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88-672: WorldVeg aims to reduce malnutrition and alleviate poverty in developing nations through improving production and consumption of vegetables. The World Vegetable Center was founded as the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in 1971 by the Asian Development Bank, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United States and South Vietnam. The main campus

176-580: A metastudy by Mandeep R. Mehra of the Harvard Medical School and Sapan S. Desai of Surgisphere Corporation, which concluded that the malaria drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine did not improve the condition of COVID-19 patients, and may have harmed some of them. In response to concerns raised by members of the scientific community and the media about the veracity of the data and analyses, The Lancet decided to launch an independent third party investigation of Surgisphere and

264-403: A " toxic food environment ", where fat- and sugar-laden foods have taken precedence over healthy nutritious foods. In these developed countries, overnutrition can be prevented by choosing the right kind of food. More fast food is consumed per capita in the United States than in any other country. This mass consumption of fast food results from its affordability and accessibility. Fast food, which

352-474: A ban on tobacco in the United Kingdom in 2003, expressed support for Gaza during the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict , and issued an apology for sexist language. A December 2003 editorial by the journal, titled "How do you sleep at night, Mr Blair ?", called for tobacco use to be completely banned in the United Kingdom. The Royal College of Physicians rejected their argument. John Britton, chairman of

440-505: A chilling effect on scientific research and the scientific community by implying that scientists who "bring up the lab-leak theory... are doing the work of conspiracy theorists"; the statement was deemed to have "effectively ended the debate over COVID-19's origins before it began". Further criticism of the letter was focused on the fact that, according to emails obtained through the Freedom of Information Act , members involved in producing

528-651: A community. In the study by Ghattas et al. (2020), the probability of overnutrition is significantly higher in higher-income families than in disadvantaged families. High food prices is a major factor preventing low income households from getting nutritious food For example, Khan and Kraemer (2009) found that in Bangladesh , low socioeconomic status was associated with chronic malnutrition since it inhibited purchase of nutritious foods (like milk, meat, poultry, and fruits). Food shortages may also contribute to malnutritions in countries which lack technology. However, in

616-566: A drug that they would not be able to get." The deputy editor of The Lancet responded to the criticism by arguing that no other measures besides a total ban would likely be able to reduce tobacco use. The smokers' rights group FOREST stated that the editorial gave them "amusement and disbelief". Director Simon Clark called the journal " fascist " and argued that it is hypocritical to ban tobacco while allowing unhealthy junk foods , alcohol consumption , and participation in extreme sports . Health Secretary John Reid reiterated that his government

704-418: A global increase in food insecurity and hunger between 2011 and 2020. In 2015, 795 million people (about one in ten people on earth) had undernutrition. It is estimated that between 691 and 783 million people in the world faced hunger in 2022. According to UNICEF, 2.4 billion people were moderately or severely food insecure in 2022, 391 million more than in 2019. These increases are partially related to

792-492: A group of undernourished children in a hospital in Mexico City , Mexico. They defined three categories of malnutrition: first, second, and third degree. The degree of malnutrition is calculated based on a child's body size compared to the median weight for their age. The risk of death increases with increasing degrees of malnutrition. An adaptation of Gomez's original classification is still used today. While it provides

880-469: A journal initially launched in 2014 by parent publisher Elsevier, since 2015 supported by Cell Press and The Lancet , and eventually (July 2018) incorporated in The Lancet family journals together with its newly incepted sister journal eClinicalMedicine ( clinical research and public health research). In May 2019, The Lancet Digital Health published its first issue. Occasionally, the editors of

968-403: A lack of breastfeeding may contribute to undernourishment. Anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery can also cause malnutrition. Undernutrition due to lack of adequate breastfeeding is associated with the deaths of an estimated one million children annually. Illegal advertising of breast-milk substitutes contributed to malnutrition and continued three decades after its 1981 prohibition under

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1056-422: A lack of education about proper nutrition, only having access to a single food source, or from poor healthcare access and unhealthy environments. It is not just the total amount of calories that matters but specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency or zinc deficiency can also increase risk of death. Overnutrition caused by overeating is also a form of malnutrition. In

