63-958: Wooley Creek is a large stream in Siskiyou County, California , a tributary of the Salmon River . Wooley Creek flows 22 miles (35 km) from Man Eaten Lake in the Marble Mountain Wilderness of the Klamath National Forest , in a generally southwest direction, to its confluence with the Salmon River about 4 miles (6.4 km) upstream of the Salmon's confluence with the Klamath River at Somes Bar . The creek drains an isolated and rugged wilderness area – there are no paved roads and only
126-625: A few permanent residents in its watershed. Lower Wooley Creek provides Class IV-V (very difficult) whitewater and is seldom run due to the lack of easy access. The Wooley Creek Trail provides access along the creek into the wilderness area. It is one of the few major trails in the area suitable for year-round use due to its low elevation. This article related to a river in California is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Siskiyou County, California Siskiyou County ( / ˈ s ɪ s k juː / SISK -yoo )
189-623: A ford on the Umpqua River by Michel Laframboise and his Hudson's Bay Company trappers in 1832. Others claim the Six Cailloux name was appropriated by Stephen Meek , another Hudson's Bay Company trapper who discovered Scott Valley, for a crossing on the Klamath River near Hornbrook . The county is home to the Black Bear Ranch , a commune started in 1968 with the slogan "Free Land for free people." On September 4, 2013,
252-566: A half-day immersion K–4 with slots for 25 students at Willamina Elementary School. Cole also started Chinuk Wawa elective classes at Willamina High School in 2011. Students there and at Willamina Middle School can earn high school and college credit for completion of the course. Lane Community College also teaches a two-year course of Chinuk Wawa. By 2012, it was discovered that there was only one person left in British Columbia who had learned Chinook Jargon from Elders. That person
315-631: A multicultural heritage shared by the modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons is in the hundreds. It has a simple grammatical system. In Chinook Jargon, the consonant /r/ is rare. Such English and French loan words as rice and merci , for instance, have changed after being adopted to the Jargon, to lays and mahsi , respectively. Most books written in English still use
378-591: A new state from several counties of northern California and the adjoining counties of southern Oregon. The movement has seen a revival in recent years. The origin of the word Siskiyou is not known. It may be a Chinook Jargon word for a "bob-tailed horse" (ultimately originating in Cree ), or as was argued before the State Senate in 1852, from the French Six Cailloux (six stones), a name given to
441-491: A plurality of votes in 1992 . Siskiyou County is in California's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . In the state legislature Siskiyou is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Megan Dahle . On November 4, 2008, Siskiyou County voted 60.1% for Proposition 8 which amended
504-680: A result of widespread deaths from the Spanish flu and World War I . As late as the 1940s, native children were born in Tiller, Oregon , who grew up speaking Chinook Jargon as their first language. But by 1962, the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) estimated that only 100 speakers were left. In the 2000s, Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon , started a three-semester university program teaching Chinook Jargon. In 2013, it
567-483: A section on Chinuk Wawa recorded by natives of the lower Columbia but not used by the elders at Grand Ronde. In 2014, the tribe made an app spanning traditional and modern vocabulary. In 2001, with funding from the Administration for Native Americans , the tribe started an immersion preschool. A kindergarten was started in 2004 by Kathy Cole, a tribal member and certified teacher, which has since expanded to
630-416: A trade language probably existed before European contact, which began "morphing" into the more familiar Chinook Jargon in the late 1790s, notably at a dinner party at Nootka Sound where Capts Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra were entertained by Chief Maquinna and his brother Callicum performing a theatrical using mock English and mock Spanish words and mimicry of European dress and mannerisms. There evidently
693-617: A wawa" means "hold a parley", even in modern idiomatic English, Lelang also means the physical bodypart, the tongue. The name for the Jargon varied throughout the territory in which it was used. For example: skokum hiyu in the Boston Bar - Lytton area of the Fraser Canyon . In many areas it was simply "the old trade language" or "the Hudson Bay language". Whether Jargon was a post-contact or pre-contact language has been
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#1732779696283756-593: Is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of California . As of the 2020 census , the population was 44,076. Its county seat is Yreka and its highest point is Mount Shasta . It falls within the Cascadia bioregion . Siskiyou County is in the Shasta Cascade region along the Oregon border. Because of its outdoor recreation, Mt. Shasta, McCloud River, and Gold Rush-era history, it
819-485: Is a belief that something similar to the Jargon existed before European contact—without European words in its vocabulary. There is some evidence for a Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth lingua franca in the writings of John Jewitt and in what is known as the Barclay Sound word-list, from the area of Ucluelet and Alberni . Others believe that the Jargon was formed during contact. Current scholarly opinion holds that
