61-521: Wazir Khan was a title bestowed by Mughal emperors, and may refer to: Wazir Khan (Lahore) (15th century), governor of Lahore Wazir Khan Mosque , a mosque in Lahore commissioned by Khan when he was court physician Wazir Khan (Sirhind) (1635–1710), governor of Sirhind Wazir Ali Khan (1780–1817), fourth nawab wazir of Oudh Wazir Akbar Khan (1816–1845), Afghan prince Wazir Akbar Khan, Kabul ,
122-534: A Qadi's rulings based on the previously used Hanafi systems in sharia-influenced courts. In the Ottoman Empire, a Kadiluk – the district covered by a kadı – was an administrative subdivision, smaller than a Sanjak . As the Empire expanded, so did the legal complexities that were built into the system of administration carried over and were enhanced by the conditions of frontier expansion. In particular,
183-403: A day's walk. The opening of a trial theoretically required the presence of both the plaintiff and the defendant. If a plaintiff's adversary resided in another judicial district, the plaintiff could present his evidence before the qadi of his own district, who would then write to the judge of the district in which the defendant resided and expose the evidence against him. The addressee qadi summoned
244-470: A mircale that with not fully seven hundred men he destroyed an army of seven thousand." Hearing this the emperor was convinced to take no further action against the Guru . In Lahore, he undertook extensive construction projects, including the establishment of baths, markets, and various other edifices. In Chiniot , he erected a formidable brick fort alongside other notable structures, generously gifting them to
305-459: A modest existence, eschewing extravagance in both personal and domestic matters. His frugality extended to household expenses and attire, reflecting his humility and dedication to serving his people. The title of 'Wazir Khan' by which he is remembered by posterity was granted him by Shah Jahan, and literally means a 'Wazir', or Vizier , a 'Minister/High Court Official'. Alimuddin Wazir Khan
366-566: A neighbourhood of Kabul named after the Afghan prince Muhammad Wazir Khan (1834–1864), the second ruler of the princely state of Tonk Wazir Arsala Khan (19th century), Afghan politician Wazir Khan (Rampur) (1860–1926), chief musician of Rampur State and a descendant of Naubat Khan See also [ edit ] Wazir Khanum , Mughal princess, mother of 19th-century Indian Urdu poet Daagh Dehlvi Wazir (disambiguation) Khan (title) Khan (surname) Topics referred to by
427-627: A notable standing in the Prince's regard. His contributions during the campaign against the Rana, notably as the Divan-i-Buyutat, were invaluable, earning him significant promotion within the ranks. During the Prince's stay at Junair, Wazir Khan ascended to the prestigious position of the Divan , marking a significant elevation in his status. At that juncture, only Mahabat Khan held a higher rank among
488-400: A particular qadi's jurisdiction could be further restricted to particular cases or types of cases at the behest of the appointing superior. The principle of delegation of judicial powers not only allowed the supreme ruler to delegate those powers to a qadi but also allowed qadis to further delegate them to others, and there was, in principle, no limit to that chain of delegation. All persons in
549-674: A permanent courthouse, thus the word "Quazi Court" is not applicable in the current context. The Quazi can hear the cases anywhere and anytime he wants. Currently most Quazis are laymen. In accordance with section 15 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, the Judicial Services Commission may appoint a Board of Quazis, consisting of five male Muslims resident in Sri Lanka, who are of good character and position and of suitable attainments, to hear appeals from
610-411: A person may effectively discharge the duties of the office without being well versed in the law. The latter position presupposed that a qadi who is not learned in matters of law would consult those who are before reaching a decision. Indeed, consultation was urged upon the learned qadi as well since even the learned are fallible and can profit from the views of others. Those consulted did not, however, have
671-459: A qadi must possess are stated in the law, but the law is not uniform on this subject. The minimal requirement upon which all the jurists agree is that a qadi possess the same qualifications as a witness in court : being be free, sane, adult, trustworthy, and a Muslim. Some require that they also possess the qualifications of a jurist, that is, that they be well versed in the law, bur others regard those qualifications as simply preferable and imply that
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#1732773366036732-470: A qadi's work. In Indonesia , there are nearly 100 female qadis. In 2017, Hana Khatib was appointed as the first female qadi in Israel. In Morocco, a researcher found that female judges were more sensitive to the interests of female litigants in alimony cases and held similar views to their male colleagues in maintaining Sharia standards such as the need for a wali (male guardian) for marriage. There
793-527: A remedy for a deficiency in the law, namely the incompleteness and procedural rigidity of its criminal code. Although in theory a qadi exercised a criminal jurisdiction, in practice, that jurisdiction was removed from his sphere of competence and turned over entirely to the shurṭah , which developed its own penalties and procedures. What was left to the qadi was a jurisdiction concerned mainly with cases having to do with inheritance, personal status, property, and commercial transactions. Even within that jurisdiction,
