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66-919: The World Wide Web Foundation , also known as the Web Foundation , is a US-based international nonprofit organization advocating for a free and open web for everyone. It was cofounded by Tim Berners-Lee , the inventor of the World Wide Web , and Rosemary Leith . Announced in September 2008 in Washington, D.C. , the Web Foundation launched operations in November 2009 at the Internet Governance Forum . The Web Foundation aims to expand global internet access and ensure

132-747: A model railway . From 1973 to 1976, he studied at The Queen's College, Oxford , where he received a first-class BA in physics. While there, he made a computer out of an old television set he had purchased from a repair shop. After graduation, Berners-Lee worked as an engineer at the telecommunications company Plessey in Poole , Dorset. In 1978, he joined D. G. Nash in Ferndown , Dorset, where he helped create typesetting software for printers. Berners-Lee worked as an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980. While in Geneva , he proposed

198-620: A fellow. In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet: I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the TCP and DNS ideas and—ta-da!—the World Wide Web. Creating the web was really an act of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later. Most of

264-761: A number of civil society organizations. Tim Berners-Lee Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL , is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web , the HTML markup language , the URL system, and HTTP . He is a professorial research fellow at the University of Oxford and a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Berners-Lee proposed an information management system on 12 March 1989 and implemented

330-567: A project based on the concept of hypertext , to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. To demonstrate it, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE . After leaving CERN in late 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, Dorset. He ran the company's technical side for three years. The project he worked on was a " real-time remote procedure call " which gave him experience in computer networking . In 1984, he returned to CERN as

396-474: A public company via an initial public offering (IPO) in 1984. The company's network software products included: 3Com's expansion beyond its original base of PC and thin Ethernet products began in 1987 when it merged with Bridge Communications. This provided a range of equipment based on Motorola 68000 processors and using XNS protocols compatibly with 3Com's Etherterm PC software. By 1995, 3Com's status

462-410: A wide range of networking technologies. On November 11, 2009, 3Com and Hewlett-Packard announced that Hewlett-Packard would acquire 3Com for $ 2.7 billion in cash. On April 12, 2010, Hewlett-Packard completed its acquisition. When Hewlett-Packard split into Hewlett Packard Enterprise and Hewlett-Packard Inc., the 3Com unit continued with HPE and was ultimately integrated into Aruba Networks along with

528-541: A wire" networking system. In 1972, he joined Xerox PARC to develop these ideas, and after pairing up with David Boggs , the two had early 3 Mbit/s versions of Ethernet working in 1973. They then went on to build up a networking protocol known as PARC Universal Packet (PuP), with the entire system ready for build-out by late 1974. At this point, Xerox management did nothing with it, even after being approached by prospective customers. Increasingly upset by management's lack of interest, Metcalfe left Xerox in 1975, but he

594-639: Is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Berners-Lee will work with those aiming to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income. Berners-Lee holds the founders chair in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , where he heads the Decentralized Information Group and

660-608: Is leading Solid , a joint project with the Qatar Computing Research Institute that aims to radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership as well as improved privacy. In October 2016, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Oxford University as a professorial research fellow and as a fellow of Christ Church , one of the Oxford colleges. From

726-686: The Alliance for Affordable Internet , a global coalition of organizations working to reduce the costs of broadband and increase access to the internet . The Web Foundation produces a number of research products including the Open Data Barometer, the Affordability Report, the Web Index and other studies and reports. In November 2018, the Web Foundation launched the #ForTheWeb campaign, unveiled by founder Berners-Lee at

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792-651: The Chapel Royal , St. James's Palace in London. Leith is a Canadian Internet and banking entrepreneur and a founding director of Berners-Lee's World Wide Web Foundation . The couple also collaborate on venture capital to support artificial intelligence companies. Berners-Lee was raised as an Anglican , but he turned away from religion in his youth. After he became a parent, he became a Unitarian Universalist (UU). When asked whether he believes in God, he stated: "Not in

858-554: The DEC LSI-11 , DEC VAX-11 , Sun-2 and the IBM PC . In the mid-1980s, 3Com branded their Ethernet technology as EtherSeries, while introducing a range of software and PC -based equipment to provide shared services over a local area network (LAN) using XNS protocols. These protocols were branded EtherShare (for file sharing), EtherPrint (for printing), EtherMail (for email ), and Ether- 3270 (for IBM host emulation). 3Com became

