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86-638: It is a left tributary of the Wadi Hatta , to whose extensive 548 km (212 sq mi) drainage basin it belongs. The total length of the Wadi Hadf is 27 km (17 mi) , of which 13 km (8.1 mi) run in Omani territory and 14 km (8.7 mi) in Emirati territory. Its river source is located at an approximate altitude of 1,130 m (3,710 ft), on the northwest slope and

172-401: A balancing compression stress in the downstream face, providing additional economy. For this type of dam, it is essential to have an impervious foundation with high bearing strength. Permeable foundations have a greater likelihood of generating uplift pressures under the dam. Uplift pressures are hydrostatic pressures caused by the water pressure of the reservoir pushing up against the bottom of

258-490: A crest length of approximately 220 m (720 ft). The dam core is made of asphalt concrete with a gravel-fill embankment. A new dam and pumped storage hydropower plant located near the existing reservoir is under construction. A short distance from the Wadi Hatta riverbed, in the area known as Jabal al Yamh , in the territory of Dubai , the archaeological site of Hatta contains more than 50 burials dating from

344-544: A dam as "jurisdictional" or "non-jurisdictional" varies by location. In the United States, each state defines what constitutes a non-jurisdictional dam. In the state of Colorado a non-jurisdictional dam is defined as a dam creating a reservoir with a capacity of 100 acre-feet or less and a surface area of 20 acres or less and with a height measured as defined in Rules 4.2.5.1. and 4.2.19 of 10 feet or less. In contrast,

430-499: A dam that directed waterflow. It was finished in 251 BC. A large earthen dam, made by Sunshu Ao , the prime minister of Chu (state) , flooded a valley in modern-day northern Anhui Province that created an enormous irrigation reservoir (100 km (62 mi) in circumference), a reservoir that is still present today. Roman dam construction was characterized by "the Romans' ability to plan and organize engineering construction on

516-493: A distinct vertical curvature to it as well lending it the vague appearance of a concave lens as viewed from downstream. The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments, as for example the Daniel-Johnson Dam , Québec, Canada. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type but requires a good rock foundation because

602-478: A grand scale." Roman planners introduced the then-novel concept of large reservoir dams which could secure a permanent water supply for urban settlements over the dry season. Their pioneering use of water-proof hydraulic mortar and particularly Roman concrete allowed for much larger dam structures than previously built, such as the Lake Homs Dam , possibly the largest water barrier to that date, and

688-511: A minor tributary of the Nieuwe Maas . The central square of Amsterdam, covering the original site of the 800-year-old dam, still carries the name Dam Square . The Romans were the first to build arch dams , where the reaction forces from the abutment stabilizes the structure from the external hydrostatic pressure , but it was only in the 19th century that the engineering skills and construction materials available were capable of building

774-509: A notable increase in interest in SHPs. Couto and Olden (2018) conducted a global study and found 82,891 small hydropower plants (SHPs) operating or under construction. Technical definitions of SHPs, such as their maximum generation capacity, dam height, reservoir area, etc., vary by country. A dam is non-jurisdictional when its size (usually "small") excludes it from being subject to certain legal regulations. The technical criteria for categorising

860-545: A period of torrential rains. At the exit of the spectacular gorge formed by the main channel of Wadi Hadf as it passes through Hadf and Sinadil, the wadi heads northeast across the international dividing line between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, and enters the enclave of Masfut , crossing the great gravel plain of Sayh Muzayri' / Sayḩ Muḑayrah, leaving to the north the urban area of Mudayrah / Muzairah / Muzayri', with its neighborhood of Sayh Al Zahra, and

946-649: A profession based on a rigorously applied scientific theoretical framework. This new emphasis was centered around the engineering faculties of universities in France and in the United Kingdom. William John Macquorn Rankine at the University of Glasgow pioneered the theoretical understanding of dam structures in his 1857 paper On the Stability of Loose Earth . Rankine theory provided a good understanding of

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1032-719: A series of scientific research, monitoring, education and sustainable recreation initiatives. Among the protected areas is the Hatta Mountain Reserve , located entirely south of the Hatta enclave, on the NNE slope of the Um Alnosoor / Jabal Hatta (1,280 m (4,200 ft)), coinciding with a large part of the upper course of the Wadi Hatta, in a very steep and difficult area. The protected area initially had an area of 27 km (10 sq mi), but in 2017, when

