Misplaced Pages

#389610

71-595: The text gives, among other things, the establishment of Sukhothai with more details from the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription ; especially the contents related to the political movements of Sukhothai royalty before the Phra Ruang dynasty  [ th ] , that is, the Namthum dynasty  [ th ] , as well as displays the biography of Phra Maha Thera Sri Sattha (พระมหาเถรศรีศรัทธา) during

142-521: A Lavo king. Few records are found concerning the nature of the Lavo kingdom. Most of what we know about Lavo is from archaeological evidence. Tang dynasty chronicles records that the Lavo kingdom sent tributes to Tang as Tou-ho-lo. In his diary, the monk Xuanzang referred to Dvaravati-Lavo as Tou-lo-po-ti, which seems to echo the name Dvaravati, as a state between Chenla and the Pagan Kingdom . By

213-518: A decade later. The only native language found during early Lavo times is the Mon language . However, there is debate whether Mon was the sole ethnicity of Lavo. Some historians point out that Lavo was composed of mixed Mon and Lawa people (a Palaungic-speaking people), with the Mons forming the ruling class. It is also hypothesized that the migration of Tai peoples into Chao Phraya valley occurred during

284-559: A good relationship for the first 300 years. In the early 10th century, several battles between these two mandalas that happened from 925 to 927 were recorded. According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka ( Thai : อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ ) of Haripuñjaya moved south aiming to seize the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However,

355-544: A kingdom at Martaban , the predecessor to Hanthawaddy (present-day Bago , Myanmar ). Martaban is traditionally considered a tributary state of Sukhothai, but such Sukhothai domination may not have extended that far. With regard to religion and culture, Ram Khamhaeng requested monks from Sri Thamnakorn to propagate Theravada Buddhism in Sukhothai. In 1283, the Sukhothai script was likely invented by Ram Khamhaeng;

426-472: A position similar to both that of a viceroy and an heir presumptive , establishing a form of personal union and creating the Siamese Front Palace system. Prince Ramesuan was presumably accompanied by Ayutthayan administrative staff and a military garrison, thus affirming the end of Sukhothai as an independent kingdom. Under tributary status, the former territories of Sukhothai, known to

497-559: A protracted war with Udayadityavarman's would-be successor, Jayavirahvarman , Suryavarman I failed in the first attempt. He then marched back to Lavo and attacked the Ankor again four years later. He won and claimed the Khmer throne in 1010. Due to long nine-year wars to claim the Khmer throne, the Lavapura lost its prosperity and was almost abandoned. The Khmer general Sri Lakshmi Pativarman

568-548: A tributary state of Ayutthaya until it was annexed by the kingdom in 1438 after the death of Borommapan. Despite this, the Sukhothai nobility continued to influence the Ayutthaya monarchy in centuries after through the Sukhothai dynasty . Sukhothai is traditionally known as "the first Thai kingdom" in Thai historiography, but current historical consensus agrees that the history of the Thai people began much earlier . The ruins of

639-461: A vassal state. He was succeeded by Sai Lue Thai (Maha Thammaracha III) in 1399. In 1424, after the death of Sai Lue Thai, his sons Phaya Ram and Phaya Ban Mueang fought for the throne. Intharacha of Ayutthaya intervened and installed Ban Mueang as Borommapan (Maha Thammaracha IV). When Borommapan died in 1438, Borommarachathirat II of Ayutthaya installed his son Ramesuan (the future Borommatrailokkanat of Ayutthaya) as Upparat in Sukhothai,

710-614: Is damaged. It was discovered in 1887 by Lt.Gen. Lord Samosorn Pollakarn ( Thai : พลโท หลวงสโมสรพลการ ; ทัด สิริสัมพันธ์) in Wat Sri Chum  [ th ] 's Mandapa tunnel in Sukhothai Old City , while on duty to search for other historical shreds of evidence after the discovery of the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription in 1833. It was sent to be placed in the Bangkok National Museum in 1908, then to

