Woppenroth is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde , a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis ( district ) in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany . It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kirchberg , whose seat is in the like-named town .
62-624: The municipality lies at an elevation of more than 400 m above sea level on a plateau in the central Hunsrück , roughly 7 km south of Kirchberg and 12 km southeast of Frankfurt-Hahn Airport . South of the village looms the Lützelsoon , a small wooded hill region. To the west lies the Hahnenbach valley, and to the east the Kellenbach valley. The plateau stretches northwards to Dickenschied and Kirchberg. East–west through
124-494: A datum . For example, hourly measurements may be averaged over a full Metonic 19-year lunar cycle to determine the mean sea level at an official tide gauge . Still-water level or still-water sea level (SWL) is the level of the sea with motions such as wind waves averaged out. Then MSL implies the SWL further averaged over a period of time such that changes due to, e.g., the tides , also have zero mean. Global MSL refers to
186-495: A topographic map variations in elevation are shown by contour lines . A mountain's highest point or summit is typically illustrated with the AMSL height in metres, feet or both. In unusual cases where a land location is below sea level, such as Death Valley, California , the elevation AMSL is negative. It is often necessary to compare the local height of the mean sea surface with a "level" reference surface, or geodetic datum, called
248-440: A "mean sea level" is difficult because of the many factors that affect sea level. Instantaneous sea level varies substantially on several scales of time and space. This is because the sea is in constant motion, affected by the tides, wind , atmospheric pressure, local gravitational differences, temperature, salinity , and so forth. The mean sea level at a particular location may be calculated over an extended time period and used as
310-691: A backdrop. Other filming locations that stood in for “Schabbach” were Gehlweiler , Rohrbach and the Anzenfeldermühle (mill) in Schlierschied . The name “Schabbach” was drawn from a family name on a gravestone in Bischofsdhron, a constituent community of Morbach , found by Edgar Reitz , himself a native Hunsrücker. Woppenroth has four choirs, three of which are parts of the Evangelical church choir. Running through Woppenroth
372-642: A cross Latin of the first, and in base chequy of the first and azure. The charge on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side above the line of partition is a Latin cross, called a “ Passion cross” in the German blazon. The cross's meaning is twofold: it refers to the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the former pilgrimage site on the one hand, and on the other to Paul Schneider, the Evangelical pastor who once worked in Dickenschied and who
434-502: A dale southwest of the village, slate was mined at the “Auf Allern” mine until the mid-20th century. Today, it is a demonstration mine. Dickenschied once had outlying settlements that now no longer exist. Werschweiler, which lay northeast of the village, had its first documentary mention in 1299: a knight named Sibido von Schmidtburg donated his holdings at Werschweiler to the Ravengiersburg Monastery. The settlement
496-409: A defined barometric pressure . Generally, the pressure used to set the altimeter is the barometric pressure that would exist at MSL in the region being flown over. This pressure is referred to as either QNH or "altimeter" and is transmitted to the pilot by radio from air traffic control (ATC) or an automatic terminal information service (ATIS). Since the terrain elevation is also referenced to MSL,
558-432: A few metres, in timeframes ranging from minutes to months: Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022. Climate change due to human activities
620-504: A lion rampant sinister gules armed and langued azure and a fess wavy argent between vert a ruin of the fourth with a window of the field and sable an arming buckle of the fourth. The charge on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side, the lion, is a reference to the village's former allegiance to the Waldgravial and Rhinegravial Court of Hausen. The wavy fess on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side refers to
682-470: A sharp reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, this may increase to hundreds of millions in the latter decades of the century. Local factors like tidal range or land subsidence will greatly affect the severity of impacts. For instance, sea level rise in the United States is likely to be two to three times greater than the global average by the end of the century. Yet, of the 20 countries with
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#1732779708869744-486: A spatial average over the entire ocean area, typically using large sets of tide gauges and/or satellite measurements. One often measures the values of MSL with respect to the land; hence a change in relative MSL or ( relative sea level ) can result from a real change in sea level, or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates, or both. In the UK, the ordnance datum (the 0 metres height on UK maps)
806-606: A street name in the village recalls the Scheidbach, a settlement at the forks of the two streams that also bear this name, about 1.5 km east of the village. The earliest attestation of this place comes from 1778, when Jakob Schein “ von der Schißbach bey Dickenschied ” (“from the Schißbach near Dickenschied”) asked the Badish lordship for leave to bring an old gristmill back into use and also make it habitable. The settlement
