178-669: Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen ( Thai : วัดปากน้ำภาษีเจริญ , RTGS : Wat Paknam Phasi Charoen ) is a royal wat ('temple') located in Phasi Charoen district, Bangkok, at the Chao Phraya River . It is part of the Maha Nikaya fraternity and is the origin of the Dhammakaya tradition . It is a large and popular temple, supported by prosperous community members. Wat Paknam was established in 1610, during
356-623: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with
534-479: A modernist standpoint have criticized the method. These critics point at the emphasis on pleasant feelings as opposed to insight. They argue against the mystical dimension of meditation practice, saying that bliss in meditation is a hindrance to insight. According to Scott, in the time of Luang Pu Sodh the method was criticized by some for being extra-canonical, although Asian studies scholar Edwin Zehner states there
712-540: A twelve-sided polygon shape with five floors in it, including another 8-meter glass stupa , a room with relics, Buddha images and images of respected monks, including that of Luang Pu Sodh. The structure also contains a meditation hall, a museum, a parking lot, and a lift. The design is partly based on the shape of Luang Pu Sodh's well-known amulets , and partly on the stupa of Wat Lok Moli in Chiangmai, showing both Rattanakosin and Lanna style influences. Within
890-426: A "dry insight" arahant . She goes on to say that this is because the first two methods start with samatha and end in vipassana, which is required for the first three types. Cholvijarn compares this to teachings of Ajahn Lee, who gives a similar description of samatha and vipassana in relation to enlightenment. The practitioner can accomplish a purification of the mind until an end of this can be reached, that
1068-405: A Buddhist studies scholar, stated that People who don't agree [with the verdict] will not yet stop. But for people with some knowledge of laws and regulations, when they learn that the court, the center of Justice, has given its verdict, will they be able to accept that? ... Since Somdet Phra Maharatchamangalacharn [Somdet Chuang] has been found to be without wrongdoing, every party should consider
1246-510: A clear separation of the living areas for monks and mae chi . There is a kitchen that supplies the food for the inhabitants, a system which was in place since the time of Luang Pu Sodh. Considering the large number of temples in the area, and the dispersed, urban community that supports Wat Paknam, a kitchen has been more convenient than the traditional alms round. Nevertheless, monks of the temple do still go on alms rounds. Since he took his post as abbot, Somdet Chuang has been active in renovating
1424-552: A coffin. The coffin is still a major point of attraction for the temple. His remains have not been cremated, because of the large number of people still visiting the temple to pay their respects. Monastics at the temple still hold memorial ceremonies on a regular basis. One of the most significant parts of Luang Pu Sodh's heritage is the combination of learning and meditation, both in monastic practice and teaching to laypeople. When Luang Pu Sodh passed away in 1959, no successors were appointed, which led to discussion about who should be
1602-594: A connection between Dhammakaya meditation and Thai meditation practices since the Ayutthaya period (1350–1776), in which the crystal ball at the center of the body plays a key role. He bases his conclusions on depictions of Nirvana in the manuscripts of the text Traiphuum Phra Ruang . He believes that this tradition may be identified as Yogavacara. Choompolpaisal lists a number of similarities between Dhammakaya meditation and Yogavacara practices from 56 anonymous Ayutthaya meditation teachers. Some of these methods focus on
1780-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
1958-526: A genuine disagreement with the meditation method itself. The interpretations of the true self by the Dhammakaya tradition have been criticized by some Thai Buddhist scholars such as Phra Payutto , and have led to considerable debate in Thailand. The bulk of Thai Theravada Buddhism rejects the true-self teaching of Dhammakaya, and insists upon absolute non-self as the Buddha's real teaching. Proponents of
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#17327797668872136-421: A gesture of goodwill and never made such a confession. Cholvijarn points to bhikkhuni Voramai Kabilsingh , who studied and taught both methods, as being an objective source of clarity to this controversy. According to her autobiographical accounts, bhikkhuni Voramai studied Dhammakaya meditation with Luang Pu Sodh and attained dhammakaya. Afterwards she went on to study Wat Mahathat's method. After completing
2314-624: A leading position in Pali studies. As a monastic administrator, Somdet Chuang has endeavored to increase the level of Pali studies in Thailand, especially in the provinces. He has described Pali as the root of the tree of Buddhism, that should be well taken care of. Wat Paknam has also established initiatives for the Thai Sangha to work on illiteracy in Thailand, through increased education in Thai language. Somdet Chuang has made several contributions to
2492-566: A literal interpretation of "in". Luang Pu Sodh's experience is also understood in the biographies as a deeper meaning to the Middle Way , a teaching described in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta , an early Buddhist discourse . With regard to the Ānāpānasati Sutta , Cholvijarn points to a sermon of Luang Pu Sodh that described how the practice of mindfulness of the breath calms the body, speech and mind in regards to
2670-437: A long history of activities and contact with Buddhists from other countries. In 2012, Somdet Chuang finished building a huge stupa at the temple, named "Maharatchamongkhon", complete with interior Buddhist art. In 2021, construction was completed of a large bronze Buddha image, placed in front of the stupa . The stupa and the statue has made the temple a popular attraction for international tourists. Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen
2848-468: A mantra, are not unique to Dhammakaya meditation, but its specific methods for practice are. Dhammakaya meditation has both samatha and vipassana stages, like other Buddhist traditions. The process of concentration in Dhammakaya meditation correlates with the description of samatha meditation in the Visuddhimagga , specifically kasina meditation. Essential in Dhammakaya meditation
3026-762: A monk, and Phra Maha Show, administrator at the MCU , filed a lawsuit against Phra Suwit. At this point, criticism against the reform panel rose. Several Thai intellectuals and news analysts asserted that Paiboon and Phra Suwit were abusing the Vinaya (monastic discipline) for political ends, and did not really aim to reform Buddhism. A number of Buddhist organizations, as well as the National Office of Buddhism, started to charge online news outlets for libel with regard to Somdet Chuang's person and spreading panic, only to be halted by Somdet Chuang himself. He stated simply: "There
3204-536: A novice at Wat Paknam until he was fully ordained there in 1945, as a monk under Luang Pu Sodh. After Somdet Chuang ordained, Luang Pu Sodh saw his potential and had him continue his Pali studies and work as a secretary at Wat Benchamabophit to the fourteenth Supreme Patriarch Somdet Plot [ th ] , who had a reputation for strict discipline. Somdet Chuang learned about the management of temples from him. In reflection, Somdet Chuang has stated about this period that he "learned from different temples, because
3382-405: A number of initiatives, for example, the promotion of five precepts among prisoners, and promotion of a vegetarian lifestyle . The organisers of the program have claimed that crime has decreased in areas which joined the program. In an interview with newspaper Matichon , Somdet Chuang's attendant Luang Phi Pae said that of all Buddhist teachings, Somdet Chuang would like to propagate the teaching of
3560-543: A plan to build a hospital in Don Muang , Bangkok, named the "Luang Por Wat Paknam Hospital". It is built on property of Wat Paknam. As of September 2015, the area was still being rented, and negotiations with tenants were in progress. With regard to international activities, in Somdet Chuang's words, he "continued upon the work of the previous abbot, (...) Luang Pu Sodh Wat Paknam". In the time of Luang Pu Sodh,
3738-560: A point near the end of the breath, where the in and out breaths are separated in the abdomen. Dhammakaya meditation's traditional use of a crystal ball to maintain focus at the center has also been compared to the use of a bright object as described in the Visuddhimagg a. The practice of visualizing an object at the end of the breath in the abdomen has been found in some ancient Thai meditation manuals as well, states Cholvijarn. The Dhammakaya tradition believes Dhammakaya meditation
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#17327797668873916-441: A quarter can reach visiting Nirvana." Wat Luang Pho Sodh Dhammakayaram has claimed their meditation retreats can lead to the quick attainment of Nirvana, with testimonials claiming 'visiting nirvana within two weeks', or in one case reaching Nirvana in 'just one week'." Nirvana is described by the Dhammakaya tradition as a subtle sphere ( Pali : ayatana ). The "Nirvana sphere" is believed by Dhammakaya practitioners to appear as