781-501: Is not in chronological order , making it difficult to conclude the continuity of the content from beginning to end. In 1891, the inscription which was still preserved at Wat Si Chum was photographed by a French archaeologist Lucien Fournereau  [ fr ] and was later published in Le Siam Ancien (Part 2) in 1908, but the decipherment was not completed. The inscription was deciphered into Thai and later published in

SECTION 10

#1732766282390

852-622: Is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control. In the 11th century, Lavo was governed by a Cambodian prince, as a part of vassal state of the Khmer Empire of Angkor, However, Lavo wanted liberation and sought acknowledgement from China ( Song dynasty ) in 1001 and 1155 as an independent state. Lavo's large Tai population and its roots in the Dvaravati did not assimilate well with the Khmer civilisation, and in Khmer writings Lopburi

923-551: The Angkorian control in the mid-11th century. Lavo was said to be seized by Siamese from the western Menam Valley in the early 11th century and by Tai 's king Prom of Yonok in 1106, according to the local chronicles. Sending tribute to China in 1115 during the reign of Sri Thammasokkarat signified that Lavo was an independent polity at that time. Isanavarman I of the Chenla Kingdom expanded Khmer influence to

994-582: The British diplomatic mission. From then on, as a part of modern nation-building process, modern national Siamese history included the history of the Sukhothai Kingdom. Sukhothai was said to be the "first national capital", followed by Ayutthaya and Thonburi , until Rattanakosin , or today Bangkok . Sukhothai history was crucial among Siam's "modernists", both "conservative" and "revolutionary". Sukhothai history became even more important after

1065-601: The Menam valley and the Malay peninsula as far as Tawi ( Dawei ) and Yansaleng ( Junk Ceylon ?). This purported influx of armed Tai may have had something to do with establishing the Tai kingdom of Sukhothai. According to legend, in 1238, a group of Central Thai peoples led by a local mueang chief, Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, rebelled against the governor at Sukhodaya and established Sukhothai as an independent Thai state. Bang Klang Hao

1136-578: The National Library of Thailand for deciphering, and back to be kept at the Bangkok National Museum. The inscription of Wat Si Chum, which contains 212 lines of writing; 107 lines on the first side, and 95 lines on another side, is one of the Sukhothai inscriptions that is difficult to decipher as the script at the beginning and end of both sides is faded. In addition, the overall inscription content has complicated details and

1207-593: The Northern Thai Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, who came from Takkasila in 468 CE. According to Thai records, Phraya Kakabatr from Takkasila (it is assumed that the city was Tak or Nakhon Chai Si ) set the new era, Chula Sakarat in 638 CE, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj founded the city

1278-672: The Siamese Revolution of 1932 . Research and writing on Sukhothai history were abundant. Ideas derived from the inscription were studied and "theorised". One of the most well-known topics was Sukhothai's "democracy" rule. Stories of the close relationship between the king and his people, vividly described as a "father-son" relationship, were considered the "seed" of ancient Thai democracy; however, changes in government took place when later society embraced "foreign" traditions, like those of Angkor , influenced by Hinduism and "mystic" Mahayana Buddhism . The story of Sukhothai became

1349-584: The Song dynasty , Lavo was known as Luówō ( Chinese : 羅渦 ). Evidence from stone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in Northern and Central Thailand confirms that the main population of Lavo and Haripuñjaya mandalas is likely to be the same ethnic group, the " Mon people ," or any ethnic group that uses the Austroasiatic languages. Due to the royal blood relations, these two states maintained

1420-556: The Sukhothai Historical Park . They include the Ta Pha Daeng Shrine, Wat Phra Phai Luang, and Wat Si Sawai. It was then shifted to Tai 's Lan Na since the early 14th century and steadily influenced by Mon and Sri Lanka through Theravada Buddhism since the reign of Ram Khamhaeng . In 1270, Si Inthrathit died and was succeeded by his son Ban Mueang . At the end of Ban Mueang's reign, he

