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71-411: The Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill was a 1945 proposal to institute a national medical and hospitalization program. Senator Robert F. Wagner ( D - New York ), Senator James E. Murray ( D - Montana ), and Representative John D. Dingell, Sr. ( D - Michigan ) introduced it to the 79th United States Congress on November 19, 1945. The bill, part of President Truman 's Fair Deal program, was not passed. It

142-481: A 48% graduation rate within six years. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity." The institution has graduated ten Nobel Prize winners, one Fields Medalist , one Turing Award winner, three Pulitzer Prize winners, and three Rhodes Scholars . Among these alumni, the latest is a Bronx native, John O'Keefe (2014 Nobel Prize in Medicine ). The City College of New York

213-519: A central pillar of the policy of open admissions and effectively ending it. Students who could not meet the academic entrance requirements for CUNY's senior colleges had to enroll in the system's community colleges , where they could prepare for an eventual transfer to one of the 4-year institutions. Since this decision, all CUNY senior colleges, especially CCNY, have begun to rise in prestige nationally, as shown by school rankings and incoming freshman GPA and SAT scores. The end of open admissions led to

284-551: A change in CUNY's student demographics, with the number of Black and Hispanic students decreasing and the number of White Caucasian and Asian students increasing. As a result of the 1989 student protests and building takeovers in response to tuition increases, a community action center was opened on the campus, called the Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center, located in

355-472: A degree from a particular public college (all graduated between 1935 and 1963). CCNY's official quote on this is "Nine Nobel laureates claim CCNY as their Alma Mater, the most from any public college in the United States." This should not be confused with Nobel laureates who teach at a public university; UC Berkeley boasts 19. Many City College Alumni also served in the U.S. Armed Forces during

426-592: A loyalty oath. In 1947, the college celebrated its centennial year, awarding honorary degrees to Bernard Baruch (class of 1889) and Robert F. Wagner (class of 1898). A 100-year time capsule was buried in North Campus. Until 1929, City College had been an all-male institution. In 1930, CCNY admitted women for the first time, but only to graduate programs. In 1951, the entire institution became coeducational. Even today, no other public college has produced as many Nobel laureates who have studied and graduated with

497-671: A number of specially developed honors courses. In 2001 CUNY initiated the CUNY Honors College, renamed Macaulay Honors College in 2007. In October 2005, Andrew Grove , a 1960 graduate of the Engineering School in Chemical Engineering , and co-founder of Intel Corporation , donated $ 26 million to the Engineering School, which has since been renamed the Grove School of Engineering . It is

568-775: A reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help workers. Wagner was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Conventions of 1915 and 1938 and a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1919 to 1926. Wagner was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1926 and re-elected in 1932 , 1938 , and 1944 . He resigned on June 28, 1949, due to ill health. He

639-552: A tunnel, which closed to public use in 1969. Six hundred grotesques on the original buildings represent the practical and the fine arts. The North Campus Quadrangle contains four great arches on the main avenues entering and exiting the campus: The New York Landmarks Preservation Commission made the North Campus Quadrangle buildings and the College Gates official landmarks in 1981. The buildings in

710-625: A working-class school earned it the titles " Harvard of the Proletariat ", the "poor man's Harvard", and "Harvard-on-the-Hudson." Irving Howe claims that when the Morris Cohen, the later philosopher, was a student at CCNY at the turn of the century, the faculty was "not very glittering" and the school was considered "at once grubby and exalted." Separate Schools of Business and Civic Administration and of Technology (Engineering) were established in 1919. Students were also required to sign

781-583: Is notable as an effort for health care reform in the United States . A similar bill of the same name was introduced in 1943 but not enacted. The 1943 attempt was distinct. Henry Kraus ' book, In the City was a Garden , is about experiences of the resident's council of a World War II Garden Apartment (FHA) housing project for the war effort in San Pedro Ca. Chapter VI - Kaleidoscope of Change, gives an extended account of attempts to provide medical clinics in

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852-964: The National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and the Wagner–Steagall Housing Act of 1937. After the Supreme Court ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional, Wagner helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) in 1935, a similar but much more expansive bill. The National Labor Relations Act, perhaps Wagner's greatest achievement,

923-481: The Roman