882-500: Is a language originating as a pidgin trade language in the Pacific Northwest . It spread during the 19th century from the lower Columbia River , first to other areas in modern Oregon and Washington , then to British Columbia and parts of Alaska , Northern California , Idaho and Montana . It sometimes took on the characteristics of a creole language . The contact language Chinook Jargon should not be confused with
945-589: Is an important tourist destination within the state. Siskiyou County was created on March 22, 1852, from parts of Shasta and Klamath Counties, and named after the Siskiyou mountain range . Parts of the county's territory were given to Modoc County in 1855. The county is the site of the central section of the Siskiyou Trail , which ran between California's Central Valley and the Pacific Northwest . The Siskiyou Trail followed indigenous footpaths, and
1008-514: Is embodied in Chinook. Emerging out of early contact and the fur trade, the Chinook jargon possesses at most 700 words derived in approximately equal proportions from the powerful Chinook Indians of the lower Columbia, from the Nootka people of Vancouver Island, and from French and English... jargon provided 'an important vehicle of communication for trading & ordinary purposes.' ... Chinook
1071-471: Is viewed as sufficiently pure and abundant that the county is a source of significant amounts of bottled water, distributed throughout the country. A large Crystal Geyser plant is at the base of Mt. Shasta, near Weed. Substantial amounts of the county are forested within the Siskiyou and Cascade Ranges, including significant oak woodland and mixed conifer forests . Siskiyou County is the northern extent of
1134-654: The Central Pacific Railroad along the Siskiyou Trail brought the first wave of tourism. Visitors were drawn by the county's many summer resorts , and to hunt or fish in the largely untouched region. The Southern Pacific railroad , the successor to the Central Pacific, called its rail line “The Road of A Thousand Wonders.” In the early 1940s, Siskiyou County was home to the semi-serious State of Jefferson movement, which sought to create
1197-726: The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon was taking steps to preserve Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool that was conducted in Chinuk Wawa. The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland. In addition, Lane Community College offers two years of Chinuk Wawa study that satisfy the second-language graduation requirements of Oregon public universities. In March 2012,
1260-658: The Métis language Michif is spoken in Canada . Hence, Chinuk Wawa, as it is known in Oregon, is now a creole language , distinct from the varied pronunciation of the Chinook Jargon. There is evidence that in some communities (e.g., around Fort Vancouver ) the Jargon had become creolized by the early 19th century, and that would have been among the mixed French/Métis, Algonkian, Scots and Hawaiian populations, as well as among
1323-468: The Tolowa language , Chinuk fell out of use. No studies of British Columbia versions of the Jargon have demonstrated creolization. The range of varying usages and vocabulary in different regions suggests that localization did occur—although not on the pattern of Grand Ronde where Wasco, Klickitat and other peoples adopted and added to the version of the Jargon that developed there. First-language speakers of
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#17327796962831386-541: The Yukon , and Alaska. It was the working language in canneries on the British Columbia Coast . Place names throughout this region bear Jargon names and words that are preserved in various rural industries such as logging and fishing. Linguist David Douglas Robertson and others have described Chinook Jargon as part of the shared cultural heritage of modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. As of 2009 ,
1449-471: The census of 2000, there were 44,301 people, 18,556 households, and 12,228 families residing in the county. The population density was 7 per square mile (2.7/km ). There were 21,947 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile (1.5/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 87.1% White , 1.3% Black or African American , 3.9% Native American , 1.2% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.8% from other races , and 3.7% from two or more races. 7.6% of
1512-569: The California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages. Dunsmuir and Mount Shasta voted against Prop 8. On September 3, 2013, the Siskiyou County Board of Supervisors voted 4–1 in favor of secession from California to form a proposed state named Jefferson . A similar move was made in 1941, but was shelved due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The following table includes the number of incidents reported and
1575-660: The Chinook Jargon were common in BC (native and non-native), until the mid-20th century. After 1850, the Wawa was still used in the United States portion of the Chinook-speaking world, especially in wilderness areas and work environments. Local creolization's probably did occur in British Columbia, but recorded materials have not been studied as they were made due to the focus on the traditional aboriginal languages. There
1638-487: The Chinook Jargon, which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the 20th century. These word tend to strongly index a local settler identity. Some words used to be shared with the Yukon, Alberta, Oregon , Washington , Alaska and, to a lesser degree, Idaho and western Montana . Note: The Incubator link at right will take you to the Chinuk Wawa test-Misplaced Pages, which