1491-488: The initial Thai script to the kingdom. Ram Khamhaeng also initiated relations with Yuan China , through which the kingdom developed the techniques to produce and export ceramics like sangkhalok ware . After the reign of Ram Khamhaeng, the kingdom fell into decline. In 1349, during the reign of Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), Sukhothai was invaded by the Ayutthaya Kingdom, a neighboring Thai polity. It remained

SECTION 20

#1732766282390

1562-425: The "first evidence" of the history of Sukhothai. Mongkut said that he found a "first stone inscription" in Sukhothai which told of heroic kings such as Ram Khamhaeng , the administrative system, and other developments in what was considered the "prosperous time" of the kingdom. The story of Sukhothai was incorporated into Thailand's "national history" in the late 19th century by Mongkut as a historical work presented to

1633-524: The "foreign ideology" of Cambodian communism . Other aspects of Sukhothai were also explored under the new curriculum, such as the commoner and slave status as well as economics. These topics became the subject of ideological controversy during the Cold War and the communist insurgency in Thailand . Lavo Kingdom The Lavo Kingdom ( Thai : อาณาจักรละโว้ ) was a political entity ( mandala ) on

1704-608: The 12th century after the former Lavo capital, Lopburi , was seized by Singhanavati 's king, Phrom in 1106, as well as the independence declaration of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238. The Angkor began to exercise political power in Lavo again in 1117 during the reign of Suryavarman II , which caused the Tai ' king Sri Thammasokkarat to evacuate to Tambralinga ; this led to the formation of Tambralinga's Padmavamsa clan ( ปัทมวงศ์ ). Narupatidnavarman ( นฤปตีนทรวรมัน ), who

1775-432: The 13th to 14th centuries, Sukhothai was strongly influenced by the Khmer culture as Lavo the regional center. About some fifty kilometers north of Sukhodaya stood another sister town, Sri Sajanalaya , that would later become Si Satchanalai ( Thai : ศรีสัชนาลัย ), an important center of Sukhothai politics alongside the capital. Under Lavo control, various monuments was built in the city, several of which still stand in

1846-427: The 16th century. There are many theories about Uthong's origin. According to HRH Prince Chula Chakrabongse , he was thought to have been a descendant of Mangrai . Van Vliet's chronicles , a seventeenth-century work, stated that King Uthong was a Chinese merchant who established himself at Phetchaburi before moving to Ayutthaya. Tamnan Mulla Satsana , a sixteenth-century Lanna literature, stated that King Uthong

1917-585: The Angkor and enthroned as Suryavarman I . Modern Thai historians think the Tai peoples originated in northern Vietnam and Guangxi province in China. The origin of the Tai peoples were living in northern Southeast Asia by the 8th century. Five linguistic groups emerged: the northern Tai in China (ancestors of Zhuang ); the upland Tai people in northern Vietnam (ancestors of the Black , White and Red Tai );

1988-655: The Ayutthayan elite through marriage alliances, and often played the role of kingmaker in Ayutthayan succession conflicts. Sukhothai military leaders served prominently in Ayutthaya's army as the military tradition of Sukhothai was considered to be tougher. From 1456 to 1474, former Sukhothai territory became a battleground during the Ayutthaya-Lan Na War (1441–1474). In 1462, Sukhothai briefly rebelled against Ayutthaya and allied itself with their enemy, Lan Na . In 1463, Borommatrailokkanat temporarily moved

2059-549: The Book of Siam Inscription Conference Part 1 (ประชุมจารึกสยาม ภาค ๑) in 1934. The Fine Arts Department also held seminars to decipher the text three times: in 1977, 1979, and 1980. After that, the completed decipherment version of the text was published in late 1980. Sukhothai Kingdom The Sukhothai Kingdom was a post-classical Siamese kingdom ( maṇḍala ) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding

2130-711: The Burmese, and Bayinnaung installed Maha Thammaracha (Sanphet I) as the vassal king in Ayutthaya and the first king of the Sukhothai dynasty . In 1584, Maha Thammaracha and his son, the Upparat and future Naresuan the Great (Sanphet II), would free Ayutthaya from Burmese overlordship in the Burmese-Siamese War of 1584–1593 . After the Battle of the Sittaung River, Naresuan forcibly relocated people from

2201-740: The Chao Phraya valley during the Mon dominance through his campaigns around the 7th century but did not exercise political control over the region. In the 10th century, Dvaravati civilization in the Chao Phraya Basin were mastered by the Angkor. In 1002, Kampoch (later known as Suryavarman I ), former Lavo's king who was born to a Khmer princess and Tambralinga prince, claimed the Khmer Empire throne and usurped Khmer's King, Udayadityavarman I , defeating his armies that year. After

Wat Sri Chum Inscription - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-493: The Khmer Empire. Tai groups were probably assimilated into Khmer population. Historical records show that they maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Angkor Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo or Lopburi (in what

2343-524: The Tai governor of Sukhothai rebelled and declared independence from Lavo – giving birth to the Sukhothai Kingdom . Lavo is called “ Khom ” In Northern Thai chronicles, and the Lavo kingdom shrank swiftly during the 13th century due to the expansion of Sukhothai under King Ram Khamhaeng the Great , retreating to its heartland around Lavo and Ayodhya. The Kingdom of Lavo, Lo-hu, joined Ny Wang in sending embassy to China in 1289 then only from Lavo in 1299. in 1349 Xiān people of Sukhothai become united with

2414-562: The Tais in northeastern Laos and bordering Vietnam (ancestors of the Tai of Siang Khwang and the Siamese in Ayutthaya ); the Tai in northern Laos; and the Tai west of Luang Prabang , northern Thailand and in the adjoining parts of Laos, Yunnan and Burma . In 861, Tai Yuan from Lan Na began to settle in the lower Menam Valley , increased in influence in Lavo, and began to resist

2485-483: The ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand . It evolved from a trading hub to a city-state in 1127 and emerged into the kingdom by Si Inthrathit in 1238. Sukhothai existed as an independent polity until 1438 when it fell under the influence of the neighboring Ayutthaya after the death of Borommapan (Maha Thammaracha IV). Sukhothai was originally a trade center in Lavo —itself under

2556-472: The bordering cities surrounding the capital. By the end of his reign in 1270, Sukhothai covered the entire upper valley of the Chao Phraya River , then known simply as Mae Nam ( Thai : แม่น้ำ , 'mother of waters'), the generic Thai name for all rivers. In the first era, Sukhothai strongly shared a connection with western Mon neighbor, Hanthawaddy Kingdom , in present-day lower Myanmar . From

2627-470: The capital to Ayodhya, and Lavo was then able to exert pressure on Suvarnabhumi to the west and slowly to take its cities. Yet another wave of Khmer invasions arrived under Jayavarman VII . This time, Lavo was assimilated into the religious cosmos of the Khmer Empire – Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. Khmer influence was great on Lavo arts and architecture as seen in the Prang Sam Yot. In 1239,

2698-482: The death of Ram Khamhaeng. To the north, Uttaradit and the Lao kingdoms of Muang Sua and Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (present-day Vientiane ) liberated themselves from their Sukhothai overlords. In 1319, Martaban in the west broke away. In 1321, Lan Na (the successor state to Ngoenyang ) annexed Tak , one of the oldest towns in Sukhothai. To the south, Suphannaphum Kingdom and Nakhon Si Thammarat also broke free early in

2769-409: The earliest evidence of this ancient Thai writing is seen in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription , discovered by Mongkut (Rama IV) nearly six centuries later. The script later evolved into the modern Thai script of today. It was also during this time that the first relations with Yuan China were established and Sukhothai began sending trade missions to China. The well-known exported good of Sukhothai