1118-566: A settling pond, and a 1,000 m (3,300 ft) canal to a distribution tank. These works were not finished until 325 AD when the dam permitted the irrigation of 25,000 acres (100 km ). Eflatun Pınar is a Hittite dam and spring temple near Konya , Turkey. It is thought to date from the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The Kallanai is constructed of unhewn stone, over 300 m (980 ft) long, 4.5 m (15 ft) high and 20 m (66 ft) wide, across

1204-399: A very short distance from the summit of Jabal Hatta , also known as Um Alnosoor (1,280 m (4,200 ft)). In its upper and middle course the Wadi Hadf flows from southeast to northwest, crossing the steep mountainous area surrounding Jabal Hatta, on both sides of the border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, until reaching the extensive and rich cultivated area located east of

1290-408: A whole dam itself, that dam also would be held in place by gravity, i.e., there is no tension in the upstream face of the dam holding the top of the dam down. The designer does this because it is usually more practical to make a dam of material essentially just piled up than to make the material stick together against vertical tension. The shape that prevents tension in the upstream face also eliminates

1376-424: Is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the character of the rock should be carefully inspected. Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards

1462-531: Is located in the territory of Oman, at an approximate altitude of 1,192 m (3,911 ft), on the southern slope and a very short distance from the summit of Jabal Hatta , also known as Um Alnosoor (1,280 m (4,200 ft)). In its upper course, during the initial 3 km (1.9 mi), which runs mainly in Oman territory, the Wadi Hatta flows from west to east with a considerable gradient, with sections of gradient of 28%. Already in Emirati territory,

1548-480: Is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes ) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The word dam can be traced back to Middle English , and before that, from Middle Dutch , as seen in

1634-471: Is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The normal component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the abutments (either buttress or canyon side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam

1720-565: Is spelled Wādī Ḥattā . The Wadi Hatta area was populated mainly by the Washahat tribes, Biduwat, and Bani Kaab. [REDACTED] Media related to Wadi Hatta at Wikimedia Commons Dam A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation , human consumption , industrial use , aquaculture , and navigability . Hydropower

1806-399: Is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct. Grand Coulee Dam is a solid gravity dam and Braddock Locks & Dam is a hollow gravity dam. A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an arch-gravity dam for areas with massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a pure gravity dam. The inward compression of

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1892-590: Is the thinnest arch dam in the world and one of the oldest arch dams in Asia. It was constructed some 700 years ago in Tabas county , South Khorasan Province , Iran . It stands 60 meters tall, and in crest is a one meter width. Some historians believe the dam was built by Shāh Abbās I, whereas others believe that he repaired it. In the Netherlands , a low-lying country, dams were often built to block rivers to regulate

1978-657: The Fayum Depression to the Nile in Middle Egypt. Two dams called Ha-Uar running east–west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called Mer-wer or Lake Moeris covered 1,700 km (660 sq mi) and is known today as Birket Qarun. By the mid-late third millennium BC, an intricate water-management system in Dholavira in modern-day India

2064-579: The Harbaqa Dam , both in Roman Syria . The highest Roman dam was the Subiaco Dam near Rome ; its record height of 50 m (160 ft) remained unsurpassed until its accidental destruction in 1305. Roman engineers made routine use of ancient standard designs like embankment dams and masonry gravity dams. Apart from that, they displayed a high degree of inventiveness, introducing most of

2150-645: The University of Oxford published a study of the cost of large dams – based on the largest existing dataset – documenting significant cost overruns for a majority of dams and questioning whether benefits typically offset costs for such dams. Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife such as beavers . Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height), intended purpose or structure. Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as easily created without materials, arch-gravity dams , embankment dams or masonry dams , with several subtypes. In

2236-461: The Wadi Hadf , which had journeyed 27 km (17 mi) from its source on the northwest slope of Jabal Hatta, passing through, among others, the towns of Hadf and Sinadil , in Oman, and the enclave of Masfut ( Arabic : مصفوت , romanized :  Sha'biyyat Maşfūt ), from the emirate of Ajman . From Al Khattem Dam, the Wadi Hatta continues its course from west to east, receiving