4094-427: A relationship of patronage . Chao Khun Prasarn defended Somdet Chuang, however, stating that Somdet Chuang's relation with Luang Por Dhammajayo was typical for a preceptor–student relationship, and that Somdet Chuang had no biases in his role as a Sangha administrator. In June 2015, Paiboon and the remaining National Reform Council submitted a number of proposals to reform the Thai Sangha, including increased control of
4272-489: A sacred symbol of the meditation tradition. According to Buddhist studies scholar Potprecha Cholvijarn, other objects to maintain focus at the center can also be used. For instance, Wat Phra Dhammakaya has taught people in the Solomon Islands to visualize a coconut and has taught Muslims to visualize religious symbols such as a crescent moon to maintain focus at the center. The goal of this practice, states Scott,
4450-415: A school for Pali studies in 1950, which became a leading institute of the country. Luang Pu Sodh has had a lasting impact on the temple, as his teachings and guided meditations are still sold at the temple today and his promotion of Buddhist scholarship has still continued. In the time of Luang Pu Sodh, the temple became popular with and well-supported by a prosperous community of high social class, mostly from
4628-542: A similar point in the body, and feature the same objects used in visualization, that is, a Buddha image and a crystal ball. The meditative experiences which follow after visualization are also similar in nature between the 56 teachers and Dhammakaya. In both, the words dhamma sphere ( duangtham ) and dhammakāya are used to describe some of the experiences. Finally, the Ayutthaya teachers refer to inner bodies in some of their techniques, which have similar features to some of
4806-554: A similar understanding of Nirvana. Similar views were also taught by the 19th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand and are also common in the Thai Forest Tradition founded by Ajahn Mun , with several of Ajahn Mun's esteemed students giving similar descriptions of Nirvana, states Cholvijarn. Such views can be found in borān kammaṭṭhana texts as well. The various Dhammakaya temples have different expectations and emphasis, states Newell. The meditation system at Wat Paknam
4984-485: A subtle physical realm where "enlightened beings eternally exist as individuals with self-awareness", states Harvey, and is accessible by arahants from within their own bodies. In some Dhammakaya tradition lineages, practitioners ritually offer food to these enlightened beings in Nirvana. Cholvijarn argues that Dhammakaya's teaching of Nirvana was influenced by two of Luang Pu Sodh's early meditation teachers, who taught
5162-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
5340-476: A temple in Japan, after a Japanese had been ordained as a monk at Wat Paknam. Luang Pu Sodh died in 1959, and was not able to finish his plans, building only the foundations of a temple in Japan. Several more Japanese were ordained during the time Somdet Pun was abbot. Finally, under the guidance of Somdet Chuang, a full-fledged temple was started in Japan in 1997, through the support of Thai and Japanese. Ceremonies at
5518-470: A temple is also a sort of teacher". After completing his Pali studies, Luang Pu Sodh had Somdet Chuang come back to Wat Paknam to learn about the work at Wat Paknam. Somdet Chuang is known to rarely give interviews or answer questions of journalists. However, he has shown strong engagement with Thai society. In 2014, he asked the Thai government to do more to support the monks in the South, who suffer because of
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5696-453: Is Nirvana. According to Peter Harvey, in the Dhammakaya tradition's teachings, "Nirvana is controversially seen as one's true 'Self'", with the traditional teaching of " non-Self " ( Pali : anattā ) interpreted as "letting go of what is not Self, and finding what truly is Self". In Dhammakaya meditation, a distinction is made between "seeing the Dhammakāya" and "being the Dhammakāya". Only
5874-519: Is a method of Buddhist Meditation developed and taught by the Thai meditation teacher Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro (1885–1959). In Thailand, it is known as Vijjā dhammakāya , which translates as 'knowledge of the dhamma-body'. The Dhammakāya Meditation method is considered one of the most prominent in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia. It has been described as a revival of both " samatha " (tranquility) and " vipassanā " (insight) meditation practices in Thailand. The Dhammakaya Tradition believes
6052-576: Is a royal wat ('temple') located in Phasi Charoen district, Bangkok, at the Chao Phraya River . Wat Paknam was established in 1610, during the Ayutthaya period . Records indicate that King Suriyenthrathibodi (1703–1709) called the temple "Wat Prasat Suan Sawan"( วัดปราสาทสวนสวรรค์ ; literally: 'temple of the heavenly garden palace'). However, the name "Wat Paknam" and "Wat Paknam at the river Bang Luang" ( วัดปากน้ำในคลองบางหลวง ) appear in historical documents of palace administration from 1780 onward. Paknam simply means 'lock in canal', which refers to
6230-569: Is attractive because it emphasizes meditation, offers free dormitories for mae chi , free Buddhist and secular studies, and a stipend of eight hundred baht per month. The temple therefore has the largest mae chi community in Bangkok, and as of 1993, the largest in Thailand. The temple has had a significant impact on female Buddhist practice: the National Thai Nun's Institute was founded by Mae chi Puk from Wat Paknam, who has also led
6408-506: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As
6586-557: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
6764-477: Is based upon the broader Yogavacara tradition." She presents evidence of the borrowing of Luang Pu Sodh's Dhammakaya system from Somdet Suk's system of meditation. She and Asian studies scholar Phibul Choompolpaisal believe a Yogavacara origin to be most likely. If this would be the case, the tradition's meditation method would be an exoteric (openly taught) version of what initially was an esoteric tradition. Thai Studies scholar Barend Jan Terwiel has argued for
6942-427: Is considered as an important first step. The first stage of this path Luang Pu Sodh simply called the 'beginning of the path' ( Thai : ปฐมมรรค , romanized : pathommamak ). The meditation teachers state that with sufficient skill, or if there is an adequate store of merit, the meditator sees this path as a "glowing sphere". According to Tanabe, this state is also described as the arising of bright light at
7120-436: Is described as the attainment of samadhi or one-pointedness of mind, in which several spheres and then various inner bodies are revealed, ultimately revealing "the true self, the true mind, the Dhammakaya." Practitioners typically repeat the samma araham mantra, then visualize a mental image of the bright crystal or light, and then move the mental image inwards through seven bases of the mind, that is: In this context,
7298-451: Is done by contemplating the three marks of existence of the lower mundane inner bodies. The vipassana stage is where the meditator can gain insights into the truth through observation of their own physical and mental processes. It is believed they can understand birth, death and suffering at a deeper level, when they see the literal essence of these phenomena through meditative attainment. The higher knowledge and transcendental wisdom in
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7476-667: Is embedded within religious ceremonies; Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Wat Luang Phor Sodh Dhammakayaram use meditation retreats; Wat Luang Phor Sodh Dhammakayaram emphasizes higher stages of absorption to attain Dhammakaya in their publications, while Wat Phra Dhammakaya emphasizes developing calm and concentration. Some Dhammakaya temples are more esoteric about the method than others. For instance, according to Mackenzie, Wat Paknam and Wat Phra Dhammakaya monks do not openly discuss their meditation practice related to defeating Māra . Wat Luang Phor Sodh Dhammakayaram openly encourages meditation at higher levels, while Wat Phra Dhammakaya openly focuses on
7654-435: Is literally translated from Pali as "in" rather than "as". According to Cholvijarn, Luang Pu Sodh considered the phrase as having several meanings based on the individual person's level of understanding. Luang Pu Sodh did understand the phrase "body in body" as meaning being mindful of the body, but also understood it as extending the mindfulness to the inner bodies for practitioners who could see them with meditative attainments,
7832-408: Is located before the stupa . The image is made in meditation posture and is based on the Buddha image as used in the meditation method by Luang Pu Sodh. According to a spokesperson of the temple, the material the image is made of is pure bronze, making the image the first of its kind in the world. The construction is a cooperation between Thai and Chinese construction technicians. It was finished with
8010-551: Is no real problem, you don't have to do anything against them". In February 2016, Chao Khun Prasarn, vice-rector of the MCU , assistant abbot of Wat Mahadhatu , and proponent of Somdet Chuang's appointment, held a protest of over a thousand of Thai monks in the Phutthamonthon Park, as a response to the postponing of the appointment. He demanded that the Thai junta not interfere with the Sangha's affairs, in particular