1144-447: A letter signed by 27 scientists that stated: "We stand together to strongly condemn conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin [...] [Scientists] overwhelmingly conclude that this coronavirus originated in wildlife," adding: "Conspiracy theories do nothing but create fear, rumours, and prejudice that jeopardise our global collaboration in the fight against this virus." The letter has been criticized for having

1232-479: A letter with an estimate of the number of direct and indirect deaths that may be caused in the coming months and years by the Israel–Hamas war . Using other conflicts, where the number of indirect deaths was 3 to 15 times higher than the number of direct deaths, the authors estimated the total number of conflict-related deaths by multiplying the reported deaths by five, and argued that in the coming months and years "it

1320-612: A nation's development." Among those affected, very few people experience the most visible and severe effects: disabling goiters , cretinism and dwarfism . These effects occur most commonly in mountain villages. However, 16 percent of the world's people have at least mild goiter (a swollen thyroid gland in the neck)." Social conditions have a significant influence on the health of people. The social determinants of undernutrition mainly include poor education, poverty, disease burden and lack of women's empowerment. Identifying and addressing these determinants can eliminate undernutrition in

1408-600: A new classification system for malnutrition. Instead of using just weight for age measurements, Waterlow's system combines weight-for-height (indicating acute episodes of malnutrition) with height-for-age to show the stunting that results from chronic malnutrition. One advantage of the Waterlow classification is that weight for height can be calculated even if a child's age is unknown. The World Health Organization frequently uses these classifications of malnutrition, with some modifications. Undernutrition weakens every part of

1496-473: A paper in 1998 in which the authors suggested a link between the MMR vaccine and autism spectrum disorder . In February 2004, The Lancet published a statement by 10 of the paper's 13 coauthors repudiating the possibility that MMR could cause autism. The editor-in-chief, Richard Horton , went on the record to say the paper had "fatal conflicts of interest" because the study's lead author, Andrew Wakefield , had

1584-454: A potentially influential report contributing to further misinformation on such an important topic" and "It's true we've details to understand on the side of natural origins, for example the exact intermediate species involved, but that doesn't mean there's… any basis to the wild speculation that US labs were involved". In October 2023, The Lancet retracted two papers from 2008 and 2014 by surgeon Paolo Macchiarini . These papers, which discussed

1672-877: A result of micronutrient deficiencies. It adversely affects physical and mental functioning, and causes changes in body composition and body cell mass. Undernutrition is a major health problem, causing the highest mortality rate in children, particularly in those under 5 years, and is responsible for long-lasting physiologic effects. It is a barrier to the complete physical and mental development of children. Undernutrition can manifest as stunting, wasting, and underweight. If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme undernutrition can cause starvation , chronic hunger, Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), and/or Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM). The signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on which micronutrient

1760-467: A serious conflict of interest that he had not declared to The Lancet . The journal completely retracted the paper on 2 February 2010, after Wakefield was found to have acted unethically in conducting the research. The Lancet ' s six editors, including the editor-in-chief, were also criticised in 2011 because they had "covered up" the "Wakefield concocted fear of MMR" with an "avalanche of denials" in 2004. The Lancet also published an estimate of

1848-412: A sustained diet that is deficient in both protein and energy. This causes their metabolism to adapt to prolong survival. The primary symptoms are severe wasting, leaving little or no edema ; minimal subcutaneous fat ; and abnormal serum albumin levels. It is traditionally seen in cases of famine , significant food restriction, or severe anorexia . Conditions are characterized by extreme wasting of

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1936-437: A very dry mouth; decreased urine output and/or dark urine; increased heart rate with decreasing blood pressure; and altered mental status . Protein-calorie malnutrition can cause cognitive impairments . This most commonly occurs in people who were malnourished during a "critical period ... from the final third of gestation to the first 2 years of life". For example, in children under two years of age, iron deficiency anemia