2322-597: The catchment basin and waterways that flow into the Persian Gulf. Upon meeting the natural barrier formed by the mountain ridge of Jabal al Abyad / Jabal al Bayd 559 m (1,834 ft), right at the place occupied by the Hadf Dam dam and reservoir, the wadi turns east-southeast, crossing the old town and current city of Masfut , which concentrates some of its most representative historical buildings (castle and current museum, watchtowers and mosques). Still in

2408-680: The enclave of Hatta ( Dubai ). It forms its own drainage basin , covering an area of approximately 548 km (212 sq mi), and is bordered to the north by the Wadi Al Qor ; to the south by the Wadi Fayd; and to the west by the Mahadah drainage basin (Wadi Andhayrah, Wadi Khuraymah, Wadi Mayhah and others, flowing into the large alluvial plain of Madam Plain and the Wadi Yudayyah). The main wadi, which gives its name to

2494-477: The 7-metre-high Al Khileban Dam, with a reservoir of 0.0036 km² and a capacity of 0.0184 million cubic metres (coordinates: 24°48′37″N, 56°5′34″E). A second dam was built in 2004 on the same Wadi Hadf riverbed, officially called the Muzaira'a Dam , 11 metres high, with a reservoir of 0.028 km² and a capacity of 0.0485 million cubic metres (coordinates: 24°49′5″N, 56°2′53″E). Finally, already in

2580-609: The Biduwat tribe. [REDACTED] Media related to Wadi Hadf at Wikimedia Commons Wadi Hatta The Wadi Hatta ( Arabic : وادي حتّا , romanized :  Wādī Ḥattā ) is a valley or dry river with ephemeral or intermittent flow, which flows almost exclusively during the rainy season, located north of Oman , in the Al Batinah North ; and to the east of the United Arab Emirates , in

2666-544: The British began construction in 1898. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers of the time, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird , whose firm, John Aird & Co. , was the main contractor. Capital and financing were furnished by Ernest Cassel . When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever before been attempted; on completion, it

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2752-520: The Colorado River is a constant-angle arch dam. A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam. Wildhorse Dam near Mountain City, Nevada , in the United States is an example of the type. This method of construction minimizes the amount of concrete necessary for construction but transmits large loads to the foundation and abutments. The appearance is similar to a single-arch dam but with

2838-680: The Colorado River. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, with some 40,000 of them over 15 meters high. Early dam building took place in Mesopotamia and the Middle East . Dams were used to control water levels, for Mesopotamia's weather affected the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan , 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of

2924-553: The Masfut enclave, and before continuing its course towards the confluence with the Wadi Hatta, the Wadi Hadf receives on its right the mouth of its tributaries Wadi Gulfa / Ghalfa, Wadi Al Mestib, Wadi Al Khileban and Wadi Lishan. In the territory of the Hatta enclave ( Dubai ), one and a half kilometers before the Al Khattem Dam , where it joins the Wadi Hatta , the Wadi Hadf receives the waters of its last two tributaries: on

3010-714: The Middle Ages, dams were built in the Netherlands to regulate water levels and prevent sea intrusion. In the 19th century, large-scale arch dams were constructed around the British Empire, marking advances in dam engineering techniques. The era of large dams began with the construction of the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902. The Hoover Dam, a massive concrete arch-gravity dam, was built between 1931 and 1936 on

3096-495: The United States alone, there are approximately 2,000,000 or more "small" dams that are not included in the Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of dams . Records of small dams are kept by state regulatory agencies and therefore information about small dams is dispersed and uneven in geographic coverage. Countries worldwide consider small hydropower plants (SHPs) important for their energy strategies, and there has been

3182-524: The World Commission on Dams also includes in the "large" category, dams which are between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) high with a reservoir capacity of more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400  acre⋅ft ). Hydropower dams can be classified as either "high-head" (greater than 30 m in height) or "low-head" (less than 30 m in height). As of 2021 , ICOLD's World Register of Dams contains 58,700 large dam records. The tallest dam in

3268-417: The administrative boundaries between the emirates of Dubai and Ajman were modified, the protected area was reduced to 22 km (8.5 sq mi). In January 2019, the same area was declared a Ramsar site of the United Arab Emirates. Alternative names: Wādī Ḥattā, Wādī Ḩattā, Wādī Ḩattā. The name of Wadi Hatta (spelled Wādī Ḩattá), its tributaries, mountains and nearby towns were recorded in

