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39-750: Unlike many other bridges from the same period and with the same construction, like the IJsselbrug near Zwolle , the Graafsebrug and the John Frost Bridge at Arnhem , the Waalbrug is an arch bridge in the literal sense: all forces truly work on the two pylons. The bridge was opened on 16 June 1936 by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands in the presence of 200,000 people. Until 1936 there had been no permanent connection for traffic to

78-532: A common parent language . Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate. Cognates are distinguished from loanwords , where a word has been borrowed from another language. The English term cognate derives from Latin cognatus , meaning "blood relative". An example of cognates from

117-621: A common origin, but which in fact do not. For example, Latin habēre and German haben both mean 'to have' and are phonetically similar. However, the words evolved from different Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots: haben , like English have , comes from PIE *kh₂pyé- 'to grasp', and has the Latin cognate capere 'to seize, grasp, capture'. Habēre , on the other hand, is from PIE *gʰabʰ 'to give, to receive', and hence cognate with English give and German geben . Likewise, English much and Spanish mucho look similar and have

156-510: A considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after Rotterdam . The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making. In World War II , Zwolle was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier Léo Major . He was made an honorary citizen of Zwolle on 14 April 2005,

195-673: A long time. A woodhenge that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the Bronze Age period. During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by Salian Franks . The modern city was founded around 800 CE by Frisian merchants and troops of Charlemagne . Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced Suolle , which means "hill" (cf. the English cognate verb "to swell"). This refers to an incline in

234-648: A member of the Hanseatic league in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and Valdemar IV of Denmark . In the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a vitte , a trade colony, in Scania , then part of Denmark . Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450, the city's Gross Regional Product multiplied by about six. In July 1324 and October 1361, regional noblemen set fire to Zwolle. In

273-528: A pretrial hearing in Zwolle, which made international headlines. Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as Blauwvingers (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St ;Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell the church bells to neighbouring city Kampen . To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from

312-412: A similar meaning, but are not cognates: much is from Proto-Germanic *mikilaz < PIE *meǵ- and mucho is from Latin multum < PIE *mel- . A true cognate of much is the archaic Spanish maño 'big'. Cognates are distinguished from other kinds of relationships. An etymon , or ancestor word, is the ultimate source word from which one or more cognates derive. In other words, it

351-565: Is a city and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands . It is the capital of the province of Overijssel and the province's second-largest municipality, after Enschede , and has a population of 132.441 as of December 2023. Zwolle borders the province of Gelderland and lies on the eastern side of the River IJssel . Archaeological findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for

390-467: Is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The A28 serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from Utrecht to Groningen . It is being widened to 8 lanes across the IJssel River and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970. Another motorway,

429-492: Is regular. Paradigms of conjugations or declensions, the correspondence of which cannot be generally due to chance, have often been used in cognacy assessment. However, beyond paradigms, morphosyntax is often excluded in the assessment of cognacy between words, mainly because structures are usually seen as more subject to borrowing. Still, very complex, non-trivial morphosyntactic structures can rarely take precedence over phonetic shapes to indicate cognates. For instance, Tangut ,

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468-483: Is the source of related words in different languages. For example, the etymon of both Welsh ceffyl and Irish capall is the Proto-Celtic * kaballos (all meaning horse ). Descendants are words inherited across a language barrier, coming from a particular etymon in an ancestor language. For example, Russian мо́ре and Polish morze are both descendants of Proto-Slavic * moře (meaning sea ). A root

507-444: Is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between etymon and root , a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a descendant and a derivative . A derivative is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to

546-474: The A50 , interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to Apeldoorn and Eindhoven . The N35 highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to Almelo and continues to Enschede as A35 motorway . The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of

585-531: The N337 highway that runs to Deventer . Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are N331 to Hasselt , N758 to Nieuwleusen , N340 to Ommen and N764 to Kampen . Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where

624-820: The Paraguayan Guarani panambi , the Eastern Bolivian Guarani panapana , the Cocama and Omagua panama , and the Sirionó ana ana are cognates, derived from the Old Tupi panapana , 'butterfly', maintaining their original meaning in these Tupi languages . Cognates need not have the same meaning, as they may have undergone semantic change as the languages developed independently. For example English starve and Dutch sterven 'to die' or German sterben 'to die' all descend from

663-575: The Vrouwenhuis . Museum de Fundatie , the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square. In the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of Art Nouveau buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of

702-526: The Zwarte Water River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the Vecht , which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to Leeuwarden and Groningen . Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center. The first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today

741-667: The 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames. Zwolle was also, with Deventer , one of the centers of the Brethren of the Common Life , a monastic movement. 5 km (3 mi) from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood the Augustinian convent in which Thomas à Kempis spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471). At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had

780-770: The 24 November 2013. For cyclists there is the Snelbinder Bridge, which is connected to the rail bridge, opened in 2004. Once de Oversteek opened, the Waalbrug was closed briefly for renovation work. The Waalbrug can be found in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far , Band of Brothers (book) and the computer games: Medal of Honor: Frontline , Medal of Honor: Vanguard , Medal of Honor: Airborne and Battlefield V . Roodenburg, Hylke & others (2011). Over de Waal (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Vantilt, Nijmegen. ISBN   978-90-814500-27 . Zwolle Zwolle ( Dutch: [ˈzʋɔlə] )