8188-413: Is the "center of the body," which Luang Pu Sodh describes as being at a point two finger widths above the navel of each person. The center of the body has also been described as the "end of the breath", the point in the abdomen where the breath goes back and forth. According to the Dhammakaya tradition, the mind can only attain a higher level of insight through this center and it is where the Dhammakaya ,
8366-440: Is the enlightened who become Arahant , while the unenlightened revert to the prior state ( anupadisesa nibbana ), in the Dhammakaya meditation system. Success in the higher-levels of meditation is claimed to create supranormal powers such as the ability to "visit [Buddhist] heavens and hells to see the fate the deceased family members" and "visit nibbana (nirvana) to make offerings to the Buddha", states Newell. According to Scott,
8544-405: Is the first stage of absorption, from which insight meditation can be started. Next comes the pañña (wisdom, insight) sphere, and then the sphere of liberation ( vimutti ). Finally, the "sphere of knowledge and vision of liberation" ( vimutti-ñanadassana ) arises – a term normally used for Arahatship, according to the Dhammakaya meditation teachings. When the practitioner concentrates further on
8722-486: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai
8900-427: Is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and
9078-506: Is the ninth inner body and is characterized by "the lap width, height and sphere diameter [of] 9 meters." The size of the Dhammakaya bodies increase, as the meditator progresses through these intermediate stages, from a height and lap-width of 9 meters or more to 40 meters or more. According to Harvey, the visualized inner bodies in Dhammakaya teachings are said to appear like Buddha-images, followed by bodies of Noble persons, finally that of an arahant's radiant Dhammakaya form within allowing
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#17327797668879256-577: Is the preceptor (the person who ordained) Luang Por Dhammajayo , abbot of Wat Phra Dhammakaya , and Wat Phra Dhammakaya has been associated with the Red Shirt pressure group , opposing the junta. As part of the junta's efforts to "de-Thaksinize" the country, i.e. free the country from former PM Thaksin 's influence, Wat Paknam and Wat Phra Dhammakaya's influence had to be limited too. The relation between Wat Paknam and Wat Phra Dhammakaya had been subject of speculation since 1999, when Wat Phra Dhammakaya
9434-426: Is the understanding of Nirvana as supreme happiness that is underscored in dhammakāya practice, rather than its traditional rendering as the cessation of greed, hatred and delusion ", though at times these two descriptions are combined. This positive description of Nirvana as a state of supreme happiness may have contributed to the popularity of Wat Phra Dhammakaya to new members, states Scott. This view of Nirvana in
9612-497: The Ayutthaya period , and received support from Thai kings until the late nineteenth century. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the temple had become nearly abandoned and had fallen into disrepair. The temple underwent a major revival and became widely known under the leadership of the meditation master Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro , who was abbot there in the first half of the twentieth century. Seven years after Luang Pu's death, Somdet Chuang Varapuñño [ th ] became
9790-709: The Council of State [ th ] dismissed the case, stating it had been done correctly. When in July 2016 it became clear that the junta had still not submitted the appointment of the Supreme Patriarch, Chao Khun Prasarn came out to give the junta an ultimatum of seven days, after which he would "consult with his team what to do next". The junta responded by prohibiting any further gatherings, which had been prohibited under martial law anyway. If Chao Khun Prasarn still continued, he would be sued and defrocked,
9968-504: The Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University (MCU), Thammasart University and Sripatum University in Thailand. He received the royal honorific names Phrasrivisuddhimoli (in 1956), Phraratchavethi (in 1962), Phrathepwarawethi (in 1967), Phra Thamthirarathmahamuni (in 1973), Phrathampanyabodi (in 1987) and Phra Maha Ratchamangalacharn (in 1995). His last honorific made him officially a member of
10146-612: The National Legislative Assembly amended the 2005 Monastic Act to allow other monks than Somdet Chuang to be appointed Supreme Patriarch. Previously, this had been impossible because the law stipulated that the most senior patriarch ( พระราชาคณะ , phra racha khana ) of the Sangha Council had to be appointed. Under the new amendment, which was reverting the Monastic Act to its 1992 version, any of
10324-568: The Supreme Sangha Council . He has presided over meetings of the council since 2005, when he became the acting Supreme Patriarch. Although the number of monks and mae chi has decreased since the time of Luang Pu Sodh, the temple still boasts a number of 200–400 monks, 80–150 novices, 160–300 mae chi ('nuns') and 30–100 resident volunteers, as reported in the 1990s and 2000s. After the deaths of Somdet Phra Yanasangworn and caretaker Somdet Kiaw in 2013, Somdet Chuang became
10502-546: The Vinaya , as a parent would be just to his children. In 2015, nine years after the 1999 charges against Luang Por Dhammajayo had been withdrawn, Paiboon addressed Somdet Chuang's relation with Wat Phra Dhammakaya again. Paiboon pointed out that Somdet Chuang had stated he had received large donations from Wat Phra Dhammakaya for the building of the Phramaharatchamongkhon stupa , which Paiboon believed indicated
10680-438: The coup d'état , the junta started a National Reform Council to bring stability to Thai society, which the junta stated was required before elections could be held. As part of the council, a panel was started to reform Thai religion. This panel was led by Paiboon Nititawan, a former senator who had played a crucial role in the coup. Backed by the bureaucracy, military and Royal Palace, Paiboon sought to deal with any shortcomings in
10858-540: The discriminations , one who has the higher knowledges , one who has the threefold knowledges, and one who has "dry insight", meaning they are enlightened but have none of the knowledges of the first three. According to bhikkhuni Voramai, Dhammakaya meditation and the Buddho method of meditation she learned with Ajahn Lee allows one to become the first three arahants , while the vipassana method taught at Wat Mahathat allows one to become enlightened quickly, but only as
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#173277976688711036-533: The insurgency there . He has also promoted ethics in Thai society, requesting television stations to remind viewers of the five Buddhist precepts during their broadcasts, and reminding viewers himself in a 2016 television broadcast of the Magha Puja festival. Since the time of his appointment as an abbot, the temple's activities have expanded, and in 1969, King Bhumibol Adulyadej led the Kathina ceremony at
11214-502: The samatha stage of Dhammakaya includes "the fruits of supranormal powers ( iddhi ) and knowledge ( abhiñña )", a feature that is common in other modernist interpretations of Buddhism. The attainment of the Dhammakaya (or Dhammakayas ) is described by many practitioners as the state where there is the cessation of the defilements in the mind, or, in positive terms, as the true, ultimate, permanent happiness (Pali: nibbanam paramam sukham ). According to Scott, "more often than not, it
11392-429: The vimutti-ñanadassana , a series of eight inner bodies arise from this sphere, which are successively more subtle, and come in pairs, starting with "a crude human form" ( panita-manussakaya ). Each of these bodies is preceded by several spheres of light. The eight inner bodies begin in a form identical to the meditator, but are more refined. After the crude human body, there arises the "refined human body" and then
11570-402: The vipassana stage is "beyond the attainment of Dhammakaya" of the samatha stage. According to Scott, the Dhammakaya method tends to emphasize aspects of samatha meditation, rather than vipassana meditation. The Dhammakaya meditation method contrasts with the other Buddhist traditions where samatha stage is considered a preliminary step to develop "one-pointedness of mind" followed by
11748-510: The vipassana stage that "alone brings the meditator to full and final release (Nibbāna) in the Buddhist view". The vipassana tradition of Wat Mahathat claims that Luang Pu Sodh allegedly confessed to officials at Wat Mahathat that he had been wrong to emphasize Dhammakaya meditation as Wat Mahathat's vipassana was the best method. The Dhammakaya tradition rejects this claim, stating that Luang Pu Sodh only learned Wat Mahathat's method as
11926-452: The "crude celestial body" and the "refined celestial body". After the meditator attains the refined celestial body, this gives way to the "crude form Brahma body". This is followed by "refined form Brahma body", "crude formless Brahma body" and "refined formless Brahma body". Once again, like previous inner bodies, these bodies have a normal and refined form. According to Mackenzie, "[t]his series of [four] bodies seems to broadly correspond to