854-449: A remedy for the inability of a qadi to take equity freely into account. It also made up for certain shortcomings of Islamic law, for example, the lack of a highly developed law of torts , which was largely because of the preoccupation of the law with breaches of contracts . In addition, it heard complaints against state officials. The shurṭah , on the other hand, was the state apparatus responsible for criminal justice. It too provided
915-420: A surprising objectivity. But the different legal status of Jews and Muslims was preserved. Jewish testimony was weighted differently when the testimony was prejudicial to Jews or Muslims. In accordance with section 12 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, the Judicial Services Commission may appoint any male Muslim of good character and position and of suitable attainments to be a Quazi. The Quazi does not have
976-413: A trial in front of a qadi, it is the plaintiff who is responsible for bringing evidence against the defendant to have him or her convicted. There are no appeals to the judgements of a qadi. A qadi must exercise his office in a public place, the chief mosque is recommended, or, in his own house, where the public should have free access. The qadi had authority over a territory whose diameter was equivalent to
1037-447: A vacuum was intentionally left by the colonizing powers in various sectors of education and government. European colonizers were careful to exclude "natives" from access to legal education and legal professions. Thus, the number of law graduates and legal professionals was inadequate, and women were needed to fill the empty spaces in the judiciaries. Rulers reacted by expanding general educational opportunities for women to fill positions in
1098-460: A very important one in every principality of the caliphates and sultanates of the various Muslim empires over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qadi in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative control, and in order to establish peace and justice over the dominions they controlled. Although the primary responsibility of a qadi was judicial, he was generally charged with certain nonjudicial responsibilities as well, such as
1159-475: A voice in the final decision-making. The Islamic court was a strictly one-judge court, and the final decision rested upon the shoulders of a single qadi. The jurisdiction of a qadi was theoretically coextensive with the scope of the law that he applied. That law was fundamentally a law for Muslims, and the internal affairs of the non-Muslim, or dhimmī s, communities living within the Islamic state were left under
1220-527: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wazir Khan (Lahore) Hakeem Shaikh Ilam-ud-din Ansari (died 1641), known by his royal title Wazir Khan , was a Mughal administrator and an imperial minister who held the position of grand vizier in the Mughal Empire. Wazir Khan was born in a Punjabi Muslim family hailing from Chiniot in
1281-405: Is disagreement among Islamic scholars as to whether women are qualified to act as qadis or not. Many modern Muslim states have a combination of religious and secular courts. The secular courts often have little issue with female judges, but the religious courts may restrict what domains female judges can preside in, such as only family and marital law. Islamic rulers in the subcontinent also used
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#17327733660361342-400: Is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and audition of public works. The term ' qāḍī ' was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam , and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates . While
1403-420: The mufti and fuqaha played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence ( Uṣūl al-Fiqh ) and the Islamic law ( sharīʿa ), the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The office of qadi continued to be
1464-680: The alcaldes mayores , the alcaldes del crimen and the alcaldes de barrio . The adoption of this term, like many other Arabic ones, reflects the fact that, at least in the early phases of the Reconquista , Muslim society in the Iberian Peninsula imparted great influence on the Christian one. As Spanish Christians took over an increasing part of the Peninsula, they adapted Muslim systems and terminology for their own use. In
1525-561: The Guru. When the Guru was arrested by the emperor Shah Jahan , Wazir Khan begged for the Guru's release. After the first battle between the Sikh and the Mughals Khan convinced Shah Jahan that there wasn't value in taking further action against the Guru . He said, "Sire, the Guru is not a rebel and hath no design on thine empire. He hath ever been the support of the state... Is it not
1586-620: The Ottoman Empire, qadis were appointed by the Veliyu l-Emr . With the reform movements, secular courts have replaced qadis, but they formerly held wide-ranging responsibilities: The role of the Qadi in the Ottoman legal system changed as the Empire progressed through history. The 19th century brought a great deal of political and legal reform to the Ottoman Empire in an effort to modernize