2024-566: A visit and said that he "deeply, deeply regret[ted] the completely unnecessary polarization that publication of the letter by Dr Paola Manduca caused." Mark Pepys , a member of the Jewish Medical Association, criticised the letter as being a "partisan political diatribe" which was inappropriate for a serious publication. In addition, Pepys accused Richard Horton personally for allowing the publication of such political views. On 19 February 2020, The Lancet published

2112-420: A way to compare malnutrition within and between populations, this classification system has been criticized for being " arbitrary " and for not considering overweight as a form of malnutrition. Also, height alone may not be the best indicator of malnutrition; children who are born prematurely may be considered short for their age even if they have good nutrition. In the 1970s, John Conrad Waterlow established

2200-465: Is a deficiency , excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients which adversely affects the body's tissues and form. Malnutrition is a category of diseases that includes undernutrition and overnutrition . Undernutrition is a lack of nutrients, which can result in stunted growth , wasting , and underweight . A surplus of nutrients causes overnutrition, which can result in obesity . In some developing countries , overnutrition in

2288-608: Is also one of the world's highest-impact academic journals. It was founded in England in 1823. The journal publishes original research articles, review articles ("seminars" and "reviews"), editorials , book reviews , correspondence, as well as news features and case reports . The Lancet has been owned by Elsevier since 1991, and its editor-in-chief since 1995 has been Richard Horton . The journal has editorial offices in London , New York City , and Beijing . The Lancet

2376-580: Is highest among children under five. In 2021, 148.1 million children under five years old were stunted, 45 million were wasted, and 37 million were overweight or obese. The same year, an estimated 45% of deaths in children were linked to undernutrition. As of 2020 , the prevalence of wasting among children under five in South Asia was reported to be 16% moderately or severely wasted. As of 2022 , UNICEF reported this prevalence as having slightly improved, but still being at 14.8%. In Asia, India has one of

2464-534: Is lacking. However, undernourished people are often thin and short, with very poor energy levels; and swelling in the legs and abdomen is also common. People who are undernourished often get infections and frequently feel cold. Micronutrient undernutrition results from insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. Worldwide, deficiencies in iodine , Vitamin A , and iron are the most common. Children and pregnant women in low-income countries are at especially high risk for micronutrient deficiencies. Anemia

2552-403: Is likely to affect brain function acutely, and probably also chronically. Similarly, folate deficiency has been linked to neural tube defects . Iodine deficiency is "the most common preventable cause of mental impairment worldwide." "Even moderate [iodine] deficiency, especially in pregnant women and infants , lowers intelligence by 10 to 15 I.Q. points , shaving incalculable potential off

2640-493: Is low in cost and nutrition, is high in calories. Due to increasing urbanization and automation , people are living more sedentary lifestyles. These factors combine to make weight gain difficult to avoid. Overnutrition also occurs in developing countries. It has appeared in parts of developing countries where income is on the rise. It is also a problem in countries where hunger and poverty persist. Economic development, rapid urbanisation and shifting dietary patterns have increased

2728-449: Is more common in developing countries . Stunting is more prevalent in urban slums than in rural areas. Studies on malnutrition have the population categorised into different groups including infants, under-five children, children, adolescents, pregnant women, adults and the elderly population. The use of different growth references in different studies leads to variances in the undernutrition prevalence reported in different studies. Some of

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2816-666: Is most commonly caused by iron deficiency , but can also result from other micronutrient deficiencies and diseases. This condition can have major health consequences. It is possible to have overnutrition simultaneously with micronutrient deficiencies; this condition is termed the double burden of malnutrition . 'Undernutrition' sometimes refers specifically to protein–energy malnutrition (PEM). This condition involves both micronutrient deficiencies and an imbalance of protein intake and energy expenditure. It differs from calorie restriction in that calorie restriction may not result in negative health effects. Hypoalimentation (underfeeding)

2904-453: Is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza". The estimate quickly gained traction in both international and regional media, with some of the outlets misrepresenting the 186,000 figure as the actual number of deaths, rather than long-term cumulative estimate. As a result, three days after the publication, one of