1701-589: The Grand Ronde reservation in Northern Oregon hired Tony Johnson , a Chinook linguist, to head its language program. Chinuk Wawa was chosen due to its strong connection to native identity on the reservation as well as being the only indigenous language still spoken at Grand Ronde. Prior to this, there were formal Chinuk Wawa classes taught by Eula Holmes from 1978 until her death in 1986. Eula Holmes' sister, Ila, held informal and sporadic classes to teach
1764-641: The Indigenous language Chinook . Reflecting its origins in early trade transactions, approximately 15 percent of its lexicon is French. It also makes use of English loan words and those of other language systems. Its entire written form is in the Duployan shorthand developed by French priest Émile Duployé. Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in the Western United States and British Columbia. It has been described as part of
1827-620: The Jargon, but the consensus is that the pidgin peaked in use during the 19th century. During this era, many dictionaries were published to help settlers interact with the First Nations people living in the Pacific Northwest. Local settler families exchanged communiqués that were stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook." Many residents of the British Columbia city of Vancouver spoke Chinook Jargon as their first language , even using it at home in preference to English. Among
1890-613: The Land of Light" by Henry Tsang , can be viewed on the Seawall along False Creek in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, between Davie and Drake streets. Translation into Chinook Jargon was done by Duane Pasco . A short film using Chinook Jargon, Small Pleasures by Karin Lee , explores intercultural dialogue between three women of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in 1890s Barkerville in northern British Columbia. In 1997,
1953-537: The Siskiyou County Board of Supervisors voted 4 to 1 to secede from the State of California. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 6,347 square miles (16,440 km ), of which 6,278 square miles (16,260 km ) is land and 69 square miles (180 km ), or 1.1%, is water. It is the fifth-largest county by area in California. Siskiyou County is geographically diverse. From towering Mount Shasta (elev. 14,179 ft; 4,322 m) near
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2016-543: The adoption of further non-aboriginal words has been observed. During the gold rush , Chinook Jargon was used in British Columbia at first by gold prospectors and Royal Engineers ; as industry developed, Chinook Jargon was often used by cannery workers, hop pickers, loggers, fishermen, and ranchers. It is possible that, at one point, the population of British Columbia spoke Chinook Jargon more than any other language, even English. Historian Jane Barman wrote: The persistence of everyday relationships between Natives and Europeans
2079-423: The age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.87. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under
2142-461: The age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 29,530, and the median income for a family was $ 36,890. Males had a median income of $ 31,936 versus $ 22,650 for females. The per capita income for
2205-460: The center of the county, to lakes and dense forests, as well as desert, chaparral, and memorable waterfalls, the county is home to world-famous trout-fishing rivers and streams, such as the Sacramento and McCloud rivers. The county is dotted as well with lakes and reservoirs, such as Castle Lake and Lake Siskiyou . Mount Shasta itself has a winter sports center. Pastoral Scott Valley in
2268-634: The county in Medford, Oregon , Crater Lake–Klamath Regional Airport , northeast of the county in Klamath Falls, Oregon , and Redding Municipal Airport south of the county in Redding, California . Siskiyou is a strongly Republican county in Presidential and congressional elections. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Lyndon Johnson in 1964 ; however, Bill Clinton won
2331-624: The county is densely forested with pine , fir , incense-cedar , oak , and madrone ; Siskiyou County is also home to the rare Baker's Cypress Tree, Cupressus bakeri , which grows in only eleven scattered locations in the world, five of which are in Siskiyou County. The county's natural resources are most often used these days for skiing, snowboarding, hiking , mountain biking , camping , and wilderness recreation, as historic logging practices have been largely discontinued due to Federal and State environmental regulations. The county's water
2394-427: The county was $ 17,570. About 14.0% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 26.6% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Siskiyou County. † county seat Chinook Jargon Chinook Jargon ( Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Wawa , also known simply as Chinook or Jargon )
2457-529: The first Europeans to use Chinook Jargon were traders , trappers , voyageurs , coureurs des bois , and Catholic missionaries . The original Jargon was a pidgin, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. It had sentence-initial negation, which is atypical of regional languages, and also didn't have typical complex morphology . It had an SVO structure , while Chinookan and Salishan languages were VSO. However, local Athabaskan languages were SOV, so this
