79-839: Waveland may refer to: in the Atlantic Ocean The islet of Rockall , designated as an independent state by Greenpeace in the United States Waveland, Florida Waveland Avenue, a bordering street of Wrigley Field (left-field side), in Chicago, Illinois Waveland, Indiana Waveland State Historic Site , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fayette County, Kentucky Waveland (Danville, Kentucky) , listed on
158-643: A territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres). Ireland's position is that Rockall does not even generate a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea for the United Kingdom owing to the UK's uncertain title to Rockall. Ireland does not recognise the UK's claim, although it has never sought to claim sovereignty of Rockall for itself. The consistent position of successive Irish governments has been that Rockall and similar rocks and skerries have no significance for establishing legal claims to mineral rights in
237-712: A Finance Committee that would originate the financial decisions of the Authority, to which the largest donors would automatically be members and in which decisions would be made by consensus. On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of states parties to
316-506: A Scottish rival. It instead missed and landed in the Irish Sea – the pebble left behind formed Rockall, while the clump became the Isle of Man and the void left behind filled with water and eventually became Lough Neagh . There can be no place more desolate, despairing and awful. The 17.15-metre-high (56.3 ft) rock has been noted in written records since the late 16th century. In
395-467: A distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) to cover their Humboldt Current fishing grounds. Other nations extended their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi). By 1967, only 25 nations still used the old three nautical mile limit, while 66 nations had set a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit and eight had set a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) limit. As of 15 July 2011 , only Jordan still uses
474-507: A few hours on HF frequencies before they had to close down due to approaching bad weather. The Islands on the Air number EU-189 was issued to Rockall as a result of this activation. In 2010, it was revealed that the plaque had gone missing. Andy Strangeway , a British adventurer, announced his intention to land on the island and affix a replacement plaque in June 2010. Comhairle nan Eilean Siar ,
553-406: A level area that was drilled to take the anchorages for the light beacon that was installed the following year. Two phosphor bronze plates were chased into the wall above Hall's Ledge, each secured by four 80-tonne rock-anchor bolts; there was no evidence of the brass plate installed in 1955. Establishing that the rock is part of the United Kingdom and its development as a light beacon facilitated
632-479: A mythical rock which is supposed to appear three times, its last appearance being at the end of the world: " Nuair a thig Rocabarra ris, is dual gun tèid an Saoghal a sgrios ". ('When Rocabarra returns, the world will likely come to be destroyed'). Rockall's name has also been used in Irish mythology ; one story describes how legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of Ireland to fling at
711-698: A seismic survey of the Rockall Bank and the Hatton Bank in July 2004, as part of the Irish National Seabed Survey . The island's only permanent multicellular inhabitants are common periwinkles and other marine molluscs . Small numbers of seabirds, mainly fulmars , northern gannets , black-legged kittiwakes , and common guillemots , use the rock for resting in summer, and gannets and guillemots occasionally breed successfully if
790-415: A storm, Hancock did remain on the island for 45 days, beating McClean's occupancy record by five days. In May 2023 Cam Cameron, a science teacher and former Gordon Highlander , began an attempt to stay 60 days on Rockall to raise funds for military charities. He was accompanied to the rock by a radio operator, Adrian Styles, and Bulgarian mountaineer Emil Bergmann, both of whom planned to stay with him for
869-480: A target regarding conservative and sustainable use of oceans and their resources in line with UNCLOS legal framework. In 1958, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS I ) at Geneva , Switzerland. UNCLOS I resulted in four treaties concluded in 1958: Although UNCLOS I was considered a success, it left open the important issue of breadth of territorial waters. In 1960,
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#1732772938392948-455: A week and then leave. The group landed on Rockall on 30 May, having sailed from Inverkip on the Firth of Clyde. The attempt ended after 30 days when deteriorating weather conditions meant Cameron had to be rescued by HM Coastguard. The "Round Rockall" sailing race, sponsored by Galway Bay Sailing Club, runs from Galway , Ireland, around Rockall and back. It was held in 2012 to coincide with
1027-405: Is 45 days (achieved in 2014 by a solo person). In a House of Commons debate in 1971, William Ross , Labour MP for Kilmarnock, said: "More people have landed on the moon than have landed on Rockall" The earliest recorded date of landing on the island is often given as 8 July 1810, when a Royal Navy officer named Basil Hall led a small landing party from the frigate HMS Endymion to
1106-659: Is an uninhabitable granite islet in the North Atlantic Ocean . The United Kingdom claims that Rockall lies within its territorial sea and is part of its territory, but this claim is not recognised by Ireland . It and the nearby skerries of Hasselwood Rock and Helen's Reef are the only emergent parts of the Rockall Plateau . The rock was formed by magmatism as part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province during