1647-532: The Prince's retinue. He was later given a command of 7000. He remained Chief Qadi at Lahore for some time. From 1628 to 1631 he served as the governor of Agra after which he was appointed as the governor of Lahore . He held this post until approximately 1640/1641, when he was reappointed as governor of Agra. In 1640, he became the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire and remained so till his death in 1642. According to Sikh texts and tradition Wazir Khan
1708-756: The Sharia Court open to the Shaykh al-Azhar and the Grand Mufti, and other people could be added. Lastly, judges were to consult the muftis appointed to their courts whenever a case was not totally clear to them. If the problem was not solved, the case had to be submitted to the Grand Mufti, whose fatwa was binding on the qadi. A qadi must (per the cited source) be a male adult, free, a Muslim, sane, unconvicted of slander and educated in Islamic science. His performance must be totally congruent with Sharia (Islamic law) without using his own interpretation. In
1769-449: The administration of religious endowments ( wāqf ), the legitimization of the accession or deposition of a ruler, the execution of wills, the accreditation of witnesses, guardianship over orphans and others in need of protection, and supervision of the enforcement of public morals ( ḥisbah ). The Abbasid caliphs created the office of chief qadi ( qāḍī al-quḍāh or qāḍī al-quḍāt ), whose holder acted primarily as adviser to
1830-568: The caliph in the appointment and dismissal of qadis. Among the most famous of the early judges appointed to the role of chief qadi was Abu Yusuf , a disciple of the early Muslim scholar and jurist Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man , founder of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. Later Islamic states generally retained this office, while granting to its holder the authority to issue appointments and dismissals in his own name. The Mamluk Sultanate , which ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1516 CE, introduced
1891-416: The caliph or, after the demise of the caliphate, the supreme ruler in a given territory. This delegate status implies the absence of a separation of powers; both judicial and executive powers were concentrated in the person of the supreme ruler (caliph or otherwise). On the other hand, a certain degree of autonomy was enjoyed by a qadi in that the law that he applied was not the creation of the supreme ruler or
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1952-587: The centuries, this profession became a title within the families, and the power remained within one family in a region. Throughout Muslim Regions, we now find various Qazi families who descended through their famous Qazi (Qadi) ancestors and retained the lands and position. Each family is known by the town or city that their ancestors controlled. Qazis are mostly found in areas of Pakistan, specifically in Sindh as well as India. They are now also prominent in small areas of Australia. The grand qadi of Martinique manages
2013-479: The chain, except for the supreme ruler or his governor, bore the title qadi. Although in theory, the appointment of a qadi could be effected by a simple verbal declaration on the part of the appointing superior, it was normally accomplished by means of a written certificate of investiture, which obviated the need for the appointee to appear in the presence of the superior. The appointment was essentially unilateral, rather than contractual, and did not require acceptance on
2074-454: The creation of a hierarchy. This development began in 1856. Until the Qadi's Ordinance of 1856, the qadis were appointed by the Porte and were part of the Ottoman religious judiciary. This Ordinance recommends the consultation of muftis and the ' ulama . In practice, the sentences of qadis usually were checked by muftis appointed to the courts. Other important decisions were also checked by
2135-418: The decision of a qadi as final and irrevocable, the maẓālim court could function as a kind of court of appeals in cases that parties complained of unfair decisions from qadis. The maẓālim judge was not bound to the rules of Islamic law ( fiqh ) or, for that matter, to any body of positive law, but he was free to make decisions entirely on the basis of considerations of equity. The maẓālim court thus provided
2196-653: The decisions of the Quazis under this Act. The Board of Quazis does not have a permanent courthouse either. Usually an appeal or a revision takes a minimum of two to three years in order to arrive for judgment from the Board of Quazis. The Board of Quazis can start the proceedings at whatever time they want and end the proceedings at whatever time they want. The Office of the Board of Quazis is situated in Hulftsdorp, Colombo 12. As Muslim states gained independence from Europe,
2257-492: The defendant and convicted him on that basis. Qadis kept court records in their archives ( diwan ) and handed them over to their successors once they had been dismissed. Qadis must not receive gifts from participants in trials and must be careful in engaging themselves in trade. Despite the rules governing the office, Muslim history is full of complaints about qadis. It has often been a problem that qadis have been managers of waqfs , religious endowments. The qualifications that