868-720: A whole year. From the first private contacts grew a relationship that in the end turned into a partnership between the villages. There are relations between several clubs. Dickenschied also supports a music club, two kindergartens and a school in Felsőtárkány. The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate ’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: The formerly defining economic sectors of agriculture and slate mining have almost completely disappeared. Two full-time agricultural operations and seven roofing businesses, some specializing in slate roofing, are
930-593: Is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde , a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis ( district ) in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany . It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kirchberg , whose seat is in the like-named town . The municipality lies on a ridge in the Hunsrück five kilometres south of Kirchberg . To the east lies
992-654: Is best known for its link to the Heimat series : In 1981 and 1982, the first season of the film series Heimat – Eine deutsche Chronik (1984) was filmed in Woppenroth and other places in the Hunsrück. Woppenroth was the main centre in this production, and became an open-air “studio” with the fictitious name “Schabbach”. Many villagers served as extras during filming. In the third part of the series, Heimat 3 – Chronik einer Zeitenwende (2004), Woppenroth served once again as
1054-610: Is calibrated to the Amsterdam Peil elevation, which dates back to the 1690s. Satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992. A joint mission of NASA and CNES , TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by Jason-1 in 2001 and the Ocean Surface Topography Mission on the Jason-2 satellite in 2008. Height above mean sea level ( AMSL )
1116-427: Is due to change in either the volume of water in the world's oceans or the volume of the oceanic basins . Two major mechanisms are currently causing eustatic sea level rise. First, shrinking land ice, such as mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets, is releasing water into the oceans. Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands. Many factors can produce short-term changes in sea level, typically within
1178-451: Is mainly caused by human-induced climate change . When temperatures rise, mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets melt, increasing the amount of water in the oceans, while the existing seawater also expands with heat. Because most of human settlement and infrastructure was built in response to a more-normalized sea level with limited expected change, populations affected by sea level rise will need to invest in climate adaptation to mitigate
1240-548: Is no actual document to confirm Dickenschied's existence until the one that crops up from 1186, namely a bull from Pope Urban III within the framework of a directory of holdings at the Karden Collegiate Foundation. Landholdings and rights in Dicheset were confirmed in this document. Other early spellings of the village's name were Dickesceit , Dickenszeit , Dickescheit and Dickenschiedt , until
1302-422: Is supposed to have been Schinderhannes ’s hideout for quite a while. In the 19th century in this settlement, notorious throughout the Hunsrück for stock theft and begging, lived two farming families, and in primitive cabins at least six other families. To get rid of these disagreeable people, some of whom were Romani (or perhaps Yeniche ?), the municipality kept buying up houses, one by one. By late November 1909,
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#17327797088691364-544: Is the Lützelsoon-Radweg (cycle path) between Kirn and Kirchberg. The Lützelsoon itself is also a place where one can cycle or hike . Sea level Mean sea level ( MSL , often shortened to sea level ) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth 's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datum – a standardised geodetic datum – that
1426-411: Is the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of an object, relative to a reference datum for mean sea level (MSL). It is also used in aviation, where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to mean sea level (contrast with flight level ), and in the atmospheric sciences , and in land surveying . An alternative is to base height measurements on a reference ellipsoid approximating
1488-727: Is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting ice sheets and glaciers accounted for 44% of sea level rise , with another 42% resulting from thermal expansion of water . Sea level rise lags behind changes in the Earth 's temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human greenhouse gas emissions . If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from
1550-764: Is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Before 1921, the vertical datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool . Since the times of the Russian Empire , in Russia and its other former parts, now independent states, the sea level is measured from the zero level of Kronstadt Sea-Gauge. In Hong Kong, "mPD" is a surveying term meaning "metres above Principal Datum" and refers to height of 0.146 m (5.7 in) above chart datum and 1.304 m (4 ft 3.3 in) below