2840-537: The historical kings of Sukhothai, and married one of Maha Chakkraphat's daughters, strengthening his claim to both a historical and present monarchy. Despite this, the title of Upparat went to Maha Chakkraphat's son Ramesuan (who died in 1564) and later his brother Mahinthrathirat . After a series of wars with the Burmese Toungoo Empire , Maha Thammaracha allied himself with the Burmese against Ayutthaya. In 1569, Ayutthaya under Mahinthrathirat fell to

2911-427: The king of the city. But Borommarachathirat I took Ayutthaya from Uthong's son Ramesuan in 1370, and then Ramesuan retreated back to Lavo. In 1388, Ramesuan took revenge by taking Ayutthaya back from Borommarachathirat I's son, Thong Lan . Borommarachathirat I's nephew Intharachathirat took Ayutthaya back for Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until

Wat Sri Chum Inscription - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-560: The kingdom's capital, now 12 km (7.5 mi) outside the modern town of Sukhothai Thani in Sukhothai Province , are preserved as the Sukhothai Historical Park and have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The English term Sukhothai ( Thai : สุโขทัย ) is the romanization of the Thai word per the Royal Thai General System of Transcription . The Thai word for the historical country

3053-509: The left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo. Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with Si Thep and Sema  [ th ] , was the center of the mandala-style state, Dvaravati ; however, due to the weather-induced migration, Si Thep and Sema lost its power, and Lavo became

3124-412: The lower Chao Phraya River basin, made Sukhothai emerge as the logistics hub in the region and evolved into a city-state no later than 1127, which continued until the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238. In contrast, some historians suggest the migration of Tai peoples into Mainland Southeast Asia was somewhat gradual, and likely took place between the 8th and 10th centuries. Prior to

3195-453: The majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok , the lower central plain and the upper Ping River in the Lamphun - Chiang Mai region. The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of

3266-414: The model of "freedom". Chit Phumisak , a "revolutionary" scholar, saw the Sukhothai period as the beginning of the Thai people's liberation from their foreign ruler in Angkor. During military rule beginning in the 1950s, Sukhothai was increasingly featured in the Thai national history curriculum. Sukhothai's "father-son" model for Thai democracy in contrast to Angkorian tradition became one of freedom from

3337-480: The monarch's residence to Song Khwae, presumably to be closer to the frontline, and the city was permanently renamed to Phitsanulok. Contemporary Portuguese traders described Ayutthaya and Phitsanulok as "twin states". In 1548, Maha Chakkraphat named Khun Phirenthorathep, a noble from the Sukhothai clan, as the leader in Phitsanulok. Phirenthorathep was conferred with the name Maha Thammaracha in line with

3408-412: The northern cities of Phitsanulok , Sukhothai , Phichai , Sawankhalok , Kamphaeng Phet , Phichit , and Phra Bang closer to Ayutthaya. Since then, the ruins of the capital city of the former Sukhothai Kingdom have been preserved as the Sukhothai Historical Park and designated a World Heritage Site . The Silajaruek of Sukhothai are hundreds of stone inscriptions that form a historical record of

3479-596: The only center of power in the area until it fell under Khmer hegemony during the 10th to 11th centuries. The area of Dvaravati (what is now Thailand) was first inhabited by Mon people who had arrived and appeared centuries earlier. The foundations of Buddhism in central Southeast Asia were laid between the 6th and 9th centuries when a Theravada Buddhist culture linked to the Mon people developed in central and northeastern Thailand. The Mon Buddhist kingdoms that rose in what are now parts of Laos and Central Plain of Thailand were collectively called Dvaravati. According to

3550-538: The people of Ayutthaya as the Northern Cities ( Thai : เมืองเหนือ , RTGS :  Mueang Nua ), continued to be ruled by local aristocrats under Ayutthaya's overlordship per the mandala systems of both dominions. The mandalas would politically and culturally merge during the 15th and 16th centuries, and Sukhothai's warfare, administration, architecture, religious practice, and language influenced those of Ayutthaya. Sukhothai nobles linked themselves with