1185-814: Is called the Rockall Bank , lying directly south from an area known as the Rockall Plateau. It is separated from the Outer Hebrides by the Rockall Trough , itself located within the Rockall Basin (also known as the "Hatton Rockall Basin"). In 1956 the British scientist James Fisher referred to the island as "the most isolated small rock in the oceans of the world". The neighbouring Hasselwood Rock and several other pinnacles of
1264-486: Is now discouraged. In 1975, a mineral new to science was discovered in a rock sample from Rockall. The mineral is called bazirite , named after the chemical elements barium and zirconium . Bazirite has the chemical formula BaZrSi 3 O 9 . Rockall forms part of the deeply eroded Rockall Igneous Centre that was formed as part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province . It was formed approximately 52 ± 8 million years ago based on rubidium–strontium dating , as part of
1343-438: Is often washed over by large storm waves, particularly in winter. There is a small ledge of 3.5 by 1.3 m (11 ft 6 in by 4 ft 3 in), known as Hall's Ledge, four metres (13 ft) from the summit on the rock's western face. It is the only named geographical location on the rock. The nearest point on land from Rockall is 301.3 kilometres (162.7 nmi), east at the uninhabited Scottish island of Soay in
1422-416: Is one of the few pinnacles of the surrounding Helen's Reef ; it is located 301.3 kilometres (162.7 nautical miles) west of the uninhabited islet of Soay , St Kilda , Scotland, and 423.2 kilometres (263.0 statute miles; 228.5 nautical miles) northwest of Tory Island , County Donegal , Ireland. Its location was precisely determined by Nick Hancock during his 2014 expedition. The surrounding elevated seabed
1501-563: Is part of Na h-Eileanan Siar council area of Scotland . The exact position of Rockall and the size and shape of the Rockall Bank were first charted in 1831 by Captain A. T. E. Vidal , a Royal Navy surveyor. The first scientific expedition to Rockall was led by Miller Christy in 1896 when the Royal Irish Academy sponsored a study of the flora and fauna. They chartered the Granuaile . A detailed underwater mapping of
1580-589: Is that it derives from the Gaelic Sgeir Rocail , meaning ' skerry of roaring' or 'sea rock of roaring' (although rocail can also be translated as 'tearing' or 'ripping'). The Dutch mapmakers Petrus Plancius and C. Claesz [ nl ] , show an island called Rookol northwest of Ireland on their Map of New France and the Northern Atlantic Ocean (Amsterdam, c. 1594 ). The first literary reference to
1659-549: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in Hamburg , Germany . Landlocked states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states. Part XI of the convention provides for a regime relating to minerals on the seabed outside any state's territorial waters or exclusive economic zones (EEZ). It establishes an International Seabed Authority (ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute
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#17327729383921738-649: The International Whaling Commission and the International Seabed Authority (ISA), which was established by the convention itself. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea replaces the older " freedom of the seas " concept, dating from the 17th century. According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's coastlines , usually 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) ( three-mile limit ), according to
1817-499: The Paleogene . It is 301 kilometres (187 statute miles; 163 nautical miles) west of Soay, St Kilda , Scotland ; 423 kilometres (263 statute miles; 228 nautical miles) northwest of Tory Island , Ireland ; and 700 kilometres (430 statute miles; 380 nautical miles) south of Iceland . The nearest permanently inhabited place is North Uist , an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, 370 kilometres (230 mi; 200 nmi) to
1896-707: The St Kilda archipelago. The nearest inhabited area lies 303.2 kilometres (163.7 nmi) east at Hirta , the largest island in the St. Kilda group, which is populated intermittently at a single military base. The nearest permanently inhabited settlement is 366.8 km (198.1 nmi) west of the headland of Aird an Rùnair , near the crofting township of Hogha Gearraidh on the island of North Uist at NF705711 ( 57°36′33″N 7°31′7″W / 57.60917°N 7.51861°W / 57.60917; -7.51861 ( Hogha Gearraidh / Hougharry ) ) . North Uist
1975-469: The high seas . The United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction or BBNJ Agreement, also referred to by some stakeholders as the High Seas Treaty or Global Ocean Treaty, is a legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. There is some controversy over the popularized name of
2054-621: The secretary-general of the United Nations receives instruments of ratification and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party to the convention, the United Nations Secretariat has no direct operational role in the implementation of the convention. A UN specialized agency , the International Maritime Organization , does play a role, however, as do other bodies such as
2133-492: The " cannon shot" rule developed by the Dutch jurist Cornelius van Bynkershoek . All waters beyond national boundaries were considered international waters : free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the mare liberum principle propounded by Hugo Grotius ). In the early 20th century, some nations expressed their desire to extend national claims: to include mineral resources, to protect fish stocks , and to provide
