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21-411: The site was rediscovered in 1809 by Ulrich Jasper Seetzen , and since then has seen several excavation teams, Richard Lepsius 's excavation in 1845 being the first. Major C. K. McDonald 's visits to the site, including residence at the site from 1854–1866 (and an effort to mine turquoise there) resulted in only surface finds (arrowheads and such) with no further excavation. A British Ordnance Survey of

42-802: A full journal of his travels (April 1808 to March 1809), describing his exploration of Jordan, Palestine, the wilderness of Sinai , Cairo and the Fayum . His chief exploit was a tour round the Dead Sea , which he did alone in the disguise of a beggar. From Egypt he went by sea to Jeddah and reached Mecca as a pilgrim in October 1809, after which he converted to Islam and changed his name to Musa Al-Hakim. In Arabia he traveled from Medina to Lahak and returned to Mocha, Yemen , from where he wrote his last letters to Europe in November 1810. In September of

63-493: A line of such imams, a theocratic form of government which survived until the second half of the 20th century (See details under Zaidiyyah , History of Yemen , Imams of Yemen ). Saudi leaders were also referred to as "Imams", until that term was retired by Ibn Saud to be replaced by "king". Ruhollah Khomeini is officially referred to as Imam in Iran . Several Iranian places and institutions are named "Imam Khomeini", including

84-650: A series of letters and papers in Zach 's Monatliche Correspondenz and Hammer 's Fundgruben . Many papers and collections were lost through his death or never reached Europe. The collections that were saved form the Oriental museum and the chief part of the Oriental manuscripts of the ducal library in Gotha . The American scholar Edward Robinson , writing in 1841, called Seetzen "judicious, enterprising and indefatigable." In 1826, Robert Brown published Seetzenia which

105-405: Is a genus of flowering plants from Africa and Asia, belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae and named in his honour. [REDACTED] Media related to Ulrich Jasper Seetzen at Wikimedia Commons Imam Imam ( / ɪ ˈ m ɑː m / , Arabic : إمام , imām ; pl. : أئمة , a'immah ) is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Muslims , Imam is most commonly used as

126-646: Is the person charged with leading formal Islamic prayers ( Fard )—even in locations besides the mosque—whenever prayer is performed in a group of two or more. The imam leads the worship and the congregation copies his actions. Friday sermons are most often given by an appointed imam. All mosques have an imam to lead the congregational prayers—even though it may sometimes just be a member from the gathered congregation rather than an officially appointed, salaried person. Women cannot be imams when men are present but are allowed to be when no men are present. An imam should be chosen, according to Hadith , based on his knowledge of

147-775: The Ahl al-Bayt , the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . In Twelver Shīʿīsm there are 14 infallibles , 12 of which are Imams, the final being Imam Mahdi who will return at the end of times. The title was also used by the Zaidi Shia Imams of Yemen , who eventually founded the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970). Sunni Islam does not conceive of the role of imams in the same sense as Shia Islam : an important distinction often overlooked by non-Muslims. In everyday terms, an imam for Sunni Muslims

168-464: The Muhaddithūn or scholars who created the analytical sciences related to Hadith and sometimes refer to the heads of Muhammad 's family in their generational times due to their scholarly authority. Imams are appointed by the state to work at mosques and they are required to be graduates of an İmam Hatip high school or have a university degree in theology. This is an official position regulated by

189-678: The Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkey and only males are appointed to this position, whilst female officials under the same state organisation work as preachers and Qur'an course tutors, religious services experts, etc. These officials are supposed to belong to the Hanafi school of the Sunni sect. A central figure in an Islamic movement is also called an imam, like Imam Nawawi in Syria. In

210-535: The Quran and Sunnah and his moral character. Another well-known use of the term is as an honorary title for a recognized religious scholarly authority in Islam. It is especially used for a jurist ( faqīh ) and often for the founders of the four Sunni madhhab s or schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) , as well as an authority on Quranic exegesis ( tafsīr ) , such as Al-Tabari or Ibn Kathir . It may also refer to