3621-677: The people of Lo-hu, the new kingdom named Xiānluó (暹羅) by the Chinese. However, Xiān might refer to the Suphannaphum Kingdom of Suphanburi Province . In 1350, Uthong , who had been a post-Angkorian ruler of one of the cities in Lower Chao Phraya Valley and Borommarachathirat I of Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri ) co-founded an Ayutthaya city, an island on intersection of three rivers; Chao Phraya River, Lopburi River and Pa Sak River , and Uthong became

SECTION 50

#1732766282390

3692-407: The period. Among the most important inscriptions are the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription (also known as Inscription No. 1), Silajaruek Wat Srichum (an account on the history of the region itself and of Sri Lanka ), and Silajaruek Wat Pamamuang (a politico-religious record of Loe Thai). Mongkut (Rama IV) is considered the champion of Sukhothai narrative history due to his discovery of Inscription No. 1,

3763-428: The present-day Fang and was then re-established in 957 by Aphai Kamini ( อภัยคามินี ) who evacuated from Haripuñjaya after the capital Haripuñjaya was sacked by Kuy people from Umongasela. Sukhothai declared independence from Umongasela in 1017 during the reign of Arun Kuman ( อรุณกุมาร ). Controlling trade routes between Mon city-states in the west and Tai kingdoms in the north, as well as other polities in

3834-669: The reign of Suryavarman I , the Srivijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom lost the wars against those two dynasties and consequently lost control over the lower Chao Phraya River basin in present-day Central Thailand , which led to the emerging of the Siamese 's Suvarnabhumi kingdom and the independence declaration of Tambralinga . Around the 10th century, the city-states in central Thailand merged into two mandalas – Lavo (modern Lopburi) and Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri ). Khmer lost power over Lavo around

3905-532: The reign of Loe Thai. Thus, the kingdom was quickly reduced to its former status as merely a local power. In 1323, Loe Thai was succeeded by his cousin, Ngua Nam Thum . In 1347, he was succeeded by Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), the son of Loe Thai. In 1349, armies from Ayutthaya invaded the kingdom and forced Sukhothai to become its tributary. The center of power in the tributary state shifted to Song Khwae (present-day Phitsanulok ). In 1378, Lue Thai (Maha Thammaracha II) had to submit to this new Thai power as

3976-712: The rise of Sukhothai, various other Tai kingdoms existed in the neighboring northern highlands. These include Ngoenyang of the Northern Thai people (present-day Chiang Saen ) and Chiang Hung of the Tai Lue people (present-day Jinghong , China ). According to semi-legendary Shan documents, the Mau Shan Prince, Sam Lung-pha of Mogaung , before he established the Tai kingdom of the Ahom in Assam in 1229, raided

4047-411: The secular and monastic life. The inscription was also the first historical evidence to mention Khom , groups of people practicing Hinduism or Mahayana buddhism that settled in the south of Sukhothai along the Chao Phraya River basin. The stele is made of shale in a Bai sema -shaped sheet with a width of 67 cm, a height of 275 cm, and a thickness of 8 cm. The upper left tip of the first side

4118-456: The state religion of Sukhothai; the accuracy of these claims by traditional historians is disputed. To the north, Ram Khamhaeng placed Phrae and Muang Sua (present-day Luang Prabang , Laos ), among other mandala city-states, under tribute . To the west, Ram Khamhaeng helped assist the Mon people under Wareru (who is said to have eloped with Ram Khamhaeng's daughter) in their rebellion against Pagan control, and Wareru would establish

4189-462: The suzerainty of the Khmer Empire —when Central Thai people led by Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, a local leader, revolted and gained their independence. Bang Klang Hao took the regnal name of Si Inthrathit and became the first monarch of the Phra Ruang dynasty . The kingdom was centralized and expanded to its greatest extent during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng the Great (1279–1298), who some historians considered to have introduced Theravada Buddhism and

4260-534: The time of the Lavo kingdom. Theravada Buddhism remained a major belief in Lavo although Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from the Khmer Empire wielded considerable influence. Around the late 7th century, Lavo expanded to the north. In the Northern Thai Chronicles, including the Cāmadevivaṃsa , Camadevi , the first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai , was said to be a daughter of