924-465: The Ferranti Mark 1 , the first commercially-built computer. He has three younger siblings; his brother, Mike , is a professor of ecology and climate change management. Berners-Lee attended Sheen Mount Primary School, then attended Emanuel School (a direct grant grammar school at the time) from 1969 to 1973. A keen trainspotter as a child, he learnt about electronics from tinkering with

990-620: The Internet Governance Forum in Berlin, Berners-Lee and the WWWF launched Contract for the Web , a campaign initiative to persuade governments, companies and citizens to commit to nine principles to stop "misuse", with the warning that "if we don't act now – and act together – to prevent the web being misused by those who want to exploit, divide and undermine, we are at risk of squandering [its potential for good]". "He wove

1056-600: The Web Summit tech conference in Lisbon, Portugal. The campaign calls on governments, companies and citizens to commit to defending a free and open web by signing up to a Contract for the Web. The Contract for the Web was published as a set of initial high level principles that was built into a full contract published 25 November 2019. These principles received backing from governments including Germany and France, companies such as Google, Facebook and Cloudflare , as well as

1122-817: The World Wide Web Foundation . In April 2009, he was elected as Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences . Berners-Lee was previously a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founder's chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI) and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence . In 2011, he

1188-624: The 2016 Association for Computing Machinery 's Turing Award for his invention of the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and their fundamental protocols and algorithms. Berners-Lee has said "I like to keep work and personal life separate." Berners-Lee married Nancy Carlson, an American computer programmer, in 1990. She was also working in Switzerland at the World Health Organization . They had two children and divorced in 2011. In 2014, he married Rosemary Leith at

1254-587: The Audrey and Kerbango products less than a year later. In March 2000, in a highly public and criticized move, 3Com exited the high-end core routers and switch market to focus on other areas of the business. The CoreBuilder Ethernet and ATM LAN switches, PathBuilder and NetBuilder WAN Routers were all discontinued June 2000. CoreBuilder products and the customer base was migrated over to Extreme Networks . The PathBuilder and NetBuilder were transitioned to Motorola. 3Com focused its efforts from 2000 to 2003 on building up

1320-533: The EME specification became a formal W3C recommendation in September 2017. On 30 September 2018, Berners-Lee announced his new open-source startup Inrupt to fuel a commercial ecosystem around the Solid project, which aims to give users more control over their personal data and lets them choose where the data goes, who's allowed to see certain elements and which apps are allowed to see that data. In November 2019, at

1386-790: The East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne , East Dorset . In December 2004, he accepted a chair in computer science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton , Hampshire, to work on the Semantic Web . In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were "unnecessary". He told

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1452-534: The HomeConnect, OfficeConnect, SuperStack, NBX and Total Control product lines. Due to this perceived exit from the Enterprise market, 3Com would never gain momentum with large customers or carriers again. In July 2000, 3Com spun off Palm as an independent company. Following Palm's IPO, 3Com continued to own 80   percent of Palm, but 3Com's market capitalization was smaller than Palm's. U.S. Robotics

1518-607: The LEC's ingress CLASS 5 switch to the Total Control 1000 media gateway, where it was converted from TDM to IP and transported across AT&T's WorldNet IP backbone. When it reached the destination, it was passed to the egress LEC's CLASS 5 switch as an untariffed data call. CommWorks modified the gateway and softswitch software to support SIP for MCI/WorldCom's hosted business offering in 2000. Although 3Com sold CommWorks to UTStarcom, they retained intellectual property rights to

1584-781: The Prime Minister. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001 . He was also elected as a member into the American Philosophical Society in 2004 and the National Academy of Engineering in 2007. He has been conferred honorary degrees from a number of universities around the world, including Manchester (his parents worked on the Manchester Mark 1 in the 1940s), Harvard and Yale . In 2012, Berners-Lee

1650-463: The Web to attempt to address issues of political manipulation, fake news, privacy violations, and other malign forces on the internet. Headquartered in Washington, D.C. , the Web Foundation works across 70 countries, including work through partner organizations. Its team of around 30 employees works from three main hubs in Jakarta , London and Washington, D.C. It is also the host organization for

1716-438: The Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change". Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of net neutrality , and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply "connectivity with no strings attached", and should neither control nor monitor the browsing activities of customers without their expressed consent. He advocates

