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72-671: Waterfront Toronto (incorporated as the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation ) is an organization that oversees revitalization projects along the Toronto waterfront . Established in 2001 as a public–public partnership between the City of Toronto , Province of Ontario and Government of Canada , the organization is administering several blocks of land redevelopment projects surrounding Toronto Harbour and various other initiatives to promote

144-586: A task force of the municipal, provincial and federal governments, was established in November 1999 to study the future of the Toronto waterfront. The task force, headed by financier Robert Fung, reported in March 2000. It estimated the total cost of revitalization at CA$ 5 billion in public investment and a further CA$ 7 billion in private-sector investment. It proposed the following general recommendations for

216-619: A bridge, due to concerns about increased vehicle and air traffic along the waterfront. Mayor David Miller canceled the plans for the bridge soon after winning office. However, in 2009, a revised plan to connect the Island to the mainland emerged when the Toronto Port Authority began preliminary work on a $ 38 million pedestrian tunnel under the Western Gap , which was completed and opened to pedestrian traffic in 2015. To

288-464: A chain of small natural islands, form the southern border of the Inner Harbour. Most of the islands are today parkland, with a handful of permanent inhabitants. The westernmost portion of the islands are dominated by the island airport . The island airport is linked to the mainland by a ferry at Bathurst Street . Controversy arose in 2003 when the port authority proposed replacing the ferry with

360-635: A dome over west-central Keewatin (Kivalliq). Two of the lobes abut the adjacent Labrador and Baffin ice sheets. The primary lobes flow (1) towards Manitoba and Saskatchewan ; (2) toward Hudson Bay ; (3) towards the Gulf of Boothia , and (4) towards the Beaufort Sea . The Labrador ice sheet flowed across all of Maine and into the Gulf of St. Lawrence , completely covering the Maritime Provinces . The Appalachian Ice Complex, flowed from

432-468: A five-minute walk of all residences, schools, childcare and recreation facilities. Site preparation activities and phase one infrastructure are currently underway in East Bayfront and West Don Lands. Waterfront Toronto launched the developer selection process for the East Bayfront in March 2008 and announced Urban Capital Property Group/Redquartz Developments as the first phase developer partner for

504-461: A massive five-storey green living wall, 100 bicycle parking spaces, and public art installations created by award-winning U.K. artists, Troika. Future projects include: Toronto waterfront Lake Ontario is a recent lake. As the last glaciation , the Laurentian glaciation receded, a number of proglacial lakes filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of those proglacial lakes

576-531: A new Film Studio sponsored by TEDCO. The southern portion of the Portlands was intended to be an outer harbour, but the demand for such a harbour never developed. Instead this area today is home to Cherry Beach , while the large breakwater known as the Leslie Street Spit is a popular park and birding area. East of the Portlands begins the well-known Beaches area of Toronto. This part of the city

648-586: A number of high end shops and restaurants. This area is also home to the Harbourfront Centre , a large cultural centre occupying 10 acres (40,000 m ) of former industrial land including an old power plant that is now a gallery. Some large industrial structures remain though most are shut down, most prominently the imposing Canada Malting Silos . Just to the north of the Gardiner is the former railway lands that have also seen rapid development in

720-624: A part of Rouge National Urban Park , a national park whose area includes the Rouge River , and its surrounding valleys. The park's waterfront area includes Rouge Pond, Rouge Beach, and the mouth of the Rouge River. The Rouge River forms the eastern end of Toronto's waterfront, as the river is used as the border between the City of Toronto and the neighbouring suburb to the east, Pickering . Two bridges connect Toronto's waterfront with Pickering,

792-413: A pedestrian bridge, and a railway bridge. Waterfront revitalization has been a hot topic of debate in Toronto for decades. In 1972, the federal government established the "Harbourfront Project" which converted part of the central waterfront from industrial uses to cultural, recreational and residential uses. Harbourfront Centre and Queen's Quay Terminal are legacies of that revitalization effort. In 1999,

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864-504: A prominent Art Deco monument. The Scarborough portion of the waterfront is dominated by the Scarborough Bluffs , a series of cliffs that run along the lakeshore for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and standing at a height of 90 metres (300 ft) at its highest point. On the top of the cliffs are a number of suburban neighbourhoods such as Cliffside , Cliffcrest , Scarborough Village , Guildwood and West Hill . This area