2318-511: The expanding state bureaucracy, and in the 1950s and 1960s began the first phase of women being appointed as judges. Such was the case in 1950s Indonesia, which has the largest number of female judges in the Muslim world. In some countries the colonized had more opportunities to study law, such as in Egypt. Sufficient male students to study law and fill legal positions and other bureaucratic jobs in
2379-411: The expression of his will. What a qadi owed to the supreme ruler was solely the power to apply the law for which sanctions were necessary that only the supreme ruler as head of the state could guarantee. Similar to a qadi, a mufti is also an interpreting power of Sharia. Muftis are jurists that give authoritative legal opinions, or fatwas , and historically have been known to rank above qadis. With
2440-426: The first qadis in effect laid the foundations of Islamic positive law. Once that law had been formed, however, the role of the qadi underwent a profound change. No longer free to follow the guidelines mentioned above, a qadi was now expected to adhere solely to the new Islamic law, and that adherence has characterized the office ever since. A qadi continued, however, to be a delegate of a higher authority, ultimately
2501-462: The first qadis therefore decided cases on the basis of the only guidelines available to them: Arab customary law, the laws of the conquered territories, the general precepts of the Qurʾān and their own sense of equity. During the later Umayyad period (705–750 CE), a growing class of Muslim legal scholars, distinct from the qadis, busied themselves with the task of supplying the needed body of law, and by
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2562-465: The introduction of the secular court system in the 19th century, Ottoman councils began to enforce criminal legislation to emphasize their position as part of the new executive. That creation of the hierarchical secular judiciary did not displace the original Sharia courts. Sharia justice developed along lines comparable to what happened to the organization of secular justice: greater bureaucratization, more precise legal circumscription of jurisdiction, and
2623-573: The jurisdictions of those communities. Islamic law governed dhimmī s only with respect to their relations to Muslims and to the Islamic state. In actual practice, however, the jurisdiction of a qadi was hemmed in by what must be regarded as rival jurisdictions, particularly that of the maẓālim court and that of the shurṭah . The maẓālim was a court (presided over by the supreme ruler himself or his governor) that heard complaints addressed to it by virtually any offended party. Since Islamic law did not provide for any appellate jurisdiction but regarded
2684-454: The local populace. His benevolent actions extended to infrastructure development, as he constructed roads, streets, shops, mosques, rest-houses, a school, a hospital, and wells for public use, alleviating the burdens of everyday life for the citizens. Regrettably, he never had the chance to revisit his cherished birthplace, a longing that remained unfulfilled throughout his life. Described as a man of quiet demeanor and steadfast temperament, he led
2745-604: The mosque projects and has a role of social mediator, agents of Muslim justice. On the island of Mayotte , one of the Comoro Islands , the title qadi was used for Umar who governed it from 19 November 1835 to 1836 after its conquest by and annexation to the Sultanate of Ndzuwani ( Anjouan ). In the Songhai Empire , criminal justice was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during
2806-635: The mufti of the Majlis al-Ahkam or by a council of ulama connected with it. It is said that if the local qadi and mufti disagreed, it became customary to submit the case to the authoritative Grand Mufti. Later, in 1880, the new Sharia Courts Ordinance introduced the hierarchical judiciary. Through the Ministry of Justice, parties could appeal to the Cairo Sharia Court against decisions of provincial qadis and ni'ibs. There, parties could appeal to
2867-639: The nation in the face of a shifting power balance in Europe and the interventions in Ottoman territories that followed. In territories such as the Khedivate of Egypt , attempts were made at merging the existing Hanafi system with French-influenced secular laws in an attempt to reduce the influence of local Qadis and their rulings. Such efforts were met with mixed success as the Ottoman-drafted reforms often still left fields such as civil law open to
2928-560: The part of the appointee to be effective. It could be revoked at any time. The Jews living in the Ottoman Empire sometimes used qadi courts to settle disputes. Under the Ottoman system, Jews throughout the Empire retained the formal right to oversee their own courts and apply their own religious law. The motivation for bringing Jewish cases to qadi courts varied. In sixteenth-century Jerusalem, Jews preserved their own courts and maintained relative autonomy. Rabbi Samuel De Medina and other prominent rabbis repeatedly warned co-religionists that it
2989-466: The postcolonial state may have delayed women's acceptance into judicial positions. In comparison, a similar situation happened in Europe and America. After World War II , a shortage of judges in Europe paved the way for European women to enter legal professions and work as judges. American women in World War II also entered the workforce in unprecedented numbers due to the dire need. Although