1782-505: The Web to scale". He was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century and has received a number of other accolades for his invention. Berners-Lee was born in London on 8 June 1955, the son of mathematicians and computer scientists Mary Lee Woods (1924–2017) and Conway Berners-Lee (1921–2019). His parents were both from Birmingham and worked on

1848-416: The World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free." —Tim Berners-Lee's entry in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century , March 1999. Berners-Lee has received many awards and honours. He

1914-468: The World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee first posted, on Usenet , a public invitation for collaboration with the WorldWideWeb project. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers and world leaders,

1980-712: The acquisition of 3Com, and it no longer exists as a separate entity. 3Com's products, support, and technologies were eventually merged into HPE's Aruba Networks business unit following HP's acquisition of Aruba in 2015 and subsequent split into HPE later that same year. After reading an article on ALOHAnet , Robert Metcalfe became interested in computer networking. ALOHAnet was an over-the-air wide area network system in Hawaii using ultra high frequency radios and made several assumptions that Metcalfe thought would not be correct in practice. He developed his own theories of how to manage traffic, and began to consider an "ALOHAnet in

2046-570: The audience. Berners-Lee joined the board of advisors of start-up State.com , based in London. As of May 2012, he is president of the Open Data Institute , which he co-founded with Nigel Shadbolt in 2012. The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013, and Berners-Lee is leading the coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google , Facebook , Intel and Microsoft . The A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access

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2112-533: The beginning of the end of 3Com. In addition to consumer network electronics, USRobotics was a well-known manufacturer of a dialup access server, the "Total Control Hub", rebadged by 3Com as the "Total Control 1000", based largely on its Courier modem technology. This key business product competed against Cisco's AS5200 access server line in the mid-1990s as the explosion of the Internet led to service provider investment in dialup access server equipment. 3Com continued

2178-607: The company for $ 2.2 billion, with minority equity financing from Huawei Technologies. However, the deal met with US government regulatory opposition and it fell through early in 2008, following concerns over Huawei's risk of conducting cyber security attacks against the United States and its allies, Huawei's former dealings in Iran, and Huawei being operated by a former engineer in China's People's Liberation Army . Edgar Masri left

2244-504: The company in April 2008, partially as a result of the failed Bain transaction. In April 2008, Robert Mao was named chief executive, and Ron Sege president and chief operating officer. In fiscal year 2008 ended May 30, 2008, 3Com had annual revenue of $ 1.3 billion and more than 6,000 employees in over 40 countries. In September 2008, 3Com reported financial results for its fiscal 2009 first quarter, which ended August 29, 2008. Revenue in

2310-566: The company moved its Silicon Valley Santa Clara headquarters to Marlborough , Massachusetts. It also formed a venture called H3C with Huawei , whereby 3Com would sell and rebrand products under the joint venture. In 2003, 3Com sold its CommWorks Corporation subsidiary to UTStarcom, Inc. CommWorks was based in Rolling Meadows, Illinois , and developed wireline telecommunications and wireless infrastructure technologies. In January 2006, Claflin announced he would be leaving

2376-571: The company. In January 2006, R Scott Murray became CEO of 3Com and chairman of H3C Technology in China, the joint venture with Huawei Technologies. Murray voluntarily resigned from the company in August 2006 over his concerns about the questionable business ethics of Huawei and potential cyber security risks posed by Huawei. Edgar Masri returned to 3Com to head as president and CEO following Murray's departure. In September 2007, Bain Capital agreed to buy

2442-610: The development of the Total Control line until it was eventually spun off as a part of Commworks, which was then acquired by UTStarcom. In August 1998, Bruce Claflin was named chief operating officer . The modem business was rapidly shrinking. 3Com attempted to enter the DSL business, but was not successful. In the lucrative server network interface card (NIC) business, 3Com dominated market share, with Intel only able to break past 3Com after dramatic price slashing. It started developing Gigabit Ethernet cards in-house but later scrapped

2508-584: The first web browser . His software also functioned as an editor (called WorldWideWeb , running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon ). Berners-Lee published the first web site, which described the project itself, on 20 December 1990; it was available to the Internet from the CERN network. The site provided an explanation of what

2574-585: The first companies to deliver a complete networked phone system, and increased its distribution channel with larger telephony partners such as Southwestern Bell and Metropark Communications , 3Com helped make VoIP into a safe and practical technology with wide adoption. 3Com then tried to move into the smart consumer appliances business and in June 2000, 3Com acquired internet radio startup Kerbango for $ 80 million. It developed its Audrey appliance, which made an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show . It scrapped