12104-420: The 1999 case of Luang Por Dhammajayo 's alleged embezzlement of land. Somdet Chuang and the rest of the Sangha Council were also involved in this, as they were accused of being negligent in not defrocking Luang Por Dhammajayo. First, the Sangha Council reconsidered the embezzlement and fraud charges, but concluded that Luang Por Dhammajayo had not intended to commit fraud or embezzlement, and had already returned
12282-616: The 5th-century Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa . In this process, meditation tradition was devalued among monastics, as the study of scriptures was more valued. Thai temples in the Mahānikāya fraternity were forced to adjust to new reforms, including the meditation method used and taught. Education in Buddhist doctrine was standardized and centralized, and some local meditation lineages such as of Ajarn Mun gradually died out. Meditation traditions responded by reforming their methods, and looking for textual support for their meditation system in
12460-741: The AMLO indicated investigations in Wat Paknam were still continuing, though they were nearly over. Junta-appointed director of the National Office Of Buddhism Pongporn Pramsaneh stated later that the AMLO investigations in Wat Paknam were part of a protocol investigation and there were no particular suspicions with regard to Wat Paknam. Apart from Wat Paknam, four other large temples in Bangkok were under investigation. In December 2021, Somdet Chuang died, aged 96. Phra Phrom Moli, Somdet Chuang's assistant abbot,
12638-402: The Bangkok area. To compensate for the lack of local supporters, and at the same time dealing with the problem of local delinquent children causing trouble for the temple, Luang Pu Sodh set up a free primary school. Later, when the Thai government set up schooling all over the country, Luang Pu Sodh had the government take over the school. Luang Pu Sodh died in 1959, and his body has been kept in
12816-650: The Bangkok lay community since the time of Luang Pu Sodh. As of 2013, there was a queue of 540 years to be the chairman of the yearly Kathina ceremony at the temple, which requires a donation. This is a highly unusual long queue. Supporters therefore donate to allow future family members to lead the ceremony. Besides the abbot, the temple is managed by two deputy abbots, Luang Por Wichian Anomaguno and Luang Por Vira Ganutamo, specialized in religious learning and meditation respectively. Each residence and public building has its own head, with one head taking care of twenty monks or novices. Mae chi have their own head who reports to
12994-517: The Buddhist scriptures, in an attempt to establish orthodoxy and survive. Meditation became less esoteric, as temple traditions and their local teachers adapted to this pressure for uniform orthodox meditation practice. According to biographies published by Dhammakaya-related temples, the principles of Dhammakaya meditation were rediscovered by Luang Pu Sodh at Wat Botbon, in Nonthaburi Province sometime between 1915–1917. The tradition
13172-515: The Buddhist temple attractive for the public, and, in times of crisis, to engage in charity and offer solace to the public. As a Sangha administrator, he has been credited with solving issues of unity in the Sangha. He has also spoken out and acted against monks using motor bikes, smoking and other disciplinary matters, and has attempted to fix problems in the monastic community, such as incorrect teachings, lack of thoroughness in ordination procedures . and lack of knowledge of modern law. In 2014, after
13350-469: The DSI formally summoned Somdet Chuang, because of a vintage car no longer in use, kept in a museum at Wat Paknam. Wat Paknam had asked people to donate second-hand belongings with an educative value to the museum in the stupa . However, the car was not properly registered, which DSI believed was to evade taxes. There had been an investigation running since 2013 into the car, offered to the temple's museum, which
13528-488: The DSI in response, in both a civil ( phaen ) and criminal ( aya ) lawsuit. The temple's lawyer stated that although Somdet Chuang and Luang Phi Pae had already forgiven the officers who charged them, the temple committee concluded that the temple's reputation had suffered greatly, and demanded the department take responsibility for their mistakes. The DSI responded that they "would definitely not charge" Luang Phi Pae anymore, after which Wat Paknam withdrew. On 29 December 2016,
13706-523: The Dhamma-body, is located. It has the shape of a Buddha sitting within oneself. This center is also believed to play a fundamental role in the birth and death of an individual. As is common with traditional samatha practice, the first step of Dhammakaya meditation at the samatha level is to overcome mental hindrances to concentration . This enables the meditator to focus and access the meditative center. There are several techniques taught by
13884-477: The Dhammakaya Tradition to help focus the attention on the center of the body. Practitioners visualize a mental image at the center of the body–characteristically, a crystal ball or a crystal clear Buddha image. The use of crystal ball as an aid to meditation in the Dhammakaya practice has been compared with meditation on a bright object in the Visuddhimagga , and the crystal ball has become
14062-423: The Dhammakaya meditation system is in contrast to the orthodox Theravada via negativa description of Nirvana being "not Samsāra ". The Dhammakaya is considered the "purest element" and the Buddha nature which is permanent and essential. This purest element has the shape of a luminous Buddha figure sitting within oneself. According to Scott, the full realization of the Dhammakaya ontology has been described in
14240-403: The Dhammakaya tradition as Nirvana . According to Newell, Dhammakaya is sometimes described in the Dhammakaya tradition as a state reached more easily and by more meditators than the state of Nirvana. A Wat Luang Pho Sodh Dhammakayaram publication states in reference to their retreat programs, quotes Newell, "Past results indicate that half of [retreat] participants can transcend to Dhammakaya and
14418-504: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
14596-581: The Northern Region. He cited his old age as reason, and denied any political motivations. Luang Por Wichian Anomaguno, deputy-abbot of Wat Paknam, was appointed as region head instead. In 2019, the Royal Thai Government Gazette announced that Somdet Chuang had retired from his position in the Sangha Council, leaving Luang Por Wichian and Phra Suchat as representatives of Wat Paknam on the assembly. On 5 July 2017, as part of
14774-677: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard
14952-532: The Phutthamonthon, a national park used as a center for Buddhism. In 2000, he built a pavilion in it with fragments from the Tipitaka carved in marble, as well as a stupa with relics , and a library. Also, he has planned to replace the standing Buddha image in the park, which was deteriorating. The new image is to stand 145 meters (476 ft) tall. Buddha images in Japan were studied as examples for
15130-502: The Red Cross), and from Supreme Patriarch Phra Yanasangworn. From 2005 onward, people could also register for organ , tissue, bone and eye donation . Phrakhru Chai has described the donations as a higher form of practicing goodness ( Pali : upapārami ). As of June 2014, the blood donations were still held frequently. Wat Paknam also organizes free health check-ups for the local community. In 2013, local policy makers developed
15308-412: The Sangha Council from the process of appointing the Supreme Patriarch. While proponents considered the amendment a good way for politicians to solve the problems the Sangha had not been able to solve, opponents described the amendment as "sneaky" ( ลักไก่ ). Chao Khun Prasarn stated the amendment showed a grave lack of respect for the Sangha Council's authority, because the council had not been involved in
15486-584: The Sangha Council protested that the (then still existent) reform council panel should consult them more in their policy-making, and described the measures as "a possible destruction of Buddhism through indirect means". Phra Suchat further criticized the junta: "Previously, when politicians issued new laws or regulations, they did so to facilitate and honor the Sangha to make Buddhism stable in this country. But currently, politicians order monks around, even though they are not always knowledgeable in these matters." Chao Khun Prasarn intended to organize another protest, but
15664-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
15842-501: The United States, some of which are former Christian churches, have been founded from 1984 onward. The temples attract Thai people, as well as Laotians and Cambodians. The international centers mainly emphasize meditation practice. The Japanese temple, Wat Paknam Japan , has a traditional Thai appearance, 32,000 square metres (7.9 acres) wide, with a classic Thai Ubosot hall. In 1957, Luang Pu Sodh had already planned to found
16020-667: The Yogavacara tradition (also known as tantric Theravāda or borān kammaṭṭhāna ); not to be confused with the Yogacāra School in Mahāyāna Buddhism ). The Dhammakaya meditation method managed to survive the pressures to reform Buddhism in modern Thailand. Its ancestry may be related to the Suk meditation system and to Wat Rajasittharam, the former residence of Somdet Suk [ th ] (early 19th century), "the heir to