3050-525: The power to grant a pardon or offer refuge. Alcalde , one of the current Spanish terms for the mayor of a town or city, is derived from the Arabic al-qaḍi ( ال قاضي), "the judge". In Al-Andalus a single qadi was appointed to each province. To deal with issues that fell outside of the purview of sharia or to handle municipal administration (such as oversight of the police and the markets ) other judicial officers with different titles were appointed by
3111-662: The practice of appointing four chief qadis, one for each of the Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence ( madhhab ). A qadi is a judge responsible for the application of Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ). The office originated under the rule of the first Umayyad caliphs (AH 40–85/661–705 CE), when the provincial governors of the newly created Islamic empire, unable to adjudicate the many disputes that arose among Muslims living within their territories, began to delegate this function to others. In this early period of Islamic history, no body of Islamic positive law had yet come into existence, and
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#17327733660363172-525: The present-day Jhang district , Punjab . During his prime, he showcased prowess in the field of medicine, garnering recognition under the patronage of Prince Shah Jahan . His adeptness in medical practice, coupled with a discerning comprehension of the temperament of the Prince, led to his appointment as Superintendent of the Camp Court, a position he earned graciously. Notable for his judicious resolutions of conflicts and unwavering integrity, he secured
3233-730: The role of qadi has traditionally been restricted to men, women now serve as qadis in many countries, including Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Palestine, Tunisia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. In 2009, two women were appointed as qadis by the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank . In 2010, Malaysia appointed two women as qadis as well. However, it was decided that as women they may only rule over custody, alimony, and common property issues, not over criminal or divorce cases, which usually make up most of
3294-523: The rule of Askia Muhammad. The local qadis were responsible for maintaining order by following Sharia law according to the Qur'an . An additional qadi was noted as a necessity in order to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Qadis worked at the local level and were positioned in important trading towns, such as Timbuktu and Djenné. The Qadi was appointed by the king and dealt with common-law misdemeanors according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had
3355-526: The rulers. The term was later adopted in Portugal , Leon and Castile during the eleventh and twelfth centuries to refer to the assistant judges, who served under the principal municipal judge, the iudex or juez . Unlike the appointed Andalusian qadis , the alcaldes were elected by an assembly of the municipality's property owners. Eventually the term came to be applied to a host of positions that combined administrative and judicial functions, such as
3416-414: The same institution of the qadi (or qazi). The qadi was given the responsibility for total administrative, judicial and fiscal control over a territory or a town. He would maintain all the civil records as well. He would also retain a small army or force to ensure that his rulings are enforced. In most cases, the qazi would pass on the title and position to his son, descendant or a very close relative. Over
3477-456: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wazir Khan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wazir_Khan&oldid=1226695725 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3538-500: The time of the accession to power of the Abbasid dynasty in 750, their work could be said to have been essentially completed. In constructing their legal doctrine, the legal scholars took as their point of departure the precedents that had been established by the qadis, some of which they rejected as inconsistent with Islamic principles as these were coming to be understood but most of which they adopted, with or without modification. Thus
3599-549: Was a supporter of the Sikh community and even a Sikh himself. Sikh tradition says he had been an admirer of Guru Arjan because of the prayer Sukhmani Sahib which is said to have given him relief. After which he had become a Sikh . Thus when Guru Arjan was to be executed by the Mughal Emperor he did everything he could to save the Guru, but it was in vain. During the time of Guru Hargobind Wazir Khan kept his support of
3660-635: Was also responsible for the construction of the Shahi Hammam in Lahore, also known as the Wazir Khan Hammam. Wazir Khan was also one of the nobles to build a Haveli (mansion) as well as a garden in the city of Agra , where he was twice governor. It is known as the Bagh-i-Wazir Khan. Qadi A qadi ( Arabic : قاضي , romanized : qāḍī ; otherwise transliterated as qazi , kadi , kadhi , kazi , or gazi )
3721-453: Was forbidden to bring cases to government courts and that doing so undermined Jewish legal authority, which could be superseded only "in matters that pertained to taxation, commercial transactions, and contracts". Throughout the century, Jewish litigants and witnesses participated in Muslim court proceedings when it was expedient, or when cited to do so. Jews who wanted to bring cases against Muslims had to do so in qadi courts, where they found
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