3354-403: The arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure between vertical cantilever and arch action will depend upon the stiffness of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face

3440-666: The back of the dam through a large pipe to drive a water wheel and watermill . In the 10th century, Al-Muqaddasi described several dams in Persia. He reported that one in Ahwaz was more than 910 m (3,000 ft) long, and that it had many water-wheels raising the water into aqueducts through which it flowed into reservoirs of the city. Another one, the Band-i-Amir Dam, provided irrigation for 300 villages. Shāh Abbās Arch (Persian: طاق شاه عباس), also known as Kurit Dam ,

3526-491: The bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of the dam becomes smaller. Jones Falls Dam , in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels is taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams. Parker Dam on

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3612-402: The buttress loads are heavy. In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earth's gravity pulling down on the mass of the dam. The water presses laterally (downstream) on the dam, tending to overturn the dam by rotating about its toe (a point at the bottom downstream side of the dam). The dam's weight counteracts that force, tending to rotate the dam

3698-501: The capital Amman . This gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and 1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft) earthen rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC. However, the oldest continuously operational dam is Lake Homs Dam , built in Syria between 1319-1304 BC. The Ancient Egyptian Sadd-el-Kafara Dam at Wadi Al-Garawi, about 25 km (16 mi) south of Cairo ,

3784-646: The city. The masonry arch dam wall was designed by Lieutenant Percy Simpson who was influenced by the advances in dam engineering techniques made by the Royal Engineers in India . The dam cost £17,000 and was completed in 1856 as the first engineered dam built in Australia, and the second arch dam in the world built to mathematical specifications. The first such dam was opened two years earlier in France . It

3870-569: The confluence of the Wadi Wahiyah on the left. Also on its left bank, on the other side of the E44 highway, in the territory of the Emirate of Dubai, and less than 300 meters from the wadi bed, there are traces of large quarries, currently abandoned, whose activity caused a great environmental impact , with irreparable damage to the natural environment, destroying a large part of the mountain and

3956-671: The construction of the Rideau Canal in Canada near modern-day Ottawa and built a series of curved masonry dams as part of the waterway system. In particular, the Jones Falls Dam , built by John Redpath , was completed in 1832 as the largest dam in North America and an engineering marvel. In order to keep the water in control during construction, two sluices , artificial channels for conducting water, were kept open in

4042-588: The courses of several small wadis tributaries to Wadi Hatta. Already in the territory of the Sultanate of Oman, the Wadi Hatta receives from the right the confluence of its main tributary, the Wadi al Qahfi , 37 km (23 mi) long, very popular for hosting along its course numerous natural ponds and freshwater pools, accessible by vehicle through a dirt track. Some visitors and several Emirati tourist information portals confuse this wadi with Wadi Hatta, and one of

4128-469: The dam by the water reduces the lateral (horizontal) force acting on the dam. Thus, the gravitational force required by the dam is lessened, i.e., the dam does not need to be so massive. This enables thinner dams and saves resources. A barrage dam is a special kind of dam that consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting

4214-533: The dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies, Inc. Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and the lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on 1 March 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, some 40,000 of them over 15 m (49 ft) high. In 2014, scholars from

4300-605: The dam. If large enough uplift pressures are generated there is a risk of destabilizing the concrete gravity dam. On a suitable site, a gravity dam can prove to be a better alternative to other types of dams. When built on a solid foundation, the gravity dam probably represents the best-developed example of dam building. Since the fear of flood is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical. Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow" and are generally made of either concrete or masonry. The solid form

4386-407: The dam. The first was near the base of the dam on its east side. A second sluice was put in on the west side of the dam, about 20 ft (6.1 m) above the base. To make the switch from the lower to upper sluice, the outlet of Sand Lake was blocked off. Hunts Creek near the city of Parramatta , Australia , was dammed in the 1850s, to cater to the demand for water from the growing population of

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4472-450: The dams' potential range and magnitude of environmental disturbances. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) defines a "large dam" as "A dam with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater from lowest foundation to crest or a dam between 5 m (16 ft) metres and 15 metres impounding more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400  acre⋅ft )". "Major dams" are over 150 m (490 ft) in height. The Report of