1612-534: Is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation , or, in aviation, as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraft flight levels . A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead a long-term average of tide gauge readings at a particular reference location. Sea levels can be affected by many factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales . Current sea level rise
1674-558: The Celts (600-50 BC), the Romans (50 BC-AD 300) and the Franks (300-1000). Within Dickenschied's municipal limits, Celtic burying grounds may be found in both the “Bannholz” and “Saliswäldchen” wooded areas. From Roman times, a one-handled jug from the 2nd century has been found, and the old “ Roman road ” bears witness to this time, too. The outlying, now vanished, village of Werschweiler, to
1736-574: The Evangelical congregation enjoyed “guest rights” at the Catholic church until 1916, whereafter they held their services at the Evangelical schoolhouse. Work on the Evangelical church began at Whitsun in 1914, and Evangelical services have now been held there since 22 December 1918 Dickenschied, which belongs to the Evangelical church district of Simmern-Trarbach, was where from 1934 to 1937 Paul Schneider worked as an Evangelical clergyman. He
1798-612: The First World War and have been replaced with steel bells. Two hundred and twenty-nine Woppenrothers are Evangelical . The Woppenroth Evangelical parish was transferred from the Trier church district to the Simmern-Trarbach church district in 1976, and has been parochially tied to Dickenschied , Rohrbach and Womrath ever since. The council is made up of 6 council members, who were elected by majority vote at
1860-593: The French language . In 1815, however, Dickenschied was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna . Local developments in the 20th century were at first characterized by great infrastructural measures such as the waterworks, electricity, sewer laying and roadbuilding. Also, the outlying settlement of Scheidbachsiedlung vanished “from the face of the earth”. The First World War ’s toll of 20 fallen and
1922-553: The New Stone Age have been discovered. Since 1945, bronze jewellery (bracelets and rings), along with clay pots, have been found in barrows dating from between 1600 and 1200 BC. “Woppenroth” is a “clearing name”, a reference to its placename ending —roth , which comes from the same root as the German verb roden , meaning “clear”. This ending and its variants —rode and —rath mainly mark places whose founding dates back to
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1984-803: The Second World War ’s toll of almost 70 either fallen or missing brought great pain into many Dickenschied families’ lives. After the Nazis’ Machtergreifung , the local Reichstag elections on 5 March 1933, before Gleichschaltung , saw Dickenschied's “silent majority” vote for anyone but the NSDAP, despite the flood of Nazi propaganda . Since the Second World War, the village's appearance has changed somewhat with new building developments, and there have been great structural changes in working life, particularly in agriculture . In
2046-647: The geoid . In the absence of external forces, the local mean sea level would coincide with this geoid surface, being an equipotential surface of the Earth's gravitational field which, in itself, does not conform to a simple sphere or ellipsoid and exhibits gravity anomalies such as those measured by NASA's GRACE satellites . In reality, the geoid surface is not directly observed, even as a long-term average, due to ocean currents, air pressure variations, temperature and salinity variations, etc. The location-dependent but time-persistent separation between local mean sea level and
2108-973: The 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.0 m ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 3 ft) or even 1.6 m ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 3 ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F). Rising seas affect every coastal and island population on Earth. This can be through flooding, higher storm surges , king tides , and tsunamis . There are many knock-on effects. They lead to loss of coastal ecosystems like mangroves . Crop yields may reduce because of increasing salt levels in irrigation water. Damage to ports disrupts sea trade. The sea level rise projected by 2050 will expose places currently inhabited by tens of millions of people to annual flooding. Without
2170-639: The Simmerbach valley, to the west lies the Kyrbach valley and to the south looms a hill region called the Lützelsoon . The Dickenschied area was settled as early as the New Stone Age , as witnessed by finds in the neighbouring municipalities of Woppenroth and Gemünden. After the Stone Age and the Bronze Age , the Hunsrück's, and thereby also Dickenschied's, prehistory and early history was marked by
2232-578: The aftermath of Hurricane Wiebke, which in late February and early March 1990 wrought untold destruction in Germany. To deal with the great amount of cleaning up that lay before the authorities in the local woodlands, the Soonwald and the Lützelsoon, many workers were brought in from Sweden , Austria and Hungary, and in particular from Felsőtárkány, who were lodged in Dickenschied's holiday houses for
2294-472: The area's history, see Simmern ). Beginning in 1794, Woppenroth lay under French rule. In 1815 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna . In 1822, Prussia assigned it to the Rhine Province . Since 1946, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate . The villages of Kaffeld and Blickersau near Woppenroth both vanished long ago. The former