2212-634: The "polluter-pays" principle, and different impacts of human activities including areas beyond the national jurisdiction of the countries making those activities. The agreement was adopted by the 193 United Nations Member States. The convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification. The convention has been ratified by 170 parties, which includes 166 UN member states, 1 UN Observer state ( Palestine ), two non-member states (the Cook Islands and Niue ) and
2291-404: The 20th century, its location became relevant due to potential oil and fishing rights that might accrue to a nation recognised as having a legitimate claim to it. In 1955 the British landed on Rockall and claimed it for the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom formally annexed the islet in 1972. According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius (owned by no one) until the 1955 British claim
2370-557: The 3-mile (4.8 km) limit. That limit is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese straits , certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few British Overseas Territories , such as Gibraltar . UNCLOS does not deal with matters of territorial disputes or to resolve issues of sovereignty, as that field is governed by rules of customary international law on the acquisition and loss of territory. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 has
2449-426: The 60th state, Guyana, ratified the treaty. The convention introduced a number of provisions. The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes. The convention set
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2528-517: The Admiralty hand it back. It's no' theirs." The British Government ignored the protest. In 1971, Captain T. R. Kirkpatrick RE led the landing party on a government expedition named "Operation Top Hat" that was mounted from RFA Engadine to establish that the rock was part of the United Kingdom and to prepare the islet for the installation of a light beacon. The landing party included Royal Engineers, Royal Marines and civilian members from
2607-712: The Institute of Geological Sciences in London. The party was landed by winch line from the Wessex 5 helicopters of the Royal Naval Air Services Commando Headquarters Squadron, commanded by Lt Cmdr Neil Foster RN. As well as collecting samples of the aegirine granite, "rockallite", for later analysis in London, the top of the rock was blown off using a newly developed blasting technique, precision pre-splitting. This created
2686-747: The Law of the Sea The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty , is an international treaty that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of October 2024 , 169 sovereign states and the European Union are parties. The convention resulted from the third United Nations Conference on
2765-567: The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas . UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after Guyana became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty. In 2023, agreement was reached on a High Seas Treaty to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters. This would provide measures including Marine Protected Areas and environmental impact assessments . While
2844-614: The Long Way Round Circumnavigation of Ireland via Rockall island. The Barracuda-style naval patrol, search and rescue vessel, Thunder Child , completed the route in 34 hours, 1 minute, and 47 seconds. Set in an anti-clockwise direction, the new record – the first of its kind – is now subject to ratification by Irish Sailing and the Union Internationale Motonautique , the world governing board for all powerboat activity. Rockall
2923-585: The National Register of Historic Places in Boyle County, Kentucky Waveland, Mississippi , a town devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Waveland (Marshall, Virginia) , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Fauquier County, Virginia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Waveland . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
3002-687: The UN Rio Declaration. Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO . The MARPOL convention is an example of such regulation. Part XII also bestows coastal and port states with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on
3081-537: The United Nations held the second Conference on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS II"); however, the six-week Geneva conference did not result in any new agreements. Generally speaking, developing nations and third world countries participated only as clients, allies, or dependents of the United States or the Soviet Union, with no significant voice of their own. The issue of varying claims of territorial waters
3160-627: The adjacent seabed or to fishing rights in the surrounding seas. The origin and meaning of the islet's name Rockall is uncertain. The Scottish Gaelic name for the islet, Ròcal , may derive from an Old Norse name that may contain the element fjall , meaning 'mountain'. Coates has suggested that the name is from the Norse * rok , meaning 'foaming sea', and kollr , meaning 'bald head'—a word which appears in other placenames in Scandinavian-speaking areas. Another idea
3239-536: The agreement does not directly address climate change , it also serves as a step towards protecting the ecosystems that store carbon in sediments. The treaty has 75 articles and its main purpose is "to take stewardship of the world’s oceans for present and future generations, care for and protect the marine environment and ensure its responsible use, maintain the integrity of undersea ecosystems and conserve marine biological diversity’s inherent value". The treaty recognizes traditional knowledge . It has articles regarding