16198-484: The abbot and the National Thai Nun's Institute. In administrative matters, Somdet Chuang is assisted by Phra Suchat Dhammaratano, who leads a secretariat to the Supreme Sangha Council. The temple has a reputation for having made Dhammakaya meditation widely known in Thailand, through monks and lay teachers. The monastics at the temple spend much time on meditation. Moreover, the temple is trying to keep
16376-518: The acting Supreme Patriarch. However, he did not receive the full position, as the Thai junta refused to forward the nomination to the King for approval. In December 2013, during the protests which led up to the 2014 coup d'état , Somdet Chuang made a public statement opposing the protests, asking protest leaders Phra Suwit Dhiradhammo [ th ] and Suthep Thaugsuban to stop causing civil unrest, in respect of King Bhumibol's birthday. After
16554-530: The amendment at all. He argued that the Monastic Act had always given the final authority to the King anyway, and pointed out that all conflicts about the appointment were caused by the National Reform Council (the junta), not by the Sangha. Despite these objections, on 10 January 2017, the Supreme Sangha Council officially withdrew its nomination of Somdet Chuang, stating that the new amendment had made their nomination moot. However, Somdet Chuang
16732-462: The appointment of the next Supreme Patriarch. The junta responded by sending soldiers to control the site, and it came to a few scuffles. At 9 pm, the protest was ended when the monks announced they would repeat their protests if their demands were not met. However, the junta saw the protests as another reason to stall the appointment. In response to the rising tensions, eventually junta Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-o-cha intervened and brought an end to
16910-427: The attainment of Nirvana. Buddhist studies scholar Chanida Jantrasrisalai, however, argues that the term was originally more connected with the process of enlightenment than the way it later came to be interpreted. Jantrasrisalai states that "in all references to dhammakāya in early Buddhist usage, it is apparent that dhammakāya is linked always with the process of enlightenment in one way or another. Its relation with
17088-526: The attempt to revive the embezzlement case: it had already been closed in 2006 by the then Attorney-General. He also dissolved the religious panel of the reform council. Paiboon and Phra Suwit continued to address the leading Sangha's shortcomings through judicial means, however, and cited these shortcomings to support the stalling of the appointment. Meanwhile, Chao Khun Prasarn was sent to an "attitude adjustment" camp for some time. News analysts and scholars have suggested several underlying motivations to explain
17266-443: The bank accounts of Thai temples, increased control on monastic disciplinarians, changing the abbots of all Thai temples every five years, and raising taxes for monks, who had been exempt from taxes. Although Sangha Council spokesperson Phra Suchat did understand the need for more financial control, better accounting required nationwide training of abbots, which the National Office of Buddhism had already planned to organize. Furthermore,
17444-615: The basic level, as well as adapts simplified versions of the technique according to age and culture, teaching higher levels of meditation only to selected individuals. Temples of the tradition refer mostly to the Mahasatipaṭṭhāna Sutta , the Ānāpānasati Sutta and the Visuddhimagga for Dhammakaya meditation's theoretical foundations. According to Cholvijarn, Luang Pu Sodh made the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta and
17622-409: The body as devoid of organs, blood and everything else except the crystal ball. When the mind is concentrated at the center of the body, the pathama-magga , or dhamma sphere ( duangtham ), may be seen by a wholesome person, but is not seen by an unwholesome person or those who lack sufficient concentration powers, according to Dhammakaya teachings. The first sighting of this "bright crystal sphere"
17800-660: The building of memorials in Sri Lanka at several places of historical significance. In recognition of his merits, Somdet Chuang has received honorific titles from the Sri Lankan , Bangladeshi and Burmese Sanghas . Wat Paknam is a 32,000 square metres (7.9 acres) temple complex, with a large number of buildings. Wat Paknam's oldest sections, such as the Buddha image in the ubosoth and the ho trai , still reveal its Ayutthaya origins and style. The temple's grounds are shaped like an island, surrounded by canals. The temple has
17978-486: The center of the body is often called the "seventh or final base", and is called the mind's final resting place. The meditator continues to repeat the mantra while shifting the focus to the sphere's center and layers of concentric spheres therein. This use of psycho-physical centers in the Dhammakaya meditation is similar to the chakras in the Tibetan Buddhist tantra practice, states Mackenzie. However,
18156-424: The center of the body. According to Skilton and Choompolpaisal, this practice sometimes leads to the pīti state, or the temporary experience of goosebumps or other physical responses. From this arises a brighter sphere, the sila sphere, followed by an even brighter and more refined sphere of samadhi (mental concentration). According to Jayamaṅggalo, the former abbot of Wat Luang Phor Sodh Dhammakayaram, this
18334-478: The conflicts with regard to Somdet Chuang's appointment. It has been pointed out that if Somdet Chuang were to become Supreme Patriarch, it would mean a leader from the Maha Nikaya fraternity, rather than the Dhammayuttika fraternity, which historically has always been the preferred choice by the Thai government and monarchy. They also suggested that an important reason for the stalling is that Somdet Chuang
18512-627: The construction, as the Thai Society of Police was enlisted for help in fundraising. The project was started in 2012, to celebrate 2560 years since the Buddha's enlightenment ( Buddha Jayanti , following the Buddhist Era ). The project was also promoted as a way to help Thailand become the center of Buddhism in the world. Wat Paknam attracts mae chi , because of Luang Pu Sod's policies, which provide opportunities and flexibility. The temple
18690-567: The constructions at the temple complex, for which there was no expertise available during the time Somdet Pun was caretaker abbot. In 2004, Somdet Chuang took the initiative to start building a huge stupa at the temple, named "Maharatchamongkhon" ( มหารัชมงคล ). The name means 'a blessed, great land', and refers to Thailand under the reign of the Royal Family , to which the stupa has been dedicated. It also refers to Somdet Chuang's honorary name. The 80 meters (260 ft) high stupa has
18868-410: The council decided there was no need to prosecute Luang Por Dhammajayo, but gave four directives for the abbot to practice. Somdet Chuang's role was disputed as he was both member of the council and preceptor of Luang Por Dhammajayo. In the same year, in an interview with news outlet Thai Rath , Somdet Chuang said he was not favoring Luang Por Dhammajayo, and considered all the accusations in the light of
19046-516: The coup d'état, junta leader Prayut consulted Somdet Chuang as acting Supreme Patriarch, which is a custom for new prime ministers. Somdet Chuang emphasized restoring and managing the environment better, promoting unity and honesty in society, through upholding the five precepts. Three months later, when the just-ousted former PM Yingluck came to see Somdet Chuang, he recommended her to be patient and enduring, and not to be affected too much by outer circumstances. In 2014, Somdet Chuang started promoting
19224-404: The course, she returned to Wat Paknam and told Luang Pu Sodh she only used her outer human body to meditate with Wat Mahathat's method, in order to keep her dhammakaya during the training. Luang Pu Sodh then told her to always keep her dhammakaya. In comparing Dhammakaya meditation with other methods she practiced, bhikkhuni Voramai states that there are four types of arahants : one who has
19402-457: The cross-fertilization of Tibetan Buddhist practices into Dhammakaya system. Crosby doubts the link, because of the two systems using different terminology. It is also "quite possible" that Luang Pu Sodh developed the Dhammakaya meditation approach through his own "psychic experiences", in Mackenzie's words, or partly based on older tradition, and partly a new invention. After discovering
19580-1243: The day. According to a textbook of one temple, the meditation workshop was reserved for gifted practitioners able to practice Dhammakaya meditation on a higher level. The purpose of the workshop was to use meditation to study certain subjects, which included understanding the nature of the world and the universe, "to learn the truth about the worlds and the galaxies". Since Luang Pu Sodh's death in 1959, Dhammakaya meditation has been taught by his students at several major temples, including Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen, Wat Phra Dhammakaya in Pathum Thani , Wat Luang Por Sodh Dhammakayaram in Damnoen Saduak District , Ratchaburi Province , and Wat Rajorasaram in Bang Khun Thian District , Bangkok, as well as in branch centers of these temples across and outside of Thailand. Of these, Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Wat Luang Por Sodh Dhammakayaram have published instruction books on Dhammakaya meditation in English. Both also offer training retreats for