2356-606: The average sea level. In France, the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and offers the longest collated data about the sea level. It is used for a part of continental Europe and the main part of Africa as the official sea level. Spain uses the reference to measure heights below or above sea level at Alicante , while the European Vertical Reference System
2418-631: The end it passed to the Counts of Sponheim and the Barons of Schmidtburg. In the 17th century, Dickenschied sustained a great fire in 1649 during the Thirty Years' War , and other wars brought hardship as well. It was said that there was “neither chicken nor goat to be found anymore”. About 1688, only 13 families were still living in Dickenschied (10 Evangelical and 3 Catholic ; the Reformation
2480-484: The entire Earth, which is what systems such as GPS do. In aviation, the reference ellipsoid known as WGS84 is increasingly used to define heights; however, differences up to 100 metres (328 feet) exist between this ellipsoid height and local mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a geoid -based vertical datum such as NAVD88 and the global EGM96 (part of WGS84). Details vary in different countries. When referring to geographic features such as mountains, on
2542-482: The geoid is referred to as (mean) ocean surface topography . It varies globally in a typical range of ±1 m (3 ft). Several terms are used to describe the changing relationships between sea level and dry land. The melting of glaciers at the end of ice ages results in isostatic post-glacial rebound , when land rises after the weight of ice is removed. Conversely, older volcanic islands experience relative sea level rise, due to isostatic subsidence from
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2604-634: The greatest exposure to sea level rise, twelve are in Asia , including Indonesia , Bangladesh and the Philippines. The resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems and countries also varies, which will result in more or less pronounced impacts. The greatest impact on human populations in the near term will occur in the low-lying Caribbean and Pacific islands . Sea level rise will make many of them uninhabitable later this century. Pilots can estimate height above sea level with an altimeter set to
2666-555: The height of planetary features. Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out, typically a year or more. One must adjust perceived changes in LMSL to account for vertical movements of the land, which can occur at rates similar to sea level changes (millimetres per year). Some land movements occur because of isostatic adjustment to
2728-457: The last inhabitants had moved to Dickenschied. The last house was burnt down because it was infested with vermin. Nanny Lambrecht ’s novel Armsünderin describes a woman’s life in the Scheidbach. By 1317, there was already a chapel in Dickenschied when the village was raised to a parishlike status called Pfarrvikarie with its own priest. Today’s church was consecrated in 1844 as a simultaneous church . The simultaneum ended in 1912, although
2790-518: The local brook's former status as a border. The charge above this is from the Hellkirch ruin, which stands within Woppenroth's limits. The silver buckle on the black field is the armorial device formerly borne by the Schmidtburgs, who once held rights in Woppenroth. The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate ’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: Culturally, Woppenroth
2852-481: The melting of ice sheets at the end of the last ice age . The weight of the ice sheet depresses the underlying land, and when the ice melts away the land slowly rebounds . Changes in ground-based ice volume also affect local and regional sea levels by the readjustment of the geoid and true polar wander . Atmospheric pressure , ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well. Eustatic sea level change (global as opposed to local change)
2914-747: The municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. In the term from 2004 to 2009, there were 8 council members. Woppenroth's mayor is Detlef Schmitt. The German blazon reads: In gespaltenem Schild vorne in Gold ein blaubewehrter und -gezungter roter Löwe. Hinten ein silberner Wellenbalken begleitet oben in Grün von einer silbernen Ruine mit einem Fenster, unten in Schwarz von einer silbernen Schnalle. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per pale Or
2976-526: The northeast, was a Frankish centre from about 800. Dickenschied itself is thought to date from no later than 1100, for villages founded in the time of the forest clearing in Merovingian times (600-750) quite commonly have names ending in —schied , —hausen , —rod or —feld . It is believed to have been part of the Frankish Nahegau, a county. Although such a founding date is assumed, there
3038-420: The pilot can estimate height above ground by subtracting the terrain altitude from the altimeter reading. Aviation charts are divided into boxes and the maximum terrain altitude from MSL in each box is clearly indicated. Once above the transition altitude, the altimeter is set to the international standard atmosphere (ISA) pressure at MSL which is 1013.25 hPa or 29.92 inHg. Dickenschied Dickenschied
3100-540: The poles and 6,371.001 km (3,958.756 mi) on average. This flattened spheroid , combined with local gravity anomalies , defines the geoid of the Earth, which approximates the local mean sea level for locations in the open ocean. The geoid includes a significant depression in the Indian Ocean , whose surface dips as much as 106 m (348 ft) below the global mean sea level (excluding minor effects such as tides and currents). Precise determination of