936-530: A task force was established to develop recommendations and a business plan for revitalization. In 2001, following the recommendations of the task force, the federal, provincial and municipal governments established the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (now known as Waterfront Toronto ), to lead and manage the renewal of Toronto's waterfront. The three levels of government committed $ 1.5 billion to launch

1008-544: A waterfront opened up to public uses, including recreation. The Don River, diverted into a channel is slated to become 'naturalized' with more natural river banks and a more natural appearance. Etobicoke Creek forms the western border of the city of Toronto dividing it with neighbouring Mississauga , and its portion of the Lake Ontario waterfront. The Etobicoke section of the lakeshore is mainly privately owned with parklands and public lands. The neighbourhoods north of

1080-426: A wide promenade along the water and extensive green space. Bridges and WaveDecks rising from the boardwalk and spanning the ends of the slips will provide continuous public access to the lakeshore. Additionally, the southern half of Queens Quay will be turned into a pedestrian walkway. The proposal also emphasizes the need for stronger north–south connections between the harbour and the downtown core. The first phase

1152-549: Is also home to large manicured properties such as Rosetta McClain Gardens and extensive grounds of the St. Augustine Seminary . The most prominent site along the creek juncture with the lakeshore is Bluffer's Park , a large park and marina built on fill below the bluffs. The bluffs end at the ravines of Highland Creek . East of Highland Creek is Port Union , named after a port facility that existed there from 1832 to 1873. The community

1224-641: Is also the former site of Fort Rouillé , one of the first European settlements in the region. To the east of Exhibition Place begins a long stretch of former commercial and industrial areas that are rapidly being converted into some of Toronto's most expensive residences and condominiums. Historic commercial structures such as the Tip Top Tailors Building and the Queen's Quay Terminal have been turned into luxury condominiums with waterfront views. Associated with this Queens Quay has become home to

1296-510: Is an eight-storey commercial office tower located on a 2.5-acre (10,000 m) Toronto waterfront site. Corus Quay is Corus Entertainment 's new Toronto headquarters, consolidating its 10 locations and 1,200 employees into one site. The building is a collaboration between the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation and the Toronto Economic Development Corporation. The East Bayfront Precinct, where

1368-562: Is believed that the Cordilleran ice melted rapidly, in less than 4000 years. The water created numerous Proglacial lakes along the margins such as Lake Missoula , often leading to catastrophic floods as with the Missoula Floods . Much of the topography of Eastern Washington and northern Montana and North Dakota was affected. The Keewatin ice sheet has had four or five primary lobes identified ice divides extending from

1440-476: Is named after the series of four connected beaches that lie along this section of the lakeshore. The western boundary of this region was once home to the Greenwood Raceway . The racetrack was demolished in the 1990s and a new residential neighbourhood was constructed in its stead. The eastern boundary is the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant , still the source of much of Toronto's water supply and also

1512-439: Is projected to take 25 to 30 years and an estimated $ 17 billion in public and private funds to complete. According to Waterfront Toronto's master plan, once fully developed, Toronto's waterfront will include 40,000 new residences (20% of which will be affordable housing), 40,000 new jobs, new transit infrastructure and 300 hectares (740 acres) of parks and public spaces. Waterfront Toronto's plans identify public accessibility to

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1584-516: Is slated for development in the near future. Corus Quay is the first building to be built in the district as part of a public-private partnership led by TEDCO. It is expected that, in the next few years, thousands of new residences and millions of feet of commercial space will be built in this area. South of this, on two large projections separated by a ship canal, is the still-operating portion of Toronto Harbour which includes docking facilities for both freight and cruise ships. The Toronto Islands ,

1656-721: The Gaspé Peninsula over New Brunswick , the Magdalen Shelf , and Nova Scotia . The Labrador flow extended across the mouth of the St. Lawrence River , reaching the Gaspé Peninsula and across Chaleur Bay . From the Escuminac center on the Magdalen Shelf , flowed onto the Acadian Peninsula of New Brunswick and southeastward, onto the Gaspe, burying the western end of Prince Edward Island and reached

1728-803: The Last Glacial Maximum . The eastern edge abutted the Laurentide ice sheet. The sheet was anchored in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta , south into the Cascade Range of Washington . That is one and a half times the water held in the Antarctic . Anchored in the mountain backbone of the west coast, the ice sheet dissipated north of the Alaska Range where the air was too dry to form glaciers. It