4558-597: The documentation and maps produced between 1950 and 1960 by the British Arabist, cartographer, military officer and diplomat Julian F. Walker , during the work carried out to establish the borders between the then called Trucial States , and later completed by the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom , on scale maps 1:100,000 published in 1971. In the National Atlas of the United Arab Emirates it

4644-402: The documentation and maps produced between 1950 and 1960 by the British Arabist, cartographer, military officer and diplomat Julian F. Walker , during the work carried out to establish the borders between the then called Trucial States , and later completed by the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom , on scale maps 1:100,000 published in 1971. The Wadi Hadf area was mainly populated by

4730-418: The entire drainage basin, is the Wadi Hatta , with numerous tributaries and sub-tributaries forming an important drainage network composed by hundreds of independent streams, most of them unnamed. The main tributaries are: The total length of Wadi Hatta is 57 km (35 mi) , of which 22 km (14 mi) run in Emirati territory, and 35 km (22 mi) in Omani territory. Its river source

4816-561: The first large-scale arch dams. Three pioneering arch dams were built around the British Empire in the early 19th century. Henry Russel of the Royal Engineers oversaw the construction of the Mir Alam dam in 1804 to supply water to the city of Hyderabad (it is still in use today). It had a height of 12 m (39 ft) and consisted of 21 arches of variable span. In the 1820s and 30s, Lieutenant-Colonel John By supervised

4902-742: The first was the Roman-built dam bridge in Dezful , which could raise water 50 cubits (c. 23 m) to supply the town. Also diversion dams were known. Milling dams were introduced which the Muslim engineers called the Pul-i-Bulaiti . The first was built at Shustar on the River Karun , Iran, and many of these were later built in other parts of the Islamic world . Water was conducted from

4988-534: The force of water. A fixed-crest dam is a concrete barrier across a river. Fixed-crest dams are designed to maintain depth in the channel for navigation. They pose risks to boaters who may travel over them, as they are hard to spot from the water and create induced currents that are difficult to escape. There is variability, both worldwide and within individual countries, such as in the United States, in how dams of different sizes are categorized. Dam size influences construction, repair, and removal costs and affects

5074-404: The main channel and running northwards. This second channel is much less visible than the main wadi gorge, because it is shallower and is densely vegetated and used for agricultural crops, but a kilometre downstream of its formation it becomes a complete and well-defined wadi, flowing into the large alluvial plain of Madam (Madam Plain) , where it is grouped with other important wadis that drain

5160-645: The main stream of the Kaveri River in Tamil Nadu , South India . The basic structure dates to the 2nd century AD and is considered one of the oldest water diversion or water regulating structures still in use. The purpose of the dam was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals. Du Jiang Yan is the oldest surviving irrigation system in China that included

5246-642: The most frequented pool areas is wrongly called Hatta Pools . In its lower course, the Wadi Hatta converges with another important tributary, the Wadi Khabab , 20 km (12 mi) long, and a minor tributary: the Wadi Sufaydah . In the final stretch, through the wide fan that forms its extensive alluvial plain and as often occurs in other plains of similar morphology, the Wadi Hatta branches into multiple braided channels , intertwined and interspersed with small islands of coarse sediment. Over time,

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5332-633: The names of many old cities, such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam . Ancient dams were built in Mesopotamia and the Middle East for water control. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan , dating to 3,000 BC. Egyptians also built dams, such as Sadd-el-Kafara Dam for flood control. In modern-day India, Dholavira had an intricate water-management system with 16 reservoirs and dams. The Great Dam of Marib in Yemen, built between 1750 and 1700 BC,

5418-518: The other basic dam designs which had been unknown until then. These include arch-gravity dams , arch dams , buttress dams and multiple arch buttress dams , all of which were known and employed by the 2nd century AD (see List of Roman dams ). Roman workforces also were the first to build dam bridges, such as the Bridge of Valerian in Iran. In Iran , bridge dams such as the Band-e Kaisar were used to provide hydropower through water wheels , which often powered water-raising mechanisms. One of

5504-429: The other way about its toe. The designer ensures that the dam is heavy enough that the dam's weight wins that contest. In engineering terms, that is true whenever the resultant of the forces of gravity acting on the dam and water pressure on the dam acts in a line that passes upstream of the toe of the dam. The designer tries to shape the dam so if one were to consider the part of the dam above any particular height to be