819-581: The 60th anniversary of his liberating of the city. He also has a street named after him, Leo Majorlaan. In 2004, Zwolle's De Librije restaurant was honored with 3 stars by Michelin Guide ; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in the entire country. In 2023, Tewelde Goitom , an Eritrean convicted in Ethiopia of migrant smuggling, kidnapping in Sinai and human trafficking appeared at

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858-453: The A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during World War II . A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to Amersfoort , and from 2012, to Lelystad . There are several bridges across

897-508: The Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems from the fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to

936-725: The Netherlands. The modernized town hall was originally built in 1448. Mention should also be made of the Sassenpoort (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the Mosterdmakerstoren ( mustard makers' tower ) (the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a Dominican monastery, and on the Melkmarkt, two museums; the Stedelijk Museum Zwolle of antiquities and natural history, and

975-740: The Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts 'night'. The Indo-European languages have hundreds of such cognate sets, though few of them are as neat as this. The Arabic سلام salām , the Hebrew שלום ‎ shalom , the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic shlama and the Amharic selam 'peace' are cognates, derived from the Proto-Semitic *šalām- 'peace'. The Brazilian Portuguese panapanã , (flock of butterflies in flight),

1014-625: The bridge started on 23 October 1931. On 10 May 1940, at the start of the German invasion of the Netherlands , Dutch combat engineers blew up the bridge to stop the German army's advance. In 1944 the Germans planned to blow up the bridge again, but Jan van Hoof , a Rover Scout and member of the Dutch Resistance, managed to prevent this. On 20 September 1944, the bridge was captured by allied forces during Operation Market Garden . A plaque

1053-553: The buildings are protected by the Dutch government ( rijksmonumenten ). The Broerenkerk church was part of the Dominican monastery founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore. Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges: Zwolle

1092-595: The city has rail connections in eight directions (viz. Kampen , Leeuwarden , Groningen , Emmen , Enschede , Arnhem / Nijmegen , Lelystad / Amsterdam , and Amersfoort ). The rail connection with Amsterdam via Lelystad – the Hanzelijn – is operational since December 2012. The second station, Zwolle Stadshagen , was opened on 15 December 2019. Zwolle is located on or near three rivers ( Zwarte Water , Vecht , and IJssel ), several canals (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and

1131-492: The counting of money. In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in a dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with

1170-454: The deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four duiten (the equivalent of two-and-a-half cents ). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid the entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from

1209-539: The duke. Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic Baroque organ built by Arp Schnitger , there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming - basilica (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called Peperbus (pepperpot), is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in

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1248-413: The first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved pulpit , the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving, and an exquisite Baroque organ from 1721 designed by master organ builder Arp Schnitger and completed by his sons Franz Caspar and Johann Georg. On 31 August 1230, the bishop of Utrecht granted Zwolle city rights . Zwolle became

1287-412: The landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, IJssel , Vecht , Aa and Zwarte Water . The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during the frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline. A document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to St Michael . That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in

1326-532: The language of the Xixia Empire, and one Horpa language spoken today in Sichuan , Geshiza, both display a verbal alternation indicating tense, obeying the same morphosyntactic collocational restrictions. Even without regular phonetic correspondences between the stems of the two languages, the cognatic structures indicate secondary cognacy for the stems. False cognates are pairs of words that appear to have

1365-577: The modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area. Zwolle is currently twinned with: In the past, Zwolle had partnerships with: There is also a small rural town in the U.S. State of Louisiana named after Zwolle . The two cities maintain close informal ties. Cognate In historical linguistics , cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in

1404-697: The other side of the Waal. All traffic had to use the Zeldenrust (seldom rest) ferry . Train traffic had used the Nijmegen railway bridge since 1879. In 1906 the Nijmegen Vooruit (Nijmegen Ahead) committee started planning for the construction of the Waalbrug, but the First World War delayed the project. In 1927 definitive plans had been made by architect G. Schoorl, and construction of

1443-983: The same Indo-European root are: night ( English ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch , Frisian ), nag ( Afrikaans ), Naach ( Colognian ), natt ( Swedish , Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech , Slovak , Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч , nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч , noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), nakts ( Latvian ), naktis ( Lithuanian ), nos ( Welsh/Cymraeg ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek ), νύχτα / nychta ( Modern Greek ), nakt- ( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), nox , gen. sg. noctis ( Latin ), nuit ( French ), noche ( Spanish ), nochi ( Extremaduran ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), nuet/nit/nueit ( Aragonese ), nuèch / nuèit ( Occitan ) and noapte ( Romanian ). These all mean 'night' and derive from

1482-457: The same Proto-Germanic verb, *sterbaną 'to die'. Cognates also do not need to look or sound similar: English father , French père , and Armenian հայր ( hayr ) all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr . An extreme case is Armenian երկու ( erku ) and English two , which descend from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ ; the sound change *dw > erk in Armenian

1521-399: Was added to the bridge to commemorate van Hoof's actions. The bridge was painted green until 1980, these days it is white. Over the years the volume of traffic on the bridge increased, with regular rush hour traffic jams. By 2005 over 50,000 vehicles used the bridge every 24 hours. To ease congestion a new road bridge, De Oversteek ('The Crossing'), was built 2km downstream, opening on

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