2520-498: The language developed prior to European settlement as an intra-indigenous contact language in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. It eventually expanded to incorporate elements of European languages, with approximately 15 percent of its lexicon derived from French . The Jargon also acquired English loanwords, and its written form is entirely in the Duployan shorthand created by French priest Émile Duployé . The post-contact hypothesis suggests
2583-466: The language originated in Nootka Sound after the arrival of Russian and Spanish traders as a means of communicating between them and indigenous peoples. It eventually spread further south due to commercial use. University of Ottawa linguist David Lang has argued for this conclusion. Linguist Barbara Harris suggests a dual genesis, positing that both origins probably have some legitimacy and that
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2646-476: The language to the public. Henry Zenk was brought onto the project in 1998 after having previous experience with the language, documenting it in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Community classes were started in the summer of 1998, and a dictionary was released in 2012. This dictionary was compiled from the Chinuk Wawa of Grand Ronde elders, chiefly from the Hudson, Wacheno and Riggs families. The dictionary features
2709-452: The list, Lyon found that the word petáh, which was the Native word for a root that can be eaten raw or made into cakes called cheepe , were meaning matches for the Jargon words 'wapato' (a root that tastes like a potato) and 'chaplill', the word for the bread cakes made from this root (Lyon 2016:41). The word recorded for 'king' by Drake was 'hióh' (recorded also as 'hioghe'). Lyon thought it
2772-531: The natives around the Fort. At Grand Ronde, the resettlement of tribes from all over Oregon in a multi-tribal agency led to the use of Chinuk Wawa as a common tongue among the linguistically diverse population. These circumstances led to the creolization of Chinuk Wawa at Grand Ronde. There is also evidence that creolization occurred at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz reservation paralleling Grand Ronde, although, due to language revitalization efforts being focused on
2835-455: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 13.5% were of German , 12.0% English , 9.8% Irish , 9.5% American and 7.1% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000 . 91.7% spoke English and 5.7% Spanish as their first language. As of March 2012, the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Siskiyou County are 15% German , 13% English , 12% Irish and 6% Italian . There were 18,556 households, out of which 27.6% had children under
2898-766: The range for California Buckeye , a widespread California endemic. The Klamath National Forest occupies 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km ) of land which includes elements in Siskiyou County as well as Jackson County, Oregon . Siskiyou Transit And General Express (STAGE) operates buses connecting the more populated areas of the county. Amtrak trains stop in Dunsmuir . Amtrak Thruway formerly operated between Sacramento and Medford, OR, with stops in Yreka, Weed, Mount Shasta, and Dunsmuir, for passengers connecting to and from Amtrak trains in Sacramento or Stockton; this service
2961-463: The rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. The 2010 United States Census reported Siskiyou County had a population of 44,900. The racial makeup of Siskiyou County was 38,030 (84.7%) White , 571 (1.3%) African American , 1,814 (4.0%) Native American , 540 (1.2%) Asian , 80 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 1,491 (3.3%) from other races , and 2,374 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4,615 persons (10.3%). As of
3024-399: The subject of debate among scholars. In 2016, linguist John Lyon studied the word lists collected by Francis Drake and his crew on the 1579 voyage that took them to the Oregon coast. Lyon compared the seven words and phrases found on the Native vocabulary list recorded by Drake and his men with the vocabularies of Native languages on the west coast (Lyon 2016). Of the five single words on
3087-471: The term Chinook Jargon, but some linguists working with the preservation of a creolized form of the language used in Grand Ronde, Oregon , prefer the term Chinuk Wawa (with the spelling 'Chinuk' instead of 'Chinook'). Historical speakers did not use the name Chinook Wawa , but rather "the Wawa" or "Lelang" (from Fr. la langue , the language, or tongue). Wawa also means speech or words; "have
3150-537: The tribe published a Chinuk Wawa dictionary through University of Washington Press . At her swearing-in as lieutenant governor in 2001, Iona Campagnolo concluded her speech in Chinook, saying " konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie " – Chinook for "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country [British Columbia]", lit. ' All people go together they make this strange new land ' . An art installation featuring Chinook Jargon, "Welcome to
3213-720: The two varieties eventually blended together. By 1840, Chinook Jargon had creolized into a native language for some speakers. In the Diocese of Kamloops , British Columbia, hundreds of speakers learned to read and write the Jargon using Duployan shorthand via the publication Kamloops Wawa . As a result, the Jargon had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated scripture and classical works , some local and episcopal news, community gossip and events, and diaries . Marah Ellis Ryan (c. 1860–1934), an early Native American activist and novelist, used Chinook words and phrases in her writing. In Oregon , Chinook Jargon