2992-406: Is one cause of undernutrition. Two forms of PEM are kwashiorkor and marasmus ; both commonly coexist. Kwashiorkor is primarily caused by inadequate protein intake. Its symptoms include edema , wasting, liver enlargement , hypoalbuminaemia , and steatosis ; the condition may also cause depigmentation of skin and hair. The disorder is further identified by a characteristic swelling of

3080-567: The Journal Citation Reports , The Lancet Oncology has a 2021 impact factor of 54.433, The Lancet Neurology has 59.935, and The Lancet Infectious Diseases has 71.421. There is also an online website for students entitled The Lancet Student in blog format, launched in 2007. Since July 2018, The Lancet has also published two open access journals as part of The Lancet Discovery Science , dedicated to essential early evidence: eBioMedicine ( translational research ),

3168-879: The Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 98.4, ranking it first above The New England Journal of Medicine in the category "Medicine, General & Internal". According to BMJ Open , The Lancet is more frequently cited in general newspapers around the world than The BMJ , NEJM and JAMA . The Lancet also publishes several specialty journals: The Lancet Neurology ( neurology ), The Lancet Oncology ( oncology ), The Lancet Infectious Diseases ( infectious diseases ), The Lancet Respiratory Medicine ( respiratory medicine ), The Lancet Psychiatry ( psychiatry ), The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology ( endocrinology ), and The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology ( gastroenterology ) all of which publish original research and reviews. In 2013, The Lancet Global Health ( global health ) became

3256-674: The Global Crop Diversity Trust and Kew Gardens to study the domestication of eggplant. The Center is believed to have the largest collection of chili peppers in the world. They have been engaged in research to find and breed climate change resistant chili pepper cultivars. According to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), "At the World Vegetable Center, experts are looking to the wild relatives of domesticated crops to save

3344-845: The International Potato Center and Taiwan Agricultural Research institute . The use of vegetables as crops that are of high worth is important in the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations Development Program and the World Vegetable Center. The vegetables bred by the Center can be used in poorer areas, where they can serve as an important source of income and can help fight micronutrient deficiencies. The Center's current crop portfolio focuses on several groups of globally important vegetables, according to

3432-569: The Iraq War 's Iraqi death toll—around 100,000—in 2004. In 2006, a follow-up study by the same team suggested that the violent death rate in Iraq was not only consistent with the earlier estimate, but had increased considerably in the intervening period (see Lancet surveys of casualties of the Iraq War ). The second survey estimated that there had been 654,965 excess Iraqi deaths as a consequence of

3520-538: The Vagina Museum . The journal's cover displayed a quotation from the review that referred to women as "bodies with vaginas". The quotation drew strong criticism on Twitter from medical professionals and feminists accusing The Lancet of sexism , arguing that this language was "dehumanising" and an "unhelpful" attempt at inclusivity. Horton later issued an apology on the journal's website. On July 5, 2024, The Lancet published in its Correspondence section

3608-496: The WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes . Maternal malnutrition can also factor into the poor health or death of a baby. Over 800,000 neonatal deaths have occurred because of deficient growth of the fetus in the mother's womb . Deriving too much of one's diet from a single source, such as eating almost exclusively potato, maize or rice, can cause malnutrition. This may either be from

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3696-480: The immune system . Protein and energy undernutrition increases susceptibility to infection; so do deficiencies of specific micronutrients (including iron, zinc , and vitamins). In communities or areas that lack access to safe drinking water , these additional health risks present a critical problem. Undernutrition plays a major role in the onset of active tuberculosis . It also raises the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child, and increases replication of

3784-536: The prevalence of moderate and severe wasting could increase by 14% due to COVID-19; coupled with reductions in nutrition and health services coverage, this could result in over 128,000 additional deaths among children under 5 in 2020 alone. Although COVID-19 is less severe in children than in adults, the risk of severe disease increases with undernutrition. Other major causes of hunger include manmade conflicts, climate changes , and economic downturns. Undernutrition can occur either due to protein-energy wasting or as