2640-508: The first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet in mid-November. He devised and implemented the first Web browser and Web server and helped foster the Web's subsequent explosive development. He is the founder and director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the continued development of the Web. He co-founded (with Rosemary Leith )

2706-570: The idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet traffic, compromise basic human network rights." Berners-Lee participated in an open letter to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He and 20 other Internet pioneers urged the FCC to cancel a vote on 14 December 2017 to uphold net neutrality. The letter

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2772-497: The invention of the World Wide Web was ranked number one, with the entry stating, "The fastest growing communications medium of all time, the Internet has changed the shape of modern life forever. We can connect with each other instantly, all over the world." In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve

2838-480: The mid-2010s, Berners-Lee initially remained neutral on the emerging Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) proposal with its controversial digital rights management (DRM) implications. In March 2017 he felt he had to take a position which was to support the EME proposal. He reasoned EME's virtues whilst noting DRM was inevitable. As W3C director, he went on to approve the finalised specification in July 2017. His stance

2904-490: The newspaper that he easily could have designed web addresses without the slashes. "There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology. By 2010, he created data.gov.uk alongside Nigel Shadbolt . Commenting on the Ordnance Survey data in April 2010, Berners-Lee said: "The changes signal a wider cultural change in government based on an assumption that information should be in

2970-469: The open web as a public good and a basic right. It seeks to achieve digital equality; a world where everyone has the same rights and opportunities online. In an open letter published in March 2018, Web Foundation founder Berners-Lee called for action to connect the 50% of the world still not online and to ensure they find a web worth connecting to. In 2019, Web Foundation launched the initiative Contract for

3036-452: The plans. Later, it formed a joint venture with Broadcom , where Broadcom would develop the main integrated circuit component and the NIC would be 3Com branded. In 1999, 3Com acquired NBX, a Boston company with an Ethernet-based phone system for small and medium-sized businesses. This product proved popular with 3Com's existing distribution channel and saw rapid growth and adoption. As one of

3102-467: The public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around." He went on to say: "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them." In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) in order to campaign to "advance

3168-510: The quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they easily could be adopted by anyone. Berners-Lee participated in Curl Corp's attempt to develop and promote the Curl programming language . In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of

3234-555: The quarter was $ 342.7 million compared to revenue of $ 319.4 million in the corresponding period in fiscal 2008, a 7 percent increase. Net income in the quarter was $ 79.8 million, compared with a net loss of $ 18.7 million in the first quarter of fiscal year 2008. The company reported that it had more than 2,700 engineers, with more than 1,400 United States patents and nearly 180 Chinese-issued patents, as well as more than 1050 pending Chinese applications. It also reported pending applications for 35 separate inventions outside of China covering

3300-476: The rest of HP's networking portfolio. 3Com came close to merging with computer maker Convergent Technologies , abandoning the pact just two days before a vote was scheduled in March 1986. Later, 3Com went on to acquire the following: CommWorks Corporation was a subsidiary of 3Com Corporation, based in Rolling Meadows, Illinois . It was sold to UTStarcom of Alameda, California in 2003. CommWorks

3366-515: The sense of most people, I'm atheist and Unitarian Universalist." The web 's source code was auctioned by Sotheby's in London during 23–30 June 2021, as a non-fungible token (NFT) by TimBL. Selling for US$ 5,434,500, it was reported the proceeds would be used to fund initiatives by TimBL and Leith. 3Com 3Com provided network interface controller and switches , routers , wireless access points and controllers, IP voice systems, and intrusion prevention systems . The company

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3432-441: The technology involved in the web, like the hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects, had all been designed already. I just had to put them together. It was a step of generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction, thinking about all the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system. Berners-Lee wrote his proposal in March 1989 and, in 1990, redistributed it. It then

3498-551: The web is a safe, empowering platform for everyone to use freely and beneficially. One of its former board members was Gordon Brown , former prime minister of the United Kingdom . On 27th September 2024, Tim Berners-Lee announced that after fifteen years of fighting to make the web safer and more accessible, the World Wide Web Foundation was shutting down. The Web Foundation's mission is to advance

3564-611: Was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2004 New Year Honours "for services to the global development of the Internet", and was invested formally on 16 July 2004. On 13 June 2007, he was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an order restricted to 24 living members, plus any honorary members. Bestowing membership of the Order of Merit is within the personal purview of the Sovereign and does not require recommendation by ministers or