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#17327796962833276-485: The western part of the county has many wide, tree-lined meadows, supporting large cattle ranches. The basins of northeastern Siskiyou County, including Butte Valley, Lower Klamath and Tule Lake basins, have some of the deepest and richest soils in the state, producing alfalfa, potatoes, horseradish, and brewing barley. Butte Valley nurseries are the leading source of premium strawberry plants in North America. Much of
3339-593: Was Jargon in use in Queen Charlotte, but this " Haida Jargon " is not known to have shared anything in common with Chinook Jargon or with the Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", which is its main foundation. There are a few main spelling variations of Chinook Jargon but each individual writer also had their own spelling variations. Jargon Chinook Alphabet (Grande Ronde): Many words are still used throughout Oregon, Washington , British Columbia,
3402-511: Was Jay Powell, a University of British Columbia anthropological linguist who had dedicated himself to the revitalization of Indigenous languages. A small group led by Sam Sullivan formed around him, organizing learning sessions and starting the BC Chinook Jargon initiative website. Sullivan's efforts to expand public awareness of Chinook Jargon have included an interview with Powell conducted entirely in that language. The interview
3465-481: Was a match for the Wawa word hi-yú, meaning a gathering, or much, plenty. Lyon was not able to conclude whether Drake encountered people of the Northwest Coast. In 2021, Melissa Darby studied the ethnographic records and the records left by Francis Drake's expedition. She found new evidence that the people Drake met were speaking some Jargon words to Drake and his men. The pre-contact hypothesis states that
3528-549: Was discontinued in 2009. Greyhound buses pass through the county on Interstate 5 with a stop in Weed. Siskiyou County owns and operates Butte Valley Airport , Happy Camp Airport , Scott Valley Airport , Siskiyou County Airport and Weed Airport (all general aviation). Dunsmuir Municipal-Mott Airport and Montague-Yreka Rohrer Field are also within the county. The closest airports for commercial domestic plane departures are Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport north of
3591-523: Was extended by Hudson's Bay Company trappers in the 1830s. Its length was increased by " Forty-Niners " during the California gold rush . After the discovery of an important gold strike near today's Yreka, California , in 1851, prospectors flooded the area. This was described in detail by Joaquin Miller in his semi-autobiographical novel Life Amongst the Modocs. In the mid-1880s, the construction of
3654-540: Was organized through Kumtuks, a British Columbia focused educational video series whose name comes from the Chinook word for knowledge. The online magazine Kaltash Wawa was founded in November 2020 using BC Chinook Jargon and written in Chinuk Pipa, the alphabet based on Dupoyan shorthand. British Columbian English and Pacific Northwest English have several words still in current use which are loanwords from
3717-437: Was probably a result of contact — a cross-language compromise. Only later did Chinook Jargon acquire significant English and French lexical items. The Jargon is influenced by individuals' accents and terms from their native languages; as Kanakas married into First Nations and non-native families, their particular mode of the Jargon is believed to have contained Hawaiian words or Hawaiian styles of pronunciation. In some areas,
3780-452: Was reported that there was one native speaker of Chinook Jargon (specifically the Grand Ronde variety). An estimated 1,000 people had oral or written knowledge of Chinook Jargon as a second language. In 2015, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated based on the self-reported American Community Survey that around 45 people (with a margin of error of 25) spoke Chinook Jargon at home in the period 2009–2013. According to Nard Jones , Chinook Jargon
3843-522: Was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II , especially among the members of the Arctic Club. Seattle was the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, Jones remarked that "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like Henry Broderick , the realtor, and Joshua Green , the banker." There is some controversy about the origin of
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#17327796962833906-437: Was the language of instruction in the school for Indian children that Hills established near Victoria in 1860. ... Chinook entered the mainstream. ... It was only after mid-century, when almost all Indian adults had learned basic English in school, that everyday use of Chinook died out in British Columbia. A heavily creolized form of Chinook Jargon is still spoken as a first language by some residents of Oregon , much as
3969-643: Was widely used by natives, trappers, traders, employees of the Hudson's Bay Company , missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s to the 1870s. In Portland 's first half century (1840s–1890s), there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation. Jones estimates that in pioneer times in the 1860s there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon. It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as
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