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3318-678: The agreement. It is an agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The text was finalised during an intergovernmental conference at the UN on 4 March 2023 and adopted on 19 June 2023. Both states and regional economic integration organizations can become parties to the treaty. In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) had voted to convene an intergovernmental conference (IGC) to consider establishing an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on
3397-425: The area around Rockall undertaken in 2011–2012 by Marine Scotland showed that Rockall itself is a minor pinnacle, whilst Helen's Reef extends in a sweeping arc of fissures and ridges to the north-west of the islet. Between the islet and Helen's Reef is a deeper trench much used by squid fishermen. Rockall is located in the pathway of the warming and moderating Gulf Stream . Although the rock has no weather station,
3476-651: The area by two state-sponsored contractors – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (sponsored by the Republic of Nauru) and Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (sponsored by the Kingdom of Tonga). The advisory opinion set forth the international legal responsibilities and obligations of sponsoring states and the authority to ensure that sponsored activities do not harm the marine environment, consistent with the applicable provisions of UNCLOS Part XI, Authority regulations, ITLOS case law, other international environmental treaties, and Principle 15 of
3555-644: The breakup of Laurasia . Greenland and Europe separated and the northeast Atlantic Ocean was formed between them, eventually leaving Rockall as an isolated islet. The RV Celtic Explorer surveyed the Rockall Bank in 2003. The Irish Light Vessel Granuaile (the same name as the steamer on the RIA 1896 botany survey) was chartered by the Geological Survey of Ireland , on behalf of the Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources , to conduct
3634-466: The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). This was considered necessary because UNCLOS did not provide a framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction. There was a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability. The treaty addresses four themes: (1) marine genetic resources (MGRs) and their Digital sequence information , including
3713-418: The convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an International Seabed Authority and the common heritage of mankind principle. The convention also established
3792-582: The convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the area in accordance with Part XI of the convention and the 1994 agreement. The advisory opinion was issued in response to a formal request made by the International Seabed Authority following two prior applications the authority's Legal and Technical Commission had received from the Republic of Nauru and the Kingdom of Tonga regarding proposed activities (a plan of work to explore for polymetallic nodules) to be undertaken in
3871-585: The convention. The resulting 1994 Agreement on Implementation was adopted as a binding international convention. It mandated that key articles, including those on limitation of seabed production and mandatory technology transfer, would not be applied, that the United States, if it became a member, would be guaranteed a seat on the Council of the International Seabed Authority, and finally, that voting would be done in groups, with each group able to block decisions on substantive matters. The 1994 Agreement also established
3950-488: The demand for minerals from the seabed made the seabed regime significantly less relevant. In addition, the decline of communism in the late 1980s removed much of the support for some of the more contentious Part XI provisions. In 1990, consultations began between signatories and non-signatories (including the United States) over the possibility of modifying the convention to allow the industrialized countries to join
4029-473: The east. The United Kingdom claimed Rockall in 1955 and incorporated it as a part of Scotland in 1972. The UK does not make a claim to an extended exclusive economic zone (EEZ) based on Rockall, as it has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which says that "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf". However, such features are entitled to
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#17327729383924108-401: The fair and equitable sharing of benefits; (2) area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs); (3) environmental impact assessments (EIAs); and (4) capacity building and transfer of marine technology (CB&TMT). The area-based management tools and environmental impact assessments relate mainly to conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, while
4187-591: The finish of the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race around the world. The 2015–2016 Clipper Round the World Yacht Race race 12 from New York to Derry was extended around Rockall despite previous promises to crew from Sir Robin Knox-Johnston that this would not happen again after the race to Danang . In July, 2022, the 2019–2020 Clipper Round the world race (delayed for 2 years by COVID) was again extended on Leg 8 to go around Rockall before completing