3630-406: Was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall, who called his proposals "vague, but exciting". Robert Cailliau had independently proposed a project to develop a hypertext system at CERN, and joined Berners-Lee as a partner in his efforts to get the web off the ground. They used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web , for which Berners-Lee designed and built

3696-407: Was addressed to Senator Roger Wicker , Senator Brian Schatz , Representative Marsha Blackburn and Representative Michael F. Doyle. Berners-Lee was honoured as the "Inventor of the World Wide Web" during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , in which he appeared working with a vintage NeXT Computer . He tweeted "This is for everyone" which appeared in LED lights attached to the chairs of

3762-634: Was also spun out again as a separate company at this time. In January 2001, Claflin became chief executive officer , replacing Éric Benhamou , CEO from 1990 to 2000. He was criticized for the costly diversification in the mobile handheld computer market. At this point, the company's main line of business, selling addon network interface cards ("NICs"), was also shrinking rapidly, mainly because many new computers had NICs built in. The company started slashing or selling divisions and going through numerous rounds of layoffs . The company went from employing more than 12,000 employees to fewer than 2,000. In May 2003,

3828-415: Was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires to mark his 80th birthday. In 2013, he was awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . On 4 April 2017, he received

3894-445: Was based in Santa Clara, California . From its 2007 acquisition of 100 percent ownership of H3C Technologies Co., Limited (H3C) —initially a joint venture with China-based Huawei Technologies —3Com achieved a market presence in China , and a significant networking market share in Europe , Asia , and the Americas. 3Com products were sold under the brands 3Com, H3C, and TippingPoint. On April 12, 2010, Hewlett-Packard completed

3960-516: Was deployed in the United States, Japan , and Korea covering the 2G CDMA market sample carriers included Sprint. It led to follow on products that became core to CommWorks now UTStarcom offerings including the 2.5 and 3G packet data gateway products known as PDSN and Home Agents. CommWorks/3Com co-developed an H.323-based softswitch with AT&T in 1998 for use in a "transparent trunking" application for AT&T's residential long-distance customers. Long distance telephone calls were redirected from

4026-584: Was formerly the Carrier Network Business unit of 3Com, comprising several acquired companies: U.S. Robotics (Rolling Meadows, Illinois), Call Technologies ( Reston, Virginia ), and LANsource ( Toronto , Ontario , Canada ). CommWorks was able to use technology from each company to create IP softswitch and IP communications software. U.S. Robotics provided media gateways (the Total Control 1000 product line, formerly used for dial-modem termination) and softswitch technology. Call Technologies provided Unified Messaging software. LANsource provided fax-over-IP software that

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4092-415: Was integrated with the Unified Messaging platform. The Carrier Network Business unit of 3Com developed an Inter-working function technology that became the first and dominant 2G CDMA wireless data gateway product. In partnership with Unwired Planet (now Openwave) and Qualcomm Quicknet connect allowed for 6 second connect times versus modems connecting the call in approximately 30 seconds. This product

4158-648: Was lured back again the next year. Further development followed, resulting in the seminal Xerox Network Systems (XNS) protocol, which was completed by 1978. Once again, Metcalfe found that management was unwilling to actually do anything with the product, and he threatened to leave and in 1979 he left the company. Metcalfe subsequently co-founded 3Com in 1979. The other co-founders were Metcalfe's college friend Howard Charney and two others. Bill Krause joined as President in 1981 and became CEO in 1982 and led 3Com until 1992 when he retired. 3Com began making Ethernet adapter cards for many early 1980s computer systems, including

4224-420: Was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation . He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe . In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work. He received the 2016 Turing Award "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing

4290-420: Was opposed by some including Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the anti-DRM campaign Defective by Design and the Free Software Foundation . Varied concerns raised included being not supportive of the Internet's open philosophy against commercial interests and risks of users being forced to use a particular web browser to view specific DRM content. The EFF raised a formal appeal which did not succeed and

4356-434: Was such that they were able to enter into an agreement with the city of San Francisco to pay $ 900,000 per year for the naming rights to Candlestick Park . That agreement ended in 2002. In 1997, 3Com merged with USRobotics (USR), a maker of dial-up modems, and owner of Palm, Inc. USRobotics was known for its Sportster line of consumer-oriented modems, as well as its Courier business-class modem line. This merger spelled

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