231-719: The Yaruba dynasty : 1624–1742, the Al Said : 1744–present for further information. The Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727–1896) was a Fulani state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary Imams, or almami . In the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. In 897, a Zaidi ruler, al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya , founded

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252-515: The Shi'a context, an imam is not only presented as the man of God par excellence , but as participating fully in the names, attributes, and acts that theology usually reserves for God alone. Imams have a meaning more central to belief, referring to leaders of the community. Twelver and Ismaili Shi'a believe that these imams are chosen by God to be perfect examples for the faithful and to lead all humanity in all aspects of life. They also believe that all

273-494: The following year he left Mocha with the hope of reaching Muscat , but was found dead two days later, allegedly poisoned by his guides on orders from the imam of Sana'a . His exploits were first published in 1810 by the British Palestine Association . For the parts of Seetzen's journeys not covered by the published journal ( Reisen , ed. Kruse, 4 vols, Berlin, 1854), the only printed records are

294-533: The imams chosen are free from committing any sin, impeccability which is called ismah . These leaders must be followed since they are appointed by God. Here follows a list of the Twelvers Shia imams: (splitting open knowledge) (the Trustworthy) Fatimah , also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed (615–632), is also considered infallible but not an Imam. The Shi'a believe that

315-660: The last Imam, the 12th Imam Mahdi will one day emerge on the Day of Resurrection ( Qiyamah ). At times, imams have held both secular and religious authority. This was the case in Oman among the Kharijite or Ibadi sects. At times, the imams were elected. At other times the position was inherited, as with the Yaruba dynasty from 1624 and 1742. See List of rulers of Oman , the Rustamid dynasty : 776–909, Nabhani dynasty : 1154–1624,

336-534: The site was made in 1868–1869, a Harvard University expedition took place in 1932, and several Israeli excavations occurred between 1967 and 1982, among others. Ancient Egyptian monuments, buildings and inscriptions span the period from the Third to Twenty-Ninth Dynasties (ca. 2700 BC–1100 BC), although most monuments date only to the Twelfth Dynasty. Two Third Dynasty rock tables of king Sanakht are found in

357-535: The title of a prayer leader of a mosque . In this context, imams may lead Islamic prayers , serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. Thus for Sunnis, anyone can study the basic Islamic sciences and become an Imam. For most Shia Muslims , the Imams are absolute infallible leaders of the Islamic community after the Prophet. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendants of

378-603: The valley, as is one of Djoser and two virtually identical tables of king Sekhemkhet . Tables of Sneferu and Khufu from the Fourth Dynasty are also found there. The Fifth Dynasty king Sahure 's funerary temple at Abusir has a relief representing him dispatch of a fleet to the Red Sea, probably to collect turquoise at Maghareh. Sahure raised a monument depicting himself "smiting the Mentju of all foreign lands" which

399-484: Was a German explorer of Arabia and Palestine from Jever , German Frisia . An alternative spelling of his name, Ulrich Iospar Sentzen , is sometimes seen in scientific publications. His father sent him to the University of Göttingen , where he graduated in medicine. His chief interests, however, were in natural history and technology; he wrote papers on these subjects which gained him some reputation. In 1802, he

420-625: Was appointed to a government post in Jever, but he was drawn to geographical exploration. In the summer of 1802 he started down the Danube with a companion, Jacobson. After six months in Constantinople, he continued through Asia Minor to Smyrna, where he parted company from Jacobsen. He then travelled through the heart of Asia Minor to Aleppo . He remained there from November 1803 to April 1805 and studied Arabic . From this point on, he kept

441-758: Was found at Maghareh. Fifth Dynasty rock tablets include those of King Nyuserre Ini accompanied by a libation vase and images of the gods Horus and Thoth , one of king Menkauhor Kaiu , and three of king Djedkare Isesi . In addition to pharaonic monuments, an Old Kingdom settlement was founded on the summit of a hill in Wadi Igneh containing 125 rough stone structures containing wood ash and potsherds, some of which are of Nile Valley clay. 28°53′50″N 33°22′21″E  /  28.8973°N 33.3726°E  / 28.8973; 33.3726 Ulrich Jasper Seetzen Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (30 January 1767 – September 1811) also known as Musa Al-Hakim

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