5590-402: The place where the wadi emerges from the mountains, with a considerable flow in the event of heavy rains, coincides precisely with the imperceptible drainage divide between the basins of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, occasionally allowing the distribution of the water flow. However, due to the scarcity of rainfall, this second channel is currently only active as an overflow channel after

5676-419: The potential for recharging groundwater , several dams have been built since the 1990s in the Wadi Hatta catchment area (including all its tributaries), all of them in UAE territory, none in Oman: Of all the dams, the best known, due to its size and large reservoir with a surface area of 30 hectares and permanent water, is Hatta Dam , built at the end of the 1990s. It has a height of 32 m (105 ft) and

5762-432: The principles behind dam design. In France, J. Augustin Tortene de Sazilly explained the mechanics of vertically faced masonry gravity dams, and Zola's dam was the first to be built on the basis of these principles. The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902, a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River . Following their 1882 invasion and occupation of Egypt ,

5848-463: The right, the Wadi Hattawi, and on the left, the Wadi Laim. Like other regions in the UAE, the Wadi Hadf geographical area has occasionally been affected by unusually heavy rainfall and flooding. To prevent the risk of flash floods and increase the potential for groundwater recharge, a 11-metre-high dam with a reservoir area of 1.02 km² and a capacity of 3 million cubic metres, officially named Hadf Dam (coordinates: 24°49′38″N, 56°4′34″E),

5934-417: The second half of the third millennium (2500-2000 BC) in accordance with the traditional type of construction of the cemeteries of Umm Al Nar. The petroglyphs discovered there are among the most diverse in the United Arab Emirates. In 2014, the Dubai Municipality formally established eight protected areas across the Emirate, in order to protect, restore and promote the ecosystemsand biodiversity , through

6020-487: The state of New Mexico defines a jurisdictional dam as 25 feet or greater in height and storing more than 15 acre-feet or a dam that stores 50 acre-feet or greater and is six feet or more in height (section 72-5-32 NMSA), suggesting that dams that do not meet these requirements are non-jurisdictional. Most US dams, 2.41 million of a total of 2.5 million dams, are not under the jurisdiction of any public agency (i.e., they are non-jurisdictional), nor are they listed on

6106-447: The territory of the Hatta enclave ( Dubai ), another large dam called Al Ghabra Dam was built, located at the coordinates: 24°47′44″N, 56°6′36″E, shortly after the confluence of the Wadi al Amed / Wadi Amid with the Wadi Hattawi (tributary of the Wadi Hadf). Alternative names: Wadi Hadaf, Wadi Hadf, Wādī Ḥadaf, Wādī Ḩadaf, Wādī Ḩadf. The name of Wadi Hadf (spelled Wādī Ḩadf), its tributaries, mountains and nearby towns were recorded in

6192-513: The town of Hadf . This village, geographically located in the territory of Oman, is administered under an international condominium regime between Oman and the emirate of Ajman . At that point the Wadi Hadf turns northeast towards the Sinadil Pass through a narrow, steep-sided gorge cut mainly through cemented gravel deposits. However, just above the head of the gorge, the wadi forms a effluent or distributary channel branching off from

6278-580: The wadi turns north, and for 12 km (7.5 mi) it runs through the Hatta Mountain Reserve to the dam (Al Hatta Dam), with a much more moderate slope of 3%. In its middle course, the wadi crosses the urban area of the city of Hatta (previously called Ḩajarayn), and receives from the right the confluence of the Wadi Qimah . One kilometer later, at the Al Khattem Dam, the Wadi Hatta converges with one of its most important tributaries,

6364-463: The wadi's current tends to wander between torrential rains, altering the previous courses, which nevertheless maintain their mark on the plain. Near the area of its mouth, the Wadi Hatta branches into two main channels, reaching the coast of the Gulf of Oman at the city of Al Widayyat, wilaya of Shinas. To supply water to the inhabitants of the area, prevent the danger of flash floods, and increase