4266-784: The incorporation of the island into the District of Harris in the County of Inverness under the Island of Rockall Act 1972 . It would have reinforced the UK Government's claim with regard to seabed rights in the area at the time. In 1978, eight members of the Dangerous Sports Club , including David Kirke , one of its founders, held a cocktail party on the island, allegedly leaving with the plaque. Former SAS member and survival expert Tom McClean decided to live on
4345-1051: The island by a Royal Navy helicopter from HMS Vidal (coincidentally named after the man who first charted the island). The annexation of Rockall was announced by the Admiralty on 21 September 1955. The expedition team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted the Union Flag to stake the UK's claim. The inscription on the plaque read: BY AUTHORITY OF HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH THE SECOND , BY THE GRACE OF GOD OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND OF HER OTHER REALMS AND TERRITORIES, QUEEN, HEAD OF THE COMMONWEALTH , DEFENDER OF THE FAITH , ETC. ETC. ETC. AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH HER MAJESTY'S INSTRUCTIONS DATED 14. 9. 55. A LANDING WAS EFFECTED ON THIS DAY UPON THE ISLAND OF ROCKALL FROM H.M.S. VIDAL. THE UNION FLAG WAS HOISTED AND POSSESSION OF THE ISLAND WAS TAKEN IN THE NAME OF HER MAJESTY. [Signed] R H Connell, CAPTAIN , H.M.S. VIDAL, 18 SEPTEMBER 1955 It
4424-452: The island from 26 May 1985 to 4 July 1985 to affirm the UK's claim to the islet. In 1997, three members of the environmentalist organisation Greenpeace occupied the islet for 42 days, calling it Waveland , to protest against oil exploration . Greenpeace declared the island to be a "new Global State" (as a spoof micronation ) and offered citizenship to anyone willing to take their pledge of allegiance. The British Government's response
4503-571: The island, which is called Rokol , is found in Martin Martin 's A Late Voyage to St. Kilda , published in 1698. This book gives an account of a voyage to the archipelago of St Kilda , and Martin states: "... and from it lies Rokol, a small rock sixty leagues [300 km] to the westward of St Kilda; the inhabitants of this place call it Rokabarra ." The name Rocabarraigh is also used in Scottish Gaelic folklore for
4582-484: The islet, having landed for the first time the previous year on a reconnaissance expedition which coincided with Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee. The weather conditions at the time "were not favourable" according to a Maritime and Coastguard Agency official. Subsequently, Hancock postponed his challenge until 2014. On 5 June 2014 Hancock landed on Rockall to begin his 60-day survival attempt. Despite being forced to cut his 60-day goal short after losing supplies in
4661-451: The isolated position makes for an extreme maritime climate without heat or cold extremes. Rockall is made of a type of peralkaline granite that is relatively rich in sodium and potassium . Within this granite are darker bands richer in iron because they contain two iron-sodium silicate minerals called aegirine and riebeckite . The darker bands are a type of granite that geologists have named " rockallite ", although use of this term
4740-409: The landing party stranded. The expedition made a brief attempt to return to the ship, but could not find the frigate in the haze, and soon gave up and returned to Rockall. After the haze became a fog, the lookout sent to the top of Rockall spotted the ship again, but it turned away from Rockall before the expedition in their boats reached it. Finally, just before sunset, the frigate was again spotted from
4819-749: The leg at the mouth of the River Foyle in Ireland. The fleet had crossed the Atlantic in record time, and the City docks in Derry had no room for the fleet of 11 boats to berth. The race organizers sent the fleet around Rockall in order to extend the leg by approximately one day's sailing time to clear the docks in Derry. In 2017, the Safehaven Marine team led by Frank Kowalski set a world record for
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#17327729383924898-472: The limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined baseline . (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, straight baselines may be used.) The areas are as follows: The area outside these areas is referred to as the " high seas " or simply "the Area". Aside from its provisions defining ocean boundaries,
4977-400: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waveland&oldid=1027477158 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Rockall Rockall ( / ˈ r ɒ k ɔː l / )
5056-405: The local authority for Rockall, approved planning permission for the plaque. The 2010 expedition was cancelled, and Strangeway did not replace the plaque. In October 2011 a group of amateur radio operators from Belgium travelled by ship to Rockall. Several of them climbed up the rocks and set up a radio station for some hours. They stayed overnight on top of the island. Radio contacts to all over
5135-428: The marine genetic resources and capacity building and transfer of marine technology include issues of economic justice and equity. Greenpeace called it "the biggest conservation victory ever". The main achievement is the new possibility to create marine protected areas in international waters. By doing so the agreement now makes it possible to protect 30% of the oceans by 2030 (part of the 30 by 30 target). Though
5214-476: The means to enforce pollution controls . The League of Nations called a 1930 conference at The Hague , but no agreements resulted. Using the customary international-law principle of a nation's right to protect its natural resources, President Harry S. Truman in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its continental shelf . Other nations were quick to follow suit. Between 1946 and 1950, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador extended their rights to