3872-447: The right to food , Jean Ziegler proposes that agricultural waste , such as corn cobs and banana leaves , should be used as fuel instead of crops. In some developing countries, overnutrition (in the form of obesity) is beginning to appear in the same communities where malnutrition occurs. Overnutrition increases with urbanisation, food commercialisation and technological developments and increases physical inactivity. Variations in

3960-641: The Center's data associated with germplasm conservation and management, from registration, characterization, evaluation, and seed inventory to seed distribution. A backup selection of the Center's germplasm collection is held at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway with the goal of a backup for the entire collection being in place by 2025. Malnutrition Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients , resulting in health problems. Specifically, it

4048-474: The Director-General of WHO, characterized letter's methods as "take one unreliable number and multiply by another unreliable number to get a bigger unreliable number”. Consequently, American Jewish Committee called The Lancet to "remove the letter from its website and, moving forward, exercise greater caution in selecting the claims it amplifies". The Lancet was criticised after it published

4136-555: The National Institutes of Health has 'resisted disclosing details' of its work." Virologist Angela Rasmussen commented that this may have been "one of The Lancet's most shameful moments regarding its role as a steward and leader in communicating crucial findings about science and medicine". David Robertson from the University of Glasgow's Centre for Virus Research said that "It's really disappointing to see such

4224-511: The United States, more than half of all adults are now overweight—a condition that, like hunger, increases susceptibility to disease and disability, reduces worker productivity , and lowers life expectancy . Overeating is much more common in the United States, since most people have adequate access to food. Many parts of the world have access to a surplus of non-nutritious food. Increased sedentary lifestyles also contribute to overnutrition. Yale University psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this

4312-505: The WorldVeg: Indigenous or traditional vegetables, particularly those of Asia and Africa are another focus of research at the World Vegetable Center. Indigenous vegetables are domesticated or semi-wild vegetable crops that are grown in particular regions as an integral part of a local food system . Many of them are underutilized crops , particularly in regions where they are not native. The Center has collaborated with

4400-435: The article, which was done on June 3, 2020. As a step to increase quality control, the editors of The Lancet Group announced changes to the editorial policy in a comment titled "Learning from a retraction" which was published on September 22, 2020. In September 2022, The Lancet published the report of their "Covid-19 Commission" which was headed by Jeffrey Sachs , an economist with no medical background, who has pushed

4488-553: The belly , and extremities which disguises the patient's undernourished condition. 'Kwashiorkor' means 'displaced child' and is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana in West Africa. It means "the sickness the baby gets when the next baby is born," as it often occurs when the older child is deprived of breastfeeding and weaned to a diet composed largely of carbohydrates. Marasmus (meaning 'to waste away') can result from

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4576-415: The burden of overnutrition in the cities of low and middle-income countries. In China, consumption of high-fat foods has increased, while consumption of rice and other goods has decreased. Overeating leads to many diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, that may be fatal. The Lancet The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It

4664-448: The college's tobacco advisory group, praised the journal for discussing the health problem, but he concluded that a "ban on tobacco would be a nightmare." Amanda Sandford, spokesperson for the anti-tobacco group Action on Smoking and Health , stated that criminalising a behaviour 26% of the population commit "is ludicrous." She also said: "We can't turn the clock back. If tobacco were banned we would have 13 million people desperately craving

4752-465: The conspiracy theory that Covid came from a US "biotechnology" lab. Before the report's release, Sachs appeared on the podcast of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. , who has previously spread vaccine conspiracy theories. On the podcast episode, Sachs claimed that "Government officials such as Anthony Fauci "are not being honest" about the virus's origins". The published report included claims that "'independent researchers have not yet investigated' US labs, and said

4840-611: The definition of malnutrition to include "all its forms, including obesity, undernutrition, and other dietary risks." The World Health Organization and The Lancet Commission have also identified "[t]he double burden of malnutrition", which occurs from "the coexistence of overnutrition (overweight and obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth and wasting)." It is estimated that nearly one in three persons globally has at least one form of malnutrition: wasting , stunting , vitamin or mineral deficiency, overweight, obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Undernutrition