1800-652: The enormous weight of the melted ice . The Baffin ice sheet was circular and centered over the Foxe Basin . A major divide across the basin, created a westward flow across the Melville Peninsula , from an eastward flow over Baffin Island and Southampton Island . Across southern Baffin Island, two divides created four additional lobes. The Penny Ice Divide split the Cumberland Peninsula , where Pangnirtung created flow toward Home Bay on

1872-575: The Atlantic Ocean. Its cycles of growth and melting were a decisive influence on global climate during its existence. This is because it served to divert the jet stream southward, which would otherwise flow from the relatively warm Pacific Ocean through Montana and Minnesota . That gave the Southwestern United States , otherwise a desert, abundant rainfall during ice ages, in extreme contrast to most other parts of

1944-549: The Central Waterfront and Mimico Waterfront Park were completed in summer 2008. The first new neighborhoods to be developed by Waterfront Toronto are the East Bayfront and West Don Lands. These lands are now rezoned as mixed use developments. Based on plans developed in consultation with public stakeholders, these environmental communities will feature green roof tops, pedestrian-friendly streets, extensive parks and public spaces, affordable housing, public transit within

2016-544: The Humber to Jameson Avenue in the east is the Sunnyside area of waterfront parklands and recreational uses. Adjoining the waterfront to the north is the large High Park . The Swansea , Roncesvalles , and Parkdale older neighbourhoods are north of the waterfront in this area. East of Jameson Ave, the waterfront area is home to Exhibition Place with Ontario Place just to the south on three artificial islands. This area

2088-930: The Laurentide Ice Sheet. Central North America has evidence of the numerous lobes and sublobes. The Keewatin covered the western interior plains of North America from the Mackenzie River to the Missouri River and the upper reaches of the Mississippi River . The Labrador covered spread over eastern Canada and the northeastern part of the United States abutting the Keewatin lobe in the western Great Lakes and Mississippi valley . The Cordilleran ice sheet covered up to 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) at

2160-856: The Laurentide ice sheet reached from the Rocky Mountains eastward through the Great Lakes , into New England , covering nearly all of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. Three major ice centers formed in North America: the Labrador , Keewatin , and Cordilleran . The Cordilleran covered the region from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains and the Labrador and Keewatin fields are referred to as

2232-634: The Port, initiating a Ship Terminal and Ferry Service to Rochester , a container facility in the Port lands and plans to expand the usage of the Island Airport, although expanded use of the Island Airport is opposed by local residents and organizations, and puts it at odds with the current City of Toronto council. The 1972 Canadian election saw a further step in the conversion of the central waterfront away from industrial uses. The Federal Liberals promised to improve Toronto's waterfront, expropriating

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2304-559: The Toronto waterfront: Source: City of Toronto. The Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation was formed in 2001 to oversee and lead waterfront renewal. It has subsequently been renamed as Waterfront Toronto. The organization is jointly funded by the three levels of government. The organization is overseen at the federal level by the Department of Finance, at the provincial level by the Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, and at

2376-697: The West Don Lands in April 2008. The Toronto waterfront has seen at least 15 design charettes over the last 65 years, the most recent being the Innovative Design Competition for the Central Waterfront that took place in 2006. This charette was won by a team led by West 8 , a landscape architecture and urban design firm from Rotterdam , in joint venture with DTAH (du Toit Allsopp Hillier), a Toronto architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm. The proposed design includes

2448-485: The area from Bathurst Street to York Street along the waterfront for the "Harbourfront" project. Some buildings, such as Queen's Quay Terminal and Harbourfront Centre were remodeled, and others such as Maple Leaf Mills Silos demolished and replaced by new structures. The areas south of Queens Quay have been changed mainly to cultural and recreational uses and the area north of Queens Quay has been redeveloped into condominium residential towers. West of Bathurst Street,

2520-617: The building is located, is intended to be an important public destination as well as provide a range of housing and commercial opportunities. The development achieved LEED ( Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ) Gold status for the project's environmental sustainability . The LEED rating system recognizes leading-edge buildings that incorporate design, construction and operational practices that combine healthy, high-quality and high-performance advantages with reduced environmental impacts. In addition, Corus Quay has several green roof areas,

