including Brachylophosaurus , Edmontosaurus , and Gilmoreosaurus , also tested positive. Although more than 10000 fossils were examined in this manner,

459-738: Is a genus of hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaurs that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous Period in what is now the Woodbury Formation in New Jersey about 83.6-77.9 Ma. The holotype specimen was found in fluvial marine sedimentation, meaning that the corpse of the animal was transported by a river and washed out to sea. They were large animals ranging from 7 to 8 m (23 to 26 ft) and 2 to 4 t (2.2 to 4.4 short tons). Most of

510-405: Is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on the medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front. A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of

561-403: Is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone. Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals, including some primates. Some species of whales , snakes , and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. In some snakes the protruding end of a pelvic spur , a vestigial pelvis and femur remnant which

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612-436: Is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall. The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella ; it presents a median groove which extends downward to

663-481: Is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles . Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the Intercondylar fossa of femur , is present between them. The lateral condyle is the more prominent and

714-465: Is not connected to the rest of the skeleton, plays a role in mating. This role in mating is hypothesized to have possibly occurred in Basilosauridae , an extinct family of whales with well-defined femurs, lower legs and feet. Occasionally, the genes that code for longer extremities cause a modern whale to develop miniature legs ( atavism ). One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur

765-430: Is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule . Here the two trochanters , greater and lesser trochanter , are found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint . The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa

816-414: Is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera which diverges proximally and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximally the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line . Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes;

867-561: Is the Eusthenopteron , a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. A recent study revealed that bone is a much richer source of persistent DNA viruses than earlier perceived. Besides Parvovirus 19 and hepatitis B virus, ten additional ones were discovered, namely several members of the herpes- and polyomavirus families, as well as human papillomavirus 31 and torque teno virus. In invertebrate zoology

918-404: Is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The medial condyle is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the long axis of

969-416: Is the only bone in the thigh — the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee . In many four-legged animals the femur is the upper bone of the hindleg . The top of the femur fits into a socket in the pelvis called the hip joint, and the bottom of the femur connects to the shinbone ( tibia ) and kneecap ( patella ) to form the knee. In humans the femur is the largest and thickest bone in

1020-519: The Hadrosaurus was named the state dinosaur of New Jersey in 1991. It is one of the most celebrated dinosaurs ever and is of great historic importance. The skeleton is usually kept out of sight in the Academy's collections. However, from November 22, 2008, to April 19, 2009, a fully assembled cast of the skeleton, and an exhibit about the science and culture surrounding the dinosaur's discovery,

1071-468: The Woodbury Formation in New Jersey , US , representing the first dinosaur species known from more than isolated teeth to be identified in North America. Using radiometric dating of bivalve shells from the same formation, the sedimentary rocks where the Hadrosaurus fossil was found have been dated at some time between 83.6 and 77.9 million years ago. In 1858, the only known specimen became

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1122-451: The adductor crest . The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms, reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum. The greater trochanter was present in the extinct archosaurs , as well as in modern birds and mammals, being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait. The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals, which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters. The adductor crest

1173-432: The intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial. Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the epicondyle . The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to

1224-492: The radiometric dating of bivalve shells known from the formation, the sedimentary rocks where the holotype specimen of Hadrosaurus was found have been dated from 80.5 million to 78.5 million years ago. However, a more accurate date make range from 83.6 to around 77.9 MYA. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Femur The femur ( / ˈ f iː m ər / ; pl. : femurs or femora / ˈ f ɛ m ər ə / ), or thigh bone ,

1275-454: The round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch . The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum . The neck is 4–5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in

1326-499: The temporal bone to be the strongest bone. The femur length on average is 26.74% of a person's height, a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation, and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject's height from an incomplete skeleton . The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body ) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in

1377-400: The angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara . Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated . In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound (deep) for the femoral artery . The transition area between the head and neck

1428-429: The basis for a large subfamily called Hadrosaurinae, which was seen as a group of largely crestless hadrosaurs related to the crested subfamily Lambeosaurinae . However, the changing view of Hadrosaurus classification in relation to other hadrosaurs has led some scientists to rename these subfamilies. In a 2008 study, Hadrosaurus was found to be more primitive than either lambeosaurines or other "hadrosaurines", and not

1479-420: The body. The femur is the only bone in the upper leg . The two femurs converge medially toward the knees , where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae . The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle . Human females have thicker pelvic bones , causing their femora to converge more than in males. In the condition genu valgum (knock knee)

1530-627: The bones sparked the interest of a visitor, William Parker Foulke , who dug out the rest of the bones from the marl pit in the same year. The excavation site, known as the Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy site , is now a National Historic Landmark . Foulke contacted paleontologist Joseph Leidy , and together they recovered eight teeth from the maxillar and dentary areas, dental battery fragments, left maxilla fragments, three partial dorsal vertebrae , 13 caudal centra , including an almost complete middle caudal vertebra . Other fragments included

1581-670: The bones were from a dinosaur because of their similarity to those of Iguanodon , discovered in England some decades before but, at the time, the skeleton of Hadrosaurus was one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons known. Leidy's monograph Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States , describing Hadrosaurus more completely, and with illustrations, was written in 1860, but the American Civil War delayed its publication until 1865. Leidy reconstructed Hadrosaurus as