4928-528: The developing world, eighty percent of malnourished children live in countries that produce food surpluses, according to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) . The economist Amartya Sen observes that, in recent decades, famine has always been a problem of food distribution , purchasing power , and/or poverty, since there has always been enough food for everyone in the world. There are also sociopolitical causes of malnutrition. For example,

5016-491: The doctors responded by saying that the letter was a legitimate exercise in freedom of expression, while a second one stated that he had no knowledge about David Duke or the Ku Klux Klan. The editor of The Lancet , Richard Horton , said: "I have no plans to retract the letter, and I would not retract the letter even if it was found to be substantiated." However, Horton subsequently came to Israel's Rambam Hospital for

5104-515: The elderly, undernutrition is more commonly due to physical, psychological, and social factors, not a lack of food. Age-related reduced dietary intake due to chewing and swallowing problems, sensory decline, depression, imbalanced gut microbiome, poverty and loneliness are major contributors to undernutrition in the elderly population. Malnutrition is also attributed due to wrong diet plan adopted by people who aim to reduce their weight without medical practitioners or nutritionist advice. There has been

5192-428: The form of obesity is beginning to appear within the same communities as undernutrition. Most clinical studies use the term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. However, the use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' makes it impossible to distinguish between undernutrition and overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition. Accordingly, a 2019 report by The Lancet Commission suggested expanding

5280-473: The group's first fully open access journal . In 2014, The Lancet Haematology ( haematology ) and The Lancet HIV ( infectious diseases ) were launched, both as online only research titles. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health ( paediatrics ) launched in 2017. The three established speciality journals ( The Lancet Neurology , The Lancet Oncology , and The Lancet Infectious Diseases ) have built up strong reputations in their medical speciality. According to

5368-467: The growth references used in studies include the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts, WHO reference 2007, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), WHO reference 1995, Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria and Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) growth charts. The prevalence of undernutrition

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5456-698: The health status of individuals in the same society are associated with the societal structure and an individual's socioeconomic status which leads to income inequality, racism, educational differences and lack of opportunities. Infectious diseases which increase nutrient requirements, such as gastroenteritis , pneumonia , malaria , and measles , can cause malnutrition. So can some chronic illnesses, especially HIV/AIDS . Malnutrition can also result from abnormal nutrient loss due to diarrhea or chronic small bowel illnesses, like Crohn's disease or untreated coeliac disease . "Secondary malnutrition" can result from increased energy expenditure. In infants,

5544-635: The highest burden of wasting with over 20% wasted children. However, the burden of undernutrition among under-five children in African countries is much higher. A pooled analysis of the prevalence of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa was identified to be 33.3%. This prevalence of undernutrition among under-five children ranged from 21.9% in Kenya to 53% in Burundi. In Tanzania,

5632-524: The human diet from climate change." A collection of vegetable germplasm is kept at the World Vegetable Center, which is considered to have the largest and most diverse collection in the world. The collection itself contains more than 60,000 accessions of 442 different species collected from 156 countries. AVGRIS, the WorldVeg Vegetable Genetic Resources Information System, provides access to all

5720-423: The immediate risk factors has become a major health priority. The recent evidence on the impact of diet-induced obesity in fathers and mothers around the time of conception is identified to negatively program the health outcomes of multiple generations. According to UNICEF, at least 1 in every 10 children under five is overweight in 33 countries. In 1956, Gómez and Galvan studied factors associated with death in

5808-429: The letter as a "u-turn". In June of 2024, The Lancet wrote an op-ed stating that "SARS-CoV-2 is a natural virus that found its way into humans through mundane contact with infected wildlife" and that "doubling down on flawed assumptions in the face of growing evidence calls motivations into question." The 25 September 2021 edition of The Lancet included a review of an exhibition about the history of menstruation at

5896-640: The letter concealed their involvement "to creat[e] the impression of scientific unanimity" and failed to disclose conflicts of interest. After having published letters supporting only the natural origins theory , The Lancet published a letter in September 2021 from a group of 16 virologists, biologists and biosecurity specialists saying that "Research-related hypotheses are not misinformation or conjecture" and that "Scientific journals should open their columns to in-depth analyses of all hypotheses." The Times of India described The Lancet 's decision to publish