19758-457: The detailed symbolism found in the Tibetan tradition is not found in the Dhammakaya tradition. In the tradition, the first six bases facilitate visualization, but are not required, as advanced meditators can directly visualize the seventh base. After the meditator has visualized the movement of a crystal ball through the bases until it rests on the seventh final base, the practitioner envisions
19936-468: The eight patriarchs in the Sangha Council could be appointed. The law was amended within one single day, which was highly unusual. In addition to the adjustments in the nomination process, more authority was given to the King , and less to the Sangha Council. The legislative assembly stated that, apart from the role of the King, they wanted to solve further conflict in the Sangha. They therefore decided to remove
20114-443: The existence of a Higher or Real Self ( attā )" by their own realizations. The word dhammakāya in its orthodox sense is commonly understood as a figurative term, meaning the "body" or the sum of the Buddha's teachings. The idea of a body of spiritual attainment can be found in the early Pali scriptures , though, but this is described as a "body accomplished by the mind" ( Pali : manomayakāya ) and not directly connected with
20292-421: The experience of Nirvana. Dhammakaya meditation begins with a samatha (concentration) method with a crystal sphere as an aid to acquiring the Dhammakaya, which is believed to exist inside everybody. Although some Thai scholars and meditation traditions have criticized Dhammakaya meditation as being a samatha only method, Cholvijarn states that Luang Pu Sodh did emphasize a vipassana (insight) stage, which
20470-616: The five precepts the most. In 2017, the National Office of Buddhism claimed that over 60% of Thailand's population was now involved in the program, amounting to more than 39 million people. As of 2019, the program was still being run by the Sangha Council, and awards were being given to exemplary villages and cities. Under Somdet Chuang's supervision, Wat Paknam has established the Luang Por Wat Paknam Foundation, aimed at charity for educational projects, construction, and charity. Led largely by meditation mae chi ,
20648-852: The five precepts through a nationwide program The Villages Practicing the Five Precepts ( หมู่บ้านรักษาศีล ๕ , muban raksa sin ha ). In this program, held in cooperation with the National Office of Buddhism, villages are encouraged to agree on adhering to the five precepts unanimously. Villages that have one in two inhabitants participating receive a sign to announce their intentions to the outside world. Evaluations are held per monastic administrative region, and awards are given to exemplary villages that have eighty percent of villagers participating. Schools and colleges, local administration, Sangha and private companies are all involved in promotion and practice. Similar programs have been held in Thailand since 1978, but never at this scale. The program has inspired
20826-488: The foundation also supports education for monastics. Moreover, it has helped people hit by the 2011 floods in Thailand and Somdet Chuang has traveled to offer charity to the affected areas of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal , in cooperation with the organization Hands 4 Nepal. Wat Paknam has organized a number of activities to promote and support public health. Since 1973, Wat Paknam has organized three-monthly blood donations at
21004-434: The four satipaṭṭhānas central to the Dhammakaya meditation system, being one of the first meditation masters of his time to do so. According to Mackenzie, Luang Pu Sodh interpreted a phrase which is normally interpreted as 'contemplating the body as a body' as contemplating the body in the body. The Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta contains a series of expressions for contemplating the body as body, feelings as feelings, etc. but
21182-442: The four satipaṭṭhānas . Jayamaṅggalo relates Dhammakaya meditation's focus on the center of the body to the practice of ānāpānasati in accordance with the Visuddhimagga . The Visuddhimagga instructs meditators to observe the passing of the breath at one fixed point, rather than to follow the breath in and out, which would agitate the mind. According to Jayamaṅggalo, Dhammakaya meditation follows these instructions by focusing at
21360-468: The goodness he has done, and what he deserves to get for that. After the first verdict of innocence, the DSI appealed. But in June 2017, the appeal failed when again no evidence could be found. Wat Paknam asked the DSI to publicly admit their wrongdoing in accusing Somdet Chuang and charging Luang Pi Pae, now that two courts had not found any evidence of their guilt. If the DSI did not respond, they would charge
21538-567: The inner bodies in the Dhammakāya system. An alternative theory suggests an origin in Tibetan or other forms of Mahāyāna Buddhism. According to Mackenzie, it is possible but unlikely that someone who knew the Tibetan meditation methods met and shared that knowledge with Luang Pu Sodh in the early 1910s. There are similarities between the two systems, states Mackenzie, as well as with the concepts such as chakra (tantric psycho-physical centers), "crystal sphere" and Vajra . Though these commonalities are widely accepted, no proof has emerged yet of
21716-463: The institute for a long time. Mae chi Chandra Khonnokyoong became the teacher of Luang Por Dhammajayo, and together with him founded Wat Phra Dhammakaya. In addition, Voramai Kabilsingh , the first bhikkhuni (fully ordained nun) in Thailand, used to be a practitioner at the temple when still a laywoman, and her daughter, bhikkhuni Dhammananda , has indicated her meditation teaching was inspired by Dhammakaya meditation . Kabilsingh has stated that
21894-447: The junta threatened. In November, the prosecutors decided not to charge Somdet Chuang, because he was not involved in the purchase. They charged attendant Luang Phi Pae instead, and another six people who had taken part in importing the vintage car. On 12 January 2017, however, the prosecutor issued a non-prosecution order against Luang Phi Pae, since the DSI had found no evidence of conspiring to evade taxes. The order indicated innocence on
22072-921: The land concerned; after that, Phra Suwit enlisted the help of the Ombudsman , who asked the General-Attorney and the National Office of Buddhism to reconsider the criminal law case of embezzlement. Next, Phra Suwit Dhiradhammo led two hundred soldiers and civilians to pay a visit to Wat Paknam. He made an offering to Somdet Chuang and asked several critical questions with regard to the verdict of innocence of Luang Por Dhammajayo. The questions were answered by Sangha Council secretary Phra Suchat Dhammaratano ( see § Practices and propagation , below ) on Somdet Chuang's behalf. Critics interpreted Phra Suwit's visit, followed by his PR through social media, as aggressive, disrespectful, and inappropriate for
22250-440: The latter is equated with having attained the stages of enlightenment at a stable level. It is believed that the further practitioners progress through the successive stages of the practice, the more their mind will become more pure and refined. According to Newell, as the meditator attains the higher-levels of Dhammakaya inner bodies, he reaches the final state of dhammakaya-arahatta where he may be enlightened or unenlightened. It
22428-522: The leading Thai Sangha through legislative means. He was joined by coup leader Phra Suwit Dhiradhammo (known under the activist name Phra Phuttha Issara), a then monk and former infantryman. On 5 January 2016, Somdet Chuang had been nominated by the Supreme Sangha Council to take the post of Supreme Patriarch officially. Phra Suwit objected to this nomination, and held a petition to stop it, which succeeded. Moreover, in February 2015, Paiboon tried to reopen
22606-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
22784-481: The meditation method "a unique method of meditation which involves a visualization technique not unlike that associated with certain yogic or tantric forms of meditation, and is easily taught to large groups of people". Mackenzie concludes that the Dhammakaya meditation method is within the standards of Thai Buddhism, and that criticism of the method stems largely from people who disapprove of Wat Phra Dhammakaya's high-profile status and fundraising practices, rather than
22962-477: The meditation technique leads to the attainment of Nirvana , and in advanced stages, can give the meditator various supernatural abilities, or abhiñña . Dhammakaya Meditation is taught at several temples of the Tradition, and consists of a stage of samatha (tranquility) and vipassana (insight), following the structure of the Visuddhimagga , a standard fifth-century Theravāda guide about meditation. In
23140-504: The meditative development up to the four jhanas", through them, and then the four formless meditation attainments. The final four of these inner pairs are called the Dhammakayas and are equated with the four stages of enlightenment , leading to the final stage of enlightenment ( arahant ). In between is the 'change-of-lineage' ( Pali : gotrabhū ) intermediary Dhammakaya state. According to Newell, quoting Jayamaṅggalo, this state