2592-461: The drainage of the lake triggered the Upper Dryas climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way to sea level and the lake became brackish . Since the last ice age , silt deposits, borne mostly from the erosion of the Scarborough Bluffs and the eluvial rivers to the east were swept by strong, natural Lake Ontario currents creating prominent fingers of land away from

2664-465: The east of Cherry Street and the Inner Harbour is another area that is partially industrial and partially abandoned known as the Port Lands . This area is home to the shuttered Hearn Generating Station and the newly opened Portlands Energy Centre . There are long-term plans to transform this area into a mix of commercial and residential developments, but no firm proposals have been developed, except

2736-559: The east of Sunnyside, the lands were originally military grounds, centred on Fort York . The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been public ever since. To the east of the harbour area, parklands were built along the waterfront from Ashbridges Bay east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park. Further east, the Scarborough lands have been dominated by the Scarborough Bluffs and development could not proceed to

2808-572: The five Great Lakes and the hosts of smaller lakes of the Canadian Shield . These lakes extend from the eastern Northwest Territories , through most of northern Canada, and the upper Midwestern United States ( Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Michigan ) to the Finger Lakes , through Lake Champlain and Lake George areas of New York , across the northern Appalachians into and through all of New England and Nova Scotia . At times,

2880-526: The formation of North Atlantic Deep Water , the very saline, cold, deep water that flows from the Greenland Sea . That interrupted the thermohaline circulation , creating the brief Younger Dryas cold epoch and a temporary re-advance of the ice sheet, which did not retreat from Nunavik until 6,500 years ago. After the end of the Younger Dryas, the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated rapidly to

2952-565: The head of Bay of Fundy . From the Gaspereau center, on the divide crossing New Brunswick flowed into the Bay of Fundy and Chaleur Bay. In New York, the ice that covered Manhattan was about 2,000 feet high before it began to melt in about 16,000 BC. The ice in the area disappeared around 10,000 BC. The ground in the New York area has since risen by more than 150 ft because of the removal of

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3024-748: The ice sheet's southern margin included the present-day sites of coastal towns of the Northeastern United States , and cities such as Boston and New York City and Great Lakes coastal cities and towns as far south as Chicago and St. Louis, Missouri , and then followed the present course of the Missouri River up to the northern slopes of the Cypress Hills , beyond which it merged with the Cordilleran Ice Sheet . The ice coverage extended approximately as far south as 38 degrees latitude mid-continent. This ice sheet

3096-474: The lake are the former villages of Mimico , New Toronto and Long Branch , developed as suburbs of the original city. While in close proximity to the lake, these areas are also just to the south of the industrial belt surrounding the CNR rail line. Notable sights on this part of the waterfront include the lakeshore campus of Humber College , housed in a historic former asylum, and Humber Bay Park , and large park at

3168-472: The lakeshore in the current central waterfront area, including the Toronto Islands . The shore of Lake Ontario (at least within present-day Toronto Harbour ) is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline. Adding to the existing silt deposits, Ashbridges Bay was filled in and the Port Lands area (Cherry Street to Leslie Street) was created in the early 1900s. The bay

3240-633: The lands have been converted into a new residential area. The area between York Street and Jarvis Street along the water has remained in private ownership except for the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal . Residential condominiums and the large Harbour Castle hotel were built along the water and the Toronto Star built a new headquarters office building at Yonge Street. The Redpath Sugar Factory remains, and several industrial buildings have been converted into other uses. The area along

3312-433: The mouth of the Rouge River, negatively impacting the local environment. Remedial efforts began in 2001 to reverse the changes in the local environment, although the bridge and causeway remains. East of Port Union is West Rouge , Toronto's easternmost neighbourhood. The eastern terminus of Lawrence Avenue is situated near the southeast portion of West Rouge's waterfront. The easternmost portion of Toronto's waterfront forms

3384-663: The municipal level by the Waterfront Project Secretariat. The organization is directed to support the following policy objectives of the three levels of government: Source: Waterfront Toronto The President and CEO of Waterfront Toronto is George Zegarac, who joined the organization in 2019 after a 33-year tenure in the Ontario Public Service. The organization is governed by the following board of directors: Source: Waterfront Toronto Corus Quay , originally named First Waterfront Place,