5293-483: The minerals of the deep seabed. An agreement was made with other seabed mining nations and licenses were granted to four international consortia. Concurrently, the Preparatory Commission was established to prepare for the eventual coming into force of the convention-recognized claims by applicants, sponsored by signatories of the convention. Overlaps between the two groups were resolved, but a decline in
5372-575: The seabed mining royalty. The United States objected to the provisions of Part XI of the convention on several grounds, arguing that the treaty was unfavorable to American economic and security interests. Due to Part XI, the United States refused to ratify the UNCLOS, although it expressed agreement with the remaining provisions of the convention. From 1982 to 1990, the United States accepted all but Part XI as customary international law, while attempting to establish an alternative regime for exploitation of
5451-435: The ship was making a survey of the sea bed prior to the laying of a transatlantic telegraph cable . Johns managed to gain foothold on the island, but failed to reach the summit. On 18 September 1955, Rockall was annexed by the British Crown when Lieutenant-Commander Desmond Scott RN , Sergeant Brian Peel RM , Corporal AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher (a civilian naturalist and former Royal Marine), were winched onto
5530-441: The summer is calm with no storm waves washing over the rock. In total there have been just over twenty species of seabird and six other animal species observed (including the aforementioned molluscs) on or near the islet. Cold-water coral biogenic reefs have been identified on the wider Rockall Bank, which are contributing features for the East Rockall Bank and North-West Rockall Bank SACs . United Nations Convention on
5609-409: The summit. However, research by James Fisher (see below), in the log of Endymion and elsewhere, indicates that the actual date for this first landing was on Sunday 8 September 1811. The landing party left Endymion for the rock by boat. Whilst there, Endymion , which was taking depth measurements around Rockall, lost visual contact with the rock as a haze descended. The ship drifted away, leaving
5688-443: The surrounding Helen's Reef are smaller, at half the size of Rockall or less, and equally remote, but those formations are legally not islands or points on land, as they are often submerged completely, only revealed momentarily above certain types of ocean surface waves . Rockall is about 25 metres (80 ft) wide and 31 m (102 ft) long at its base and rises sheer to a height of 17.15 m (56 ft 3 in). It
5767-597: The test. Consequently, in April 1955 an order was issued to the Admiralty to seize the island and declare UK sovereignty, lest it become an outpost for foreign observers. On 7 November 1955, J. Abrach Mackay, an 84-year- old local councillor and member of the Clan Mackay , made a protest about the annexation; he declared: "My old father, God rest his soul, claimed that island for the Clan of Mackay in 1846 and I now demand that
5846-426: The top of Rockall, and the expedition was able to get back on board. The crew of Endymion reported that they had been searching for five or six hours, firing their cannon every ten minutes. Hall related this experience and other adventures in a book entitled Fragment of Voyages and Travels Including Anecdotes of a Naval Life . The next landing, in the summer of 1862, was by a Mr Johns of HMS Porcupine whilst
5925-429: The world were made using HF frequencies under the call sign "MM0RAI/P". In 2013 an occupation of the island by explorer Nick Hancock to raise money for the charity Help for Heroes was planned. The challenge was to land on Rockall and survive solo for 60 days. On 31 May 2013, Hancock, and a TV crew from BBC's The One Show , sailed to the islet aboard Orca III , and he unsuccessfully attempted to land and survive on
6004-493: Was made. Rockall gives its name to one of the sea areas named in the shipping forecast provided by the British Meteorological Office . Rockall has been a point of interest for adventurers and amateur radio operators, who have variously landed on or briefly occupied the islet. Fewer than 20 individuals have ever been confirmed to have landed on Rockall, and the longest known continuous occupation
6083-609: Was raised in the UN in 1967 by Arvid Pardo of Malta, and in 1973 the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea convened in New York. In an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations, the conference used a consensus process rather than majority vote. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. The resulting convention came into force on 16 November 1994, one year after
6162-613: Was the final territorial expansion of the British empire. The initial incentive for the annexation was the test-firing of the UK's first guided nuclear weapon , the American-made Corporal missile . The missile was to be launched from South Uist and sent over the North Atlantic. The Ministry of Defence was concerned that the unclaimed island would provide an opportunity for the Soviet Union to spy on
6241-403: Was to state that "Rockall is British territory. It is part of Scotland and anyone is free to go there and can stay as long as they please" and otherwise ignore them. The 1955 plaque was unscrewed and refixed back to front, and subsequently it disappeared. In June 2005 the first amateur radio (ham radio) activation of Rockall took place when the club station MS0IRC/P was set up and operated for
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