5984-631: The letter was Paola Manduca, Professor of Genetics at the University of Genoa in Italy. As reported in The Daily Telegraph , the letter "condemned Israel in the strongest possible terms, but strikingly made no mention of Hamas ' atrocities." According to Haaretz , the authors of the letter include doctors who "are apparently sympathetic to the views of David Duke , a white supremacist and former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard ." One of

6072-540: The letter's authors, Prof. Martin McKee , wrote that the letter “has been greatly misquoted and misinterpreted” and clarified that the 186,000 figure was “purely illustrative”. The letter has been criticized by the experts, such as the Chair of "Every Casualty Counts" network Prof. Michael Spagat , who wrote that the estimate "lacks a solid foundation and is implausible". Prof. Peter A. Singer , former Special Adviser to

6160-430: The long term. Identification of the social conditions that causes malnutrition in children under five has received significant research attention as it is a major public health problem. Undernutrition most commonly results from a lack of access to high-quality, nutritious food. The household income is a socio-economic variable that influences the access to nutritious food and the probability of under and overnutrition in

6248-433: The metastudy. Specifically, The Lancet editors wanted to "evaluate the origination of the database elements, to confirm the completeness of the database, and to replicate the analyses presented in the paper." The independent peer reviewers in charge of the investigation notified The Lancet that Surgisphere would not provide the requested data and documentation. The authors of the metastudy then asked The Lancet to retract

6336-482: The muscles and a gaunt expression. Excessive consumption of energy-dense foods and drinks and limited physical activity causes overnutrition. It causes overweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or more, and can lead to obesity (a BMI of 30 or more). Obesity has become a major health issue worldwide. Overnutrition is linked to chronic non-communicable diseases like diabetes , certain cancers, and cardiovascular diseases . Hence identifying and addressing

6424-471: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic , which continues to highlight the weaknesses of current food and health systems. It has contributed to food insecurity , increasing hunger worldwide; meanwhile, lower physical activity during lockdowns has contributed to increases in overweight and obesity. In 2020, experts estimated that by the end of the year, the pandemic could have double the number of people at risk of suffering acute hunger. Similarly, experts estimated that

6512-602: The population of a community might be at increased risk for malnutrition if government is poor and the area lacks health-related services. On a smaller scale, certain households or individuals may be at an even higher risk due to differences in income levels , access to land, or levels of education. Community plays a crucial role in addressing the social causes of malnutrition. For example, communities with high social support and knowledge sharing about social protection programs can enable better public service demands. Better public service demands and social protection programs minimise

6600-566: The prevalence of stunting, among children under five varied from 41% in lowland and 64.5% in highland areas. Undernutrition by underweight and wasting was 11.5% and 2.5% in lowland and 22.% and 1.4% in the highland areas of Tanzania respectively. In South Sudan, the prevalence of undernutrition explained by stunting, underweight and wasting in under-five children were 23.8%, 4.8% and 2.3% respectively. In 28 countries, at least 30% of children were still affected by stunting in 2022. Vitamin A deficiency affects one third of children under age 5 around

6688-525: The rest in volume ii . In 1990, the journal moved to a sequential volume numbering scheme, with two volumes per year. Volumes were retro-actively assigned to the years prior to 1990, with the first issue of 1990 being assigned volume 335, and the last issue of 1989 assigned volume 334. The table of contents listing on ScienceDirect uses this new numbering scheme. The Lancet includes editorial content and letters in addition to scientific papers, which have at times been controversial. For example, it called for

6776-455: The risk of malnutrition in these communities. It is argued that commodity speculators are increasing the cost of food. As the real-estate bubble in the United States was collapsing, it is said that trillions of dollars moved to invest in food and primary commodities, causing the 2007–2008 food price crisis . The use of biofuels as a replacement for traditional fuels raises the price of food. The United Nations special rapporteur on