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1632-414: The femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa ). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles . These compartments are named the anterior , medial and posterior fascial compartments . A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head , femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below

1683-422: The femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness) . In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum , the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees. The femur is the largest and thickest bone in the human body. By some tested measures, it is also the strongest bone in the human body, whereas other strength tests show

1734-444: The first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes . Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days. As the femur is the only bone in the thigh, it serves as an attachment point for all

1785-644: The first-ever dinosaur skeleton to be mounted. In 1991, H. foulkii became the official state dinosaur of New Jersey . In 1838, John Estaugh Hopkins was digging in a marl pit (on a small tributary of the Cooper River in Haddonfield, New Jersey , and part of the Campanian -age Woodbury Formation ) when he uncovered large bones. He put them on display at his home, also in Haddonfield. In 1858,

1836-423: The gluteal ridge. A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17–72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males. The lower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the upper extremity is the shortest femoral extremity. It is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter

1887-461: The hindlimbs, but were long enough to be used in standing or movement. The holotype specimen was a relatively large animal at the time of death with a 1.05 m (105 cm) long femur and 93.3 cm (933 mm) long tibia . Most of the preserved elements feature a marked robust composition with the fibula being one of the most robust among hadrosaurs. Despite the fact that the family Hadrosauridae has Hadrosaurus as its type genus ,

1938-444: The hip and knee. The upper or proximal extremity (close to the torso ) contains the head , neck , the two trochanters and adjacent structures. The upper extremity is the thinnest femoral extremity, the lower extremity is the thickest femoral extremity. The head of the femur , which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone , comprises two-thirds of a sphere . It has a small groove, or fovea , connected through

1989-437: The intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line). About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of

2040-405: The lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the walls of the intercondyloid fossa . This fossa is limited above by a ridge, the intercondyloid line , and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface. The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint

2091-426: The laterodistal border to display a broad lateral facet, a lower greatest point of the supraacetabular crest located above lateral edge from the rear to the bottom on the posterior tuberosity of the ischial peduncle of the ilium, a shortened supraacetabular crest from the front to the rear with its breadth being half the length of the middle iliac plate. As in most hadrosaurs, the forelimbs were not as heavily built as

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2142-410: The lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture , especially when associated with osteoporosis . Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a traction splint . In primitive tetrapods, the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter , and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as

2193-418: The medial head of the gastrocnemius . The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint . The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm ; formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. By the sixth week of development,

2244-433: The muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints. Some biarticular muscles – which cross two joints, like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles – also originate from the femur. In all, 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur. In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia , each containing muscles. These compartments use

2295-499: The name femur appears in arthropodology . The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the most proximal of (usually) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda . The two basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter . This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology . In myriapodology another segment,

2346-421: The preserved elements are very robust, unusual traits in hadrosaurs. Hadrosaurus were ponderously-built animals equipped with keratinous beaks for cropping foliage and a specialized and complex dentition for food processing. Hadrosaurus foulkii , the only species in this genus , is known from a single specimen consisting of much of the skeleton and parts of the skull. The specimen was collected in 1858 from

2397-417: The quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphyseal line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle. The body of the femur (or shaft) is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It

2448-460: The skeleton lacks a skull and was long viewed as too incomplete to compare to other hadrosaurs for classification purposes, leading most scientists to consider it a nomen dubium , or dubious name. However, a re-evaluation of the fossil material in 2011 noted several distinct characteristics of the skeleton that could allow the genus Hadrosaurus and species H. foulkii to remain in use as valid taxa . Hadrosaurus has also traditionally served as

2499-484: The tumors were limited to Hadrosaurus and other hadrosaurs. The tumors were only found on caudal vertebrae and they may have been caused by environmental factors or genetic inheritance. The holotype of Hadrosaurus was found in marine sediments, which suggests the skeleton was transported by a river and then deposited in the Cretaceous sea. The Hadrosaurus remains all persist to the Woodbury Formation . Through

2550-400: Was open to the public. Hadrosaurus were large sized animals growing up to 7–8 m (23–26 ft) and weighing as much as 2 to 4 t (2.2 to 4.4 short tons). According to Prieto-Márquez, Hadrosaurus can be distinguished in having a shortened pectoral crest that is slightly over 40% of the total humeral length, a deltopectoral crest that is developed from the humeral shaft causing

2601-1106: Was recovered using an extensive sampling of 60 hadrosauroid species, and two outgroup taxa, which were scored based on 287 morphological traits, and included data from two recent redescriptions of Hadrosaurus by Prieto-Márquez et al. (2006) and Prieto-Márquez (2011). Jinzhousaurus yangi Fukuisaurus tetoriensis Penelopognathus weishampeli Equijubus normani Probactrosaurus gobiensis Eolambia caroljonesa Protohadros byrdi Tanius sinensis Bactrosaurus johnsoni Glishades ericksoni Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis Huehuecanauhtlus tiquichensis Jintasaurus meniscus Tethyshadros insularis Hadrosaurus foulkii Acristavus gagslarsoni Maiasaura peeblesorum Brachylophosaurus canadensis Shantungosaurus giganteus Edmontosaurus annectens Edmontosaurus regalis Derived saurolophines → Aralosaurus tuberiferus Jaxartosaurus aralensis Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus Pararhabdodon isonensis Derived lambeosaurines → In 2003, Rothschild and colleagues performed

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