3456-527: The north and Cumberland Sound on the south. The Amadjuak Ice Divide on the Hall Peninsula , where Iqaluit sits created a north flow into Cumberland Sound and a south flow into the Hudson Strait . A secondary Hall Ice Divide formed a link to a local ice cap on the Hall Peninsula . The current ice caps on Baffin Island are thought to be a remnant from this time period, but it was not a part of

3528-725: The north of the waterfront now became too valuable to keep industrial and have been converted to other uses, starting with the CN Tower in the 1970s. The railway lands became the site of the SkyDome (now Rogers Centre ), the Toronto Convention Centre , office buildings and numerous condominium residential buildings. Tonnage to the Toronto Port has declined over the past 50 years, replaced by increases in other modes of transportation. The Toronto Harbour Commission

3600-451: The north side of Davenport Road . Casa Loma has a view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline. When the glacier retreated from the St. Lawrence Valley, the shoreline receded to a much shallower level than today's lake, as it takes time for land that had been under a heavy glacier to rebound. This lake was called Admiralty Lake . Some sources suggest

3672-417: The north, becoming limited to only the Canadian Shield until even it became deglaciated. The ultimate collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is also suspected to have influenced European agriculture indirectly through the rise of global sea levels. Canada's oldest ice is a 20,000-year-old remnant of the Laurentide Ice Sheet called the Barnes Ice Cap , on central Baffin Island . During the Late Pleistocene ,

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3744-415: The original natural watercourse of the Don, which would bring it closer to the downtown core. The modern harbour area was mostly formed through landfill in the years around the First World War , to allow for deeper container vessel wharf access. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, providing shipping access to communities from Port Union in the east to Mimico in

3816-401: The outlet of Mimico Creek . Both these sites have marinas . More parkland along the lakeshore is being built with the goal to extend the waterfront route of Martin Goodman Trail as far west as Long Branch. The western border of the old city of Toronto (with Etobicoke) is marked by the Humber River . At the waterfront, this river is crossed by the prominent new Humber Bay Arch Bridge . From

3888-541: The recommendations were carried out, as had been the case during the previous 60 years. Toronto's bids for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics saw plans for much of the new facilities to be located along the waterfront, with all three levels of government committed to spending a great deal of money if the games were won, but on both attempts Toronto lost its bid due to the lack of diversity in facilities either planned or in situ and, except for further commercial condominium development at Harbourfront offering grandiose views of

3960-574: The redevelopment initiative. Waterfront Toronto is overseen by a 13-member government appointed Board of Directors. Waterfront revitalization is concentrated on Toronto's central waterfront, an area that extends from Dowling Avenue in the west to Coxwell Avenue in the east. The revitalization of Toronto's waterfront is one of the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America with 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of largely underutilized, derelict land located steps away from Canada's largest financial and cultural urban core. Full revitalization

4032-504: The revitalization of the area, including public transit , housing developments, brownfield rehabilitation, possible removal of the Gardiner Expressway in the area, the Martin Goodman Trail and lakeshore improvements, and naturalization of the Don River . Actual development of the projects is done by other entities, primarily private corporations. The projects include a series of wavedeck walkways and gathering places designed by West 8 and DTAH. The Waterfront Revitalization Task Force,

4104-419: The surface geology of southern Canada and the northern United States, leaving behind glacially scoured valleys, moraines , eskers and glacial till . It also caused many changes to the shape, size, and drainage of the Great Lakes. As but one of many examples, near the end of the last ice age, Lake Iroquois extended well beyond the boundaries of present-day Lake Ontario , and drained down the Hudson River into

4176-482: The water has been primarily owned by the Toronto Harbour Commission, and eventually transferred to the City's Economic Commission. In 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney called another Royal Commission into the waterfront that was headed by former mayor David Crombie . It was reported in 1992 with a detailed, but expensive plan of environmentally sound development following on the heels of his 1982–86 Toronto Waterfront Regeneration Trust Commission report. Few, if any of

4248-431: The water, the waterfront was unchanged. The recent bid by Toronto for the World's Fair 2015 also planned to use waterfront sites to accommodate the fair, but this bid also failed. As of 2008, most of the lands to the east of Yonge Street, around and east of the Don River are slated for redevelopment directed by the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. Plans are to build predominantly low-rise developments, with