6864-623: The specialty journals will feel it incumbent upon themselves to name commissions about a certain particular issue of concern to a wide sub-audience of their readers. One example of this type of commission is the Lancet Infectious Diseases Commission on "Preparedness for emerging epidemic threats", which reported on its mandate in January 2020. Prior to 1990, The Lancet had volume numbering that reset every year. Issues in January to June were in volume i , with

6952-419: The trial and called the critics: "a fairly small, but highly organized, very vocal and very damaging group of individuals who have, I would say, actually hijacked this agenda and distorted the debate so that it actually harms the overwhelming majority of patients." Starting in 2011, critics of the studies filed Freedom of Information Act requests to get access to the authors' primary data, in order to learn what

7040-592: The trial's results would have been under the original protocol. In 2016, some of the data was released, which allowed calculation of results based on the original protocol and found that additional treatment led to no significant improvement in recovery rates over the control group. The results from the PACE trial have been used to promote graded exercise therapy ; however, these recommendations are now viewed by most public health bodies as outdated and highly harmful to ME/CFS patients. In May 2020, The Lancet published

7128-844: The virus . Undernutrition can cause vitamin-deficiency-related diseases like scurvy and rickets . As undernutrition worsens, those affected have less energy and experience impairment in brain functions. This can make it difficult (or impossible) for them to perform the tasks needed to acquire food, earn an income, or gain an education. Undernutrition can also cause acute problems, like hypoglycemia (low blood sugar ). This condition can cause lethargy, limpness, seizures , and loss of consciousness . Children are particularly at risk and can become hypoglycemic after 4 to 6 hours without food. Dehydration can also occur in malnourished people, and can be life-threatening, especially in babies and small children. There are many different signs of dehydration in undernourished people. These can include sunken eyes;

7216-615: The war. The 95% confidence interval was 392,979 to 942,636. 1,849 households that contained 12,801 people were surveyed. In 2011, The Lancet published a study by the UK-based "PACE trial management group", which reported success with graded exercise therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy for ME/CFS ; a follow-up study was published in Lancet Psychiatry in 2015. The studies attracted criticism from some patients and researchers, especially with regard to data analysis that

7304-420: The world – 42% – were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021. Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including elderly people and women (in particular while pregnant or breastfeeding children under five years of age). Undernutrition is an increasing health problem in people aged over 65 years, even in developed countries, especially among nursing home residents and in acute care hospitals. In

7392-472: The world, leading to 670,000 deaths and 250,000–500,000 cases of blindness . Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality by 12 to 24%. As of June 2021, 1.9 billion adults were overweight or obese, and 462 million adults were underweight. Globally, two billion people had iodine deficiency in 2017. In 2020, 900 million women and children had anemia, which is often caused by iron deficiency.  More than 3.1 billion people in

7480-500: Was different from that described in the original protocol . In a 2015 Slate article, biostatistician Bruce Levin of Columbia University was quoted saying "The Lancet needs to stop circling the wagons and be open", and that "one of the tenets of good science is transparency"; while Ronald Davis of Stanford University said: "the Lancet should step up to the plate and pull that paper". Horton defended The Lancet' s publication of

7568-470: Was committed to helping people give up smoking. He added: "Despite the fact that this is a serious problem, it is a little bit extreme for us in Britain to start locking people up because they have an ounce of tobacco somewhere." In August 2014 and during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict , The Lancet published an "Open letter for the people of Gaza " in their correspondence section. The principal author of

7656-507: Was founded in 1823 by Thomas Wakley , an English surgeon who named it after the surgical instrument called a lancet (scalpel). According to BBC, the journal was initially considered to be radical following its founding. Members of the Wakley family retained editorship of the journal until 1908. In 1921, The Lancet was acquired by Hodder & Stoughton . Elsevier acquired The Lancet from Hodder & Stoughton in 1991. According to

7744-494: Was opened in 1973. In 2008 the center was rebranded as the World Vegetable Center. For the first 20 years of its existence the World Vegetable Center was a major global sweet potato research center with over 1,600 accessions in their first two years of operation. In 1991 the World Vegetable Center chose to end its sweet potato research due to high costs and other institutions with a tighter focus coming into existence. The WVC duplicated and transferred its research and germplasm to

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