4331-467: The upper Mekong basin. Later in 500 CE, after the establishment of the Lavo Kingdom , a nobel from Lavo named Phalirat ( Thai : พาลีราช ) became the first Sukhothai governor. The following rulers after Phalirat remain unclear. It was expected that the city would be abandoned in the late 6th century due to the invasion of another Austroasiatic -speaking people from Umongasela ( อุโมงคเสลา ) in

SECTION 60

#1732766282390

4402-651: The war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana ( Nakhon Si Thammarat of Srivijaya ), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo. Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy Haripuñjaya , but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district ). The battle

4473-621: Was a transliteration of the Khmer spelling, rendered in English as Sukhodaya ( Khmer : សុខោទ័យ ). The Khmer term is itself derived from the Sanskrit sukha ( Sanskrit : सुख , 'lasting happiness') and udaya ( Sanskrit : उदय , 'rise' or 'emergence'). Together, the phrase can be interpreted as meaning "dawn of happiness". According to the legend, the city of Sukhothai was founded in 494 BCE followed by its twin city of Chaliang ( เชลียง ) after Tai-speaking people migrated southward from

4544-623: Was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa . After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapura (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked Haripuñjaya but lost. He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch

4615-422: Was assigned the new Lavo ruler to revive the city in 1006 and Lavo was eventually merged into Khmer Empire in around 1022, which caused former Dvaravati cities on the east Chao Phraya plain fell under Khmer hegemony, while the western cities were spared from the control and formed Suphannaphum Kingdom . Due to the diplomatic relations between the Khmer Empire and Chola dynasty , established in 1012 during

4686-403: Was assisted by a local ally, Pho Khun Pha Mueang . This event was a turning point in the history of the Tai peoples, as Sukhothai would remain the center of Tai power until the end of the 14th century. Bang Klang Hao ruled Sukhothai under the regnal name Si Inthrathit and established the Phra Ruang dynasty . Under the rule of Si Inthrathit, the primordial kingdom expanded its influence to

4757-471: Was believed to be later crowned as Angkor's Indravarman II , was then appointed the Lavo ruler. Lavo later escaped from the Angkorian control in 1152, two years after the end of the Angkor's Suryavarman II reign, in which a period of weak rule and feuding began in the Angkor. The formidable political control exercised by the Angkor Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where

4828-438: Was considered a province of Angkor that had a Syamese (Siamese) identity. The Khmer influences on Lavo began to wane as a result of the growing influence of the emerging Burmese kingdom of Pagan. In 1087, Kyansittha of Pagan invaded Lavo, but King Narai of Lavo was able to repel the Burmese invasion and Lavo, emerging relatively stronger from the encounter, was thus spared from either Khmer or Burmese hegemony. King Narai moved

4899-471: Was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath. Later in 960, Lavapura was annexed by Siamese from Ayodhya , who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom in the south under the Srivijaya Empire . Kampoch possibly fled to Angkor , then back to sack Lavapura in 1002, and eventually merged Lavo into the Angkorian Empire in 1022 after claiming

4970-399: Was succeeded by his brother Ram Khamhaeng the Great ; both expanded Sukhothai beyond the borders established by their father. To the south, Ram Khamhaeng subjugated the mandala kingdoms of Suvarnabhumi (likely present-day Suphan Buri ) and Tambralinga (present-day Nakhon Si Thammarat ). Through the acquisition of Tambralinga, Ram Khamhaeng is said to have adopted Theravada Buddhism as

5041-629: Was the sangkhalok ware . This was the only period in Thai history that Siam produced Chinese-style ceramics, and they fell out of use by the 14th century. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Sukhothai controlled the Chao Phraya plain, with spurs West to the Hanthawaddy Kingdom and South to the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom . After the death of Ram Khamhaeng, he was succeeded by his son Loe Thai . Tributary states of Sukhothai began to break away rapidly after

#389610