6450-406: The water level and to prevent the sea from entering the marshlands. Such dams often marked the beginning of a town or city because it was easy to cross the river at such a place, and often influenced Dutch place names. The present Dutch capital, Amsterdam (old name Amstelredam ), started with a dam on the river Amstel in the late 12th century, and Rotterdam began with a dam on the river Rotte ,

6536-642: The water load, and are often used to control and stabilize water flow for irrigation systems. An example of this type of dam is the now-decommissioned Red Bluff Diversion Dam on the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California . Barrages that are built at the mouths of rivers or lagoons to prevent tidal incursions or use the tidal flow for tidal power are known as tidal barrages . Embankment dams are made of compacted earth, and are of two main types: rock-fill and earth-fill. Like concrete gravity dams, embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back

6622-582: The western flank of the Hajar Mountains , forming the Wadi Fayah, which once flowed into the Persian Gulf , in the area of the border between Sharjah and Ajman . The fact that this effluent channel drains into a catchment area ( Persian Gulf ) opposite that of the main wadi ( Gulf of Oman ), makes the Wadi Hadf a truly rare and exceptional case, which is made possible by the fact that

6708-581: The world is the 305 m-high (1,001 ft) Jinping-I Dam in China . As with large dams, small dams have multiple uses, such as, but not limited to, hydropower production, flood protection, and water storage. Small dams can be particularly useful on farms to capture runoff for later use, for example, during the dry season. Small scale dams have the potential to generate benefits without displacing people as well, and small, decentralised hydroelectric dams can aid rural development in developing countries. In

6794-548: Was 102 m (335 ft) long at its base and 87 m (285 ft) wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a diversion dam for flood control, but was destroyed by heavy rain during construction or shortly afterwards. During the Twelfth Dynasty in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III, Amenemhat III , and Amenemhat IV dug a canal 16 km (9.9 mi) long linking

6880-715: Was an engineering wonder, and Eflatun Pinar, a Hittite dam and spring temple in Turkey, dates to the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The Kallanai Dam in South India, built in the 2nd century AD, is one of the oldest water regulating structures still in use. Roman engineers built dams with advanced techniques and materials, such as hydraulic mortar and Roman concrete, which allowed for larger structures. They introduced reservoir dams, arch-gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and multiple arch buttress dams. In Iran, bridge dams were used for hydropower and water-raising mechanisms. During

6966-506: Was built in 1991 on the Wadi Hadf river in the emirate of Ajman , although some media refer to it as Al Owais Dam . Also in the emirate of Ajman, two other smaller dams were built in 2002, in the wadis Al Mestib and Khileban, both tributaries of the Wadi Hadf: Al Mestib Dam , 10.5 metres high, with a reservoir of 0.0035 km² and a capacity of 0.0175 million cubic meters (coordinates: 24°48′50″N, 56°5′16″E); and

7052-560: Was built. The system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it. One of the engineering wonders of the ancient world was the Great Dam of Marib in Yemen . Initiated sometime between 1750 and 1700 BC, it was made of packed earth – triangular in cross-section, 580 m (1,900 ft) in length and originally 4 m (13 ft) high – running between two groups of rocks on either side, to which it

7138-488: Was linked by substantial stonework. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most importantly around 750 BC, and 250 years later the dam height was increased to 7 m (23 ft). After the end of the Kingdom of Saba , the dam fell under the control of the Ḥimyarites (c. 115 BC) who undertook further improvements, creating a structure 14 m (46 ft) high, with five spillways, two masonry-reinforced sluices,

7224-404: Was possibly the world's first concrete arch dam. Designed by Henry Charles Stanley in 1880 with an overflow spillway and a special water outlet, it was eventually heightened to 10 m (33 ft). In the latter half of the nineteenth century, significant advances in the scientific theory of masonry dam design were made. This transformed dam design from an art based on empirical methodology to

7310-461: Was the first French arch dam of the industrial era , and it was built by François Zola in the municipality of Aix-en-Provence to improve the supply of water after the 1832 cholera outbreak devastated the area. After royal approval was granted in 1844, the dam was constructed over the following decade. Its construction was carried out on the basis of the mathematical results of scientific stress analysis. The 75-miles dam near Warwick , Australia,

7396-682: Was the largest masonry dam in the world. The Hoover Dam is a massive concrete arch-gravity dam , constructed in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River , on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression . In 1928, Congress authorized the project to build a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power . The winning bid to build

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