3162-503: The time when the Franks took over the land. This is underscored by the village's location in the Hunsrück's dry, high plateaux, where the land is easier to work. The moister valleys were settled later. In 1269, Woppenroth had its first documentary mention. In the document itself, Waldgrave Emich of Kyrburg (a castle near Kirn , now in ruins) transferred the village for 100 Trier pounds to Wilhelm of Schmidtburg (another now ruined castle, this one between Kirn and Rhaunen ; for more on
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#17327797088693224-430: The village runs Landesstraße (State Road) 162 from Rhaunen to Gemünden , crossing Landesstraße 184 from Kirchberg to Kirn not far east of the village. In the Hahnenbach valley and its side valleys, Devonian slate was mined until the early 20th century. All that now bears witness to this epoch in the village's history is some gallery entrances and tailing heaps. Within Woppenroth's municipal limits, tools from
3286-603: The village settled on Dickenschied in 1481. This form appeared mostly in bills of sale. Early estates were the Meisterhof , Ginemanshof and Filmanshof . These estates, and the village itself, at first belonged to the Collegiate Foundation, then later to the greater parish of Kirchberg. From the 8th to the 12th centuries, Dickenschied was under Kostenz's care. Until 1124 it belonged to the Count of Dill, and in
3348-411: The weight of cooling volcanos. The subsidence of land due to the withdrawal of groundwater is another isostatic cause of relative sea level rise. On planets that lack a liquid ocean, planetologists can calculate a "mean altitude" by averaging the heights of all points on the surface. This altitude, sometimes referred to as a "sea level" or zero-level elevation , serves equivalently as a reference for
3410-419: The worst effects or, when populations are at extreme risk, a process of managed retreat . The term above sea level generally refers to the height above mean sea level (AMSL). The term APSL means above present sea level, comparing sea levels in the past with the level today. Earth's radius at sea level is 6,378.137 km (3,963.191 mi) at the equator. It is 6,356.752 km (3,949.903 mi) at
3472-487: Was a church. This is nonetheless believed likely – it may have been a chapel – and its architecture – 1.5 m-thick walls, inside wall length 4.5 m, rectangular room inside – suggests a great age. Its name may come from the Middle High German helde , meaning a hill with steep slopes. Hell is known to have been a dialectal word used on into the 20th century for steep mountain slopes. In 1913, work
3534-425: Was begun on the new church, which still stands today, to replace the old one, which had become too small, and which later served as a Raiffeisen storehouse. The new church was used beginning in 1920, although it was not consecrated until 1926. The two bronze bells, which had already seen service in the old church beginning in 1889, and one of which supposedly came from the Hellkirch , were seized for war requirements in
3596-474: Was destroyed in 1399 in the Nassau feud. The latter, which lay on the Hahnenbach, and whose municipal area is now shared by Woppenroth and Hausen , had already fallen into ruins by 1469, but arose once again, albeit for only a few years, in the 19th century. About the ruin known as the Hellkirch standing 60 m up above the Hahnenbach valley not much is known, not even whether, as its name implies, it actually
3658-666: Was introduced in 1557 and the first known Evangelical clergyman was Wolfgang Reis 1591-1605). The Dickenschieder Fest with its veneration of the Fourteen Holy Helpers has been held since 1747 as an important Hunsrück church festival, sometimes drawing more than 3,000 pilgrims from near and far. It is always observed on the Sunday before Whitsunday . In the 18th century, Dickenschied belonged to Baden until 1796, whereafter it spent almost 20 years under French sovereignty. In this time, all government documents were issued in
3720-453: Was murdered at Buchenwald. The charge on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side, the oakleaf, stands for Dickenschied's wealth of woodlands. Below the line of partition is a “chequy” pattern, recalling the village's onetime allegiance to the County of Sponheim . Dickenschied fosters partnerships with the following places: Felsőtárkány lies near Eger . The partnership arose from
3782-720: Was murdered on 18 July 1939 at Buchenwald . Today, the Evangelical and Catholic Churches each count some 340 members in Dickenschied. In 2008 the population was reported to be 739 residents . The council is made up of 12 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Dickenschied's mayor is Volker Bender-Praß. The German blazon reads: Schild geteilt, oben gespalten, vorne in Gold ein grünes Eichenblatt, hinten in Schwarz ein goldenes schwebendes Passionskreuz; unten blau-golden geschacht. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per fess, in chief per pale Or an oakleaf vert and sable
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#17327797088693844-424: Was obliged, together with Rohrbach , Kerweiler (another ghost village, this one formerly part of Kappel ) and Dickenschied, to see to the maintenance of the priest who had come to live at the rectory in 1317. Werschweiler vanished in the Thirty Years' War . The bell from 1686 still bore the inscription: “ Dickenschied und Werschweiler ließen mich gießen ” (“Dickenschied and Werschweiler had me poured”). Even today,
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