23318-578: The method of Dhammakaya meditation, Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro first taught it to others at Wat Bangpla, in Nakhon Pathom Province . Luang Pu Sodh was given his first position as abbot at Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen , a temple that has been associated with Dhammakaya meditation ever since. In 1931, Luang Pu Sodh set up what he called a 'meditation workshop' ( Thai : โรงงานทำวิชชา , romanized : ronggan tham vicha ) with meditation practitioners meditating in six-hour shifts throughout
23496-477: The method to be the same as the original method the Buddha used to attain enlightenment , which was lost and then rediscovered by Luang Pu Sodh in the 1910s. The most important aspect of the meditation method is the focus on the center of the body, which leads to the attainment of the Dhammakāya , the Dhamma-body, found within every human being. Similar to other meditation traditions, the Dhammakaya Tradition believes
23674-488: The method, the stages are described in terms of inner bodies ( Pali : kāya ), but also in terms of meditative absorptions ( Pali : jhānas ). Scholars have proposed several possibilities for the origin of the method, with the Yogavacara tradition as the likely source, as well as acknowledging that Luang Pu Sodh may have independently developed it through his own psychic experiences. Dhammakaya Meditation has been
23852-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
24030-441: The new abbot until his death in 2021. Somdet Chuang made international headlines from 2015 onward, when his appointment as Supreme Patriarch (acting head of the Thai monastic community ) was stalled and finally withdrawn, due to reasons generally interpreted as political. This has led to heated debate and protests in Thailand. As part of this process, Somdet Chuang and his assistant were accused of tax fraud. It turned out that there
24208-581: The next abbot. For seven years, Somdet Pun Punnasiri , who was a nephew and former attendant of Luang Pu Sodh, was caretaker abbot, waiting for a permanent candidate. He was replaced by Somdet Chuang Varapuñño (born 1925). Somdet Chuang, born Chuang Sutprasert, was ordained as a samanera (novice) when he was fourteen years old in 1939, in his hometown in Samutprakan . He heard about Luang Pu Sodh's reputation and aspired to move to Wat Paknam. Two years later, his teacher allowed him to do so, and he lived as
24386-535: The number of visitors to Wat Paknam. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai
24564-529: The ongoing 2017–2020 Thai temple fraud investigations , Somdet Chuang, assistant abbot Phra Prommolee and Wat Paknam's accountant were questioned by the Anti-Money Laundering Office (AMLO). Held at a national scale, the investigations aimed to check whether there were any illegal deals between the National Office of Buddhism and Buddhist temples that asked for or received their funding. Wat Paknam's lawyer Somsak Toraksa did confirm that
24742-540: The orthodox Theravada tradition as the more legitimate one with closed canonical scriptures. The royal family of Thailand sought to reform Thai Buddhism with its ritualized and mystical practices, encouraging instead the direct study and adherence to the Pali canonical and commentarial texts . This was, in part, similar to the European Protestant tradition , reaching back to normative scriptures, in this case
24920-399: The part of Wat Paknam, but followed two days after the withdrawal of Somdet Chuang's nomination as Supreme Patriarch. Paiboon responded that despite the lack of evidence against Somdet Chuang, Somdet Chuang was still not eligible to be the Supreme Patriarch. He argued that Somdet Chuang was too wealthy and had shown favor in not defrocking Luang Por Dhammajayo. At the same time, Banjob Banruchi,
25098-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
25276-523: The placing of a relic and gold in the lotus bud on the head of the Buddha, and a structure of gold as a "heart" in the left side of the chest. The image was expected to be finished in mid 2020, but was delayed in part because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand . The statue was completed in 2021 and stands tall over the city, easily visible from the BTS . Temple officials have stated that the statue has doubled
25454-405: The position of the temple. The temple was renovated at least three times, during the periods of King Taksin , Rama III , and King Chulalongkorn (eighteenth–early twentieth century). However, during the period of King Rama VI (1881–1925), the temple had greatly deteriorated and had no abbot. In 1916, senior monk Somdet Puean assigned Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro (1884–1959) as abbot. Luang Pu Sodh
25632-416: The public. The method has become very popular in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia, and has been described as a revival of samatha (tranquility) meditation in Thailand. Dhammakaya meditation includes three techniques, namely concentration on breath, repetitive chanting of the mantra samma araham , and concentrating upon a bright object. The types of practices, such as visualization or use of
25810-576: The responsibility mae chi are assigned to affects what their daily routine looks like. Thus, the usual problem of mae chi having an ambiguous role in society is coped with by giving the mae chi a specific set of duties, and therefore a certain role and status. Nevertheless, the mae chi still face hardship in their daily livelihood, as is true in most Thai temples. The temple's policy is to make itself 'suitable' (Pali: sappaya ), meaning that it attempts to be attractive in terms of food, accommodation and teachings. Wat Paknam has grown more popular among
25988-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
26166-643: The subject of considerable discussion among Buddhists as to its authenticity and efficacy, and also has been the subject of several scientific studies. Dhammakaya Meditation is also referred to as Vijja thammakai or Vijjā dhammakāya . The word vijjā is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit term vidya or knowledge, while dhammakāya means "Dhamma-body". Together, it connotes 'knowledge of the Dhamma-body'. The tradition itself, as for example expressed in books of Wat Phra Dhammakaya, defines Vijjā Dhammakāya as "Clear knowledge that arises from insight through
26344-415: The teaching of Ayutthaya meditation masters," and the temple where Luang Pu Sodh used to study the Suk system before he went on to develop Dhammakaya meditation. According to Mackenzie, Yogavacara ideas are the most likely influence on Dhammakaya meditation system, though this is not definitely proven. According to Buddhist Studies scholar Catherine Newell, "there is no doubt that Dhammakaya meditation
26522-474: The temple are joined by 300–400 people, on average, and just like the main temple, people wanting to lead the yearly Kathina ceremonies are reserving many years in advance. Apart from traditional Buddhist ceremonies and meditation, the temple teaches Thai culture, arts and language. The Japan temple has engaged in several charity programs. During the Japanese tsunami in 2011 and the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes ,
26700-579: The temple had received five million baht government funding for renovation of buildings, and another sum of money for other activities. The second sum was estimated by the AMLO to also amount to five million baht. Somsak stated, however, that Wat Paknam had made no illegal deals with corrupt government officers to return money to them. The National Office of Buddhism had contributed the money themselves in 2004–2005, without Wat Paknam making any request for such funding. The lawyer further attested that all financial transactions had been properly recorded. The next day,
26878-681: The temple ordained several monks coming from the United Kingdom, and maintained relations with Japanese Buddhists, especially from the Shingon tradition . Under Somdet Chuang, the temple has ordained people from other nationalities than Thai, both monks and mae chi . Moreover, Wat Paknam has established seven branch centers, both in Thailand and outside of Thailand, in the United States, New York, Los Angeles, Michigan and Philadelphia; and in New Zealand, India and Japan as well. The temples in
27056-461: The temple provided shelter and aid, and a medical center was established within the temple, staffed with medical personnel from Thailand. Moreover, the main temple of Wat Paknam in Thailand requested the Thai Sangha nationwide to provide aid to Japan through Wat Paknam Japan. The center has a good relation with the Shinnyo-en movement, and has run charity programs with the movement, such as aid for
27234-433: The temple provides opportunities for mae chi to develop a role in the public as a healer through meditation. There are mae chi with three kinds of responsibility at the temple: meditation (called "Dhammakaya mae chi "), study, or helping with daily facilitating chores, for example at the kitchen. Although women all go through the same process to become mae chi , such as changing their names to fit their new spiritual life,
27412-566: The temple, in cooperation with the Red Cross and the National Blood Donation Center. The idea was developed by Phrakhru Chai Kittisaro, assistant to Somdet Chuang. Somdet Chuang made the project well known by persuading people throughout the country to donate blood. Wat Paknam received three prizes for their contributions to blood donation, from Princess Soamsavali and Princess Sirindhorn (the latter as chairman of