4320-488: The waterfront and the development of parks and public spaces as major priorities. A variety of waterfront public space projects have already been completed by the organization including York and John Quay Promenades, improvements to Cherry Beach, the Western Beaches Watercourse, Marilyn Bell Park improvements and expansion of the Martin Goodman Trail from Marilyn Bell Park to Ontario Place and the completion of phase one Port Union Waterfront Park. The first phase on construction of

4392-532: The waterfront. In the 1950s, the Gardiner Expressway project, connecting suburbs to the west, substantially changed the western waterfront. As the Toronto area prospered and the downtown lands became more developed, industry began to move out of the central area seeking cheaper land in the suburbs. This left behind many heavily polluted sites (some of the main uses of the waterfront were oil and coal storage, waste disposal and incineration, and heavy manufacturing especially in Toronto harbour). The railway lands just to

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4464-436: The west. Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of the Humber River , outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake. East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront is under the control of the government. The Sunnyside lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational and park land uses. To

4536-426: The world which became exceedingly dry, though the effect of ice sheets in Europe had an analogous effect on the rainfall in Afghanistan , parts of Iran , possibly western Pakistan in winter, as well as North Africa . Its melting also caused major disruptions to the global climate cycle, because the huge influx of low- salinity water into the Arctic Ocean via the Mackenzie River is believed to have disrupted

4608-403: The years since deindustrialization . This area is home to the Rogers Centre (SkyDome) and CN Tower , both of which are prominently visible from the waterfront. Between York and Yonge Streets is a cluster of large skyscrapers, many built in the 1970s in the first wave of redevelopment on the waterfront. This includes the Westin Harbour Castle Hotel and One Yonge Street . Also in this area

4680-427: Was Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant , a permanently docked cruise ship that served as a restaurant popular with tourists (now closed, and the ship has been removed) and the Redpath Sugar Building which remains an industrial site. East of Yonge Street running to Cherry Street is a stretch of area known as the East Bayfront , centred on the Parliament Street slip. Currently a mix of warehouses and brownlands it

4752-486: Was Lake Iroquois . Lake Iroquois was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of the Laurentian glacier still filled the valley of what is now the St. Lawrence River . The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment. The lake flowed over the Niagara Escarpment east of Rochester, and flowed to the Atlantic Ocean down what is now the Mohawk River , to the Hudson River . The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, such as that on

4824-423: Was a massive sheet of ice that covered millions of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the Northern United States , multiple times during the Quaternary glaciation epochs, from 2.58 million years ago to the present. The last advance covered most of northern North America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day and, among other geomorphological effects, gouged out

4896-403: Was centred on the Adams Creek which was the site of a local ship builder who worked for the local merchants in the area which also had a winter harbour up the mouth of the Rouge River Valley. The little harbour disappeared in the late 1870s with the arrival of the Grand Trunk Railway . The railway built a causeway , as part of a bridge project, filling in part of the river, irreversibly changing

4968-451: Was eventually dissolved, its lands transferred to the City except for those specifically to be controlled by the successor Toronto Port Authority , which retained authority over transportation uses in the Port, including the Island Airport . The federal government created the authority along with others around Canada to manage ports in a more business-like fashion. Following its mandate, the Port Authority has made attempts to increase usage of

5040-435: Was filled in partly due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses and household waste in the bay for years. During this period, the Don River , which used to flow into the bay to the south-west, was diverted (straightened) toward the harbour, first directly southward and later westward through the current configuration of the Keating Channel . Currently, there are proposals to restore

5112-404: Was the primary feature of the Pleistocene epoch in North America, commonly referred to as the ice age . During the Pre-Illinoian Stage , the Laurentide Ice Sheet extended as far south as the Missouri and Ohio River valleys. It was up to 2 mi (3.2 km) thick in Nunavik , Quebec , Canada , but much thinner at its edges, where nunataks were common in hilly areas. It created much of

5184-398: Was to be completed by 2008. As of January 2008, no such work has been undertaken, but private developers began construction of a condominium complex at the foot of Yonge Street, and TEDCO started construction of Corus Quay . 43°38′53″N 79°20′47″W  /  43.64794°N 79.34635°W  / 43.64794; -79.34635 Laurentide Ice Sheet The Laurentide ice sheet

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