27590-535: The temple. Somdet Chuang used to be monastic Chief of Region in the Northeast, South and North, respectively. He later became Chief of the Northern Region and supervised missionary work abroad ( ธรรมทูต , thammatut , Pali: dhammadūta ), as well as Pali studies. Moreover, Somdet Chuang significantly contributed to the compiling of a special Tipitaka set in honor of King Bhumibol's sixtieth anniversary. In recognition of his merits, he received honorary degrees from
27768-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
27946-468: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Dhammakaya meditation Dhammakaya meditation (also known as Sammā Arahaṃ meditation)
28124-483: The top of the Maharatchamongkhon stupa , Pali phrases have been carved into gold, praising mindfulness, moderation, and the upholding of the five precepts. The halls within the stupa have been decorated with paintings depicting Buddhist cosmology , based on the legend of Phra Malai and the ancient text Traibhumikatha . The life of Luang Pu Sodh and that of Somdet Chuang are also depicted. The stupa
28302-569: The tradition cite several Pāli texts, such as one text stating that Nirvana is true happiness, and argue that the true self is a logical conclusion that follows from these texts. Other proponents feel that the problem is a matter of practice more than debate. The late abbot of Wat Luang Por Sodh Dhammakayaram, Luang Por Sermchai, argues it tends to be scholars who hold the view of absolute non-self, whereas "several distinguished forest hermit monks" such as Luang Pu Sodh, Ajahn Mun and Ajahn Maha Bua hold Nirvana as true self, because they have "confirmed
28480-674: The traditions of Luang Pu Sodh alive. Just as in the time of Luang Pu Sodh, there still is an evening meditation during which the practitioners listen to a tape of Luang Pu Sodh. There is also still meditation in shifts, as in the time when Luang Pu Sodh ran a 'meditative knowledge factory' ( โรงงานทำวิชชา , rong ngan tham witcha ). In memory of Luang Pu Sodh, the temple runs a society of "students of Luang Pu Sodh". Many of Somdet Chuang's public talks have been published in newspapers. Somdet Chuang often teaches about themes such as living in unity, gratitude, and mindfulness . In teachings to monastics, Somdet Chuang emphasizes upholding discipline, making
28658-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
28836-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai
29014-633: The victims of the flooding in South Thailand . In recognition of the temple's importance, Wat Paknam Japan was selected as one of the seven temples of the Chiba Prefecture worth visiting, according to Thai newspapers. Wat Paknam has donated considerably to some Thai temples abroad, and has from 2015 onward set up Pali study exams in the United States. Somdet Chuang has also set up cooperative initiatives with Sri Lankan temples, including an ordination program for Sri Lankans in Thailand, and
29192-445: The vision and knowledge of the Dhammakaya." In 19th and early 20th-century Thailand, public perception of the practice of Buddhism changed. Originally, Thai people saw meditation mostly as a personal and quite esoteric practice. In response to threats of colonial powers, the Thai kings and the reformed Dhammayut fraternity attempted to modernize Buddhism. Mahayana and Tantric practices were considered "devotional and degenerate", while
29370-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
29548-420: Was accused by Phra Adisak Viriyasakko, a former monk of Wat Phra Dhammakaya, of embezzlement and other wrongdoings through a report of television station iTV . Somdet Chuang was displeased by the report and had Phra Adisak leave Wat Paknam, but the latter asked Somdet Chuang for pardon and reconsideration. When Phra Adisak's accusations led to an investigation by the Supreme Sangha Council into Wat Phra Dhammakaya,
29726-523: Was finished in 2012, costing a total of 500 million baht. It was officially opened by then Princess Srirasmi . After the stupa was finished, Wat Paknam has become a popular attraction for international tourists. On March 4, 2017, Wat Paknam began building a Buddha image in honor of Luang Pu Sodh and the Thai Royal Family. Called "Phra Buddha Dhammakāya Thepmongkhon", the image is 69 meters (226 ft) tall and 40 meters (130 ft) wide, and
29904-461: Was fired and replaced after the 2014 coup d'état, and the investigation was re-opened when the National Reform Council pushed the DSI to do so. The tax evasion accusation was another reason for the junta to postpone Somdet Chuang's installment. At the same time, Paiboon argued that the nomination of Somdet Chuang by the Sangha Council had been moot from the start, because it had not been done following correct procedure. The Ombudsman agreed with this, but
30082-569: Was halted by the Sangha Council, who felt that discussion with the junta was becoming more feasible. It seemed the junta was not pushing for new Sangha legislation after all. Meanwhile, Paiboon and Phra Suwit requested the Department of Special Investigation (DSI), sometimes considered the Thai equivalent of the American FBI , to start an investigation in the assets of the Sangha Council's members, including those of Somdet Chuang. In 2016,
30260-450: Was known for his charisma and outspokenness. The temple underwent a major change after he became the abbot, from a temple with only thirteen monks that was in disrepair, to a prosperous center of education and meditation practice with five hundred monks (the highest in Thailand at the time) and hundreds of mae chi . The temple became well known through Luang Pu Sodh's meditation method . Apart from teaching meditation, Luang Pu Sodh also built
30438-537: Was no widespread criticism. Meditation in large groups, as is common in the activities of Wat Phra Dhammakaya, contrasts with the emphasis of most Thai temples on meditation in solitude. The temple stresses the importance of meditating as a group to counterbalance the negativity in the world. Discussion within the Thai monastic community led to an inspection at Wat Paknam, but no fault could be found in Luang Pu Sodh's method. Religion scholar Donald Swearer calls
30616-593: Was not sufficient reason to charge Somdet Chuang, however. As for the charges remaining against his assistant, the latter was later acquitted due to lack of evidence, two days after Somdet Chuang's nomination as Patriarch was withdrawn. Wat Paknam is known for its charity and a nationwide project to propagate the five precepts in Thai society. The temple is popular among mae chi (nuns). One of its mae chi , Mae chi Chandra Khonnokyoong , went on to establish another temple which later became widely known: Wat Phra Dhammakaya . Wat Paknam has an international presence and has
30794-406: Was one of a series of 6000–7000 cars sold, and over which allegedly no tax had been paid. According to a report of newspaper Matichon , the car under investigation was an eighty-old year car that had been fixed by adding new parts to it, before offering it to the museum. Tharit Pengdit, the then director of the DSI, believed Wat Paknam not to be involved in the purported tax evasion. However, Tharit
30972-415: Was started by Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro in the early twentieth century. One night, after three hours of meditating on the mantra sammā araham , "his mind [suddenly] became still and firmly established at the very centre of his body," and he experienced "a bright and shining sphere of Dhamma at the centre of his body, followed by new spheres, each "brighter and clearer." According to Luang Pu Sodh, this
31150-482: Was still the acting Supreme Patriarch. Somdet Chuang himself did not join the council meeting, citing other business to attend to. Finally in February, Somdet Amborn was appointed by King Vajiralongkorn to serve as the next Supreme Patriarch. Before the withdrawal of the nomination, in 2015, Somdet Chuang retired from his supervision of missionary work abroad ( พระธรรมทูต ) and within Thailand ( พระธรรมจาริก , phra thammacharik ), as well as his position as Chief of
31328-424: Was the method through which the Buddha became enlightened, and that knowledge of the method was lost five hundred years after the Buddha's death, but was rediscovered by Luang Pu Sodh in the 1910s. According to Suwanna Satha-Anand, the tradition believes that meditation and the attainment of the dhammakaya is the only way to Nirvana . As with other meditation methods emphasizing samatha , opponents writing from
31506-414: Was the true Dhamma -body, or Dhammakaya , the "spiritual essence of the Buddha and nibbana [which] exists as a literal reality within the human body," what became known as the attainment of the Dhammakaya , the eternal Buddha within all beings. The dhammakaya is Nibbāna , and Nibbāna is equated with a person's true self (as opposed to the non-self ). Luang Pu Sodh's approach may have roots in
31684-454: Was then named acting abbot. The temple has in several ways promoted Buddhist education in Thailand. The temple has a well-known Pali and Buddhist studies institute, which is used by the Sangha to print documents used for national monastic examinations . This Pali Institute was already built by Luang Pu Sodh in 1939, and in his time was already a learning center with a thousand monks and samaneras studying there. As of 2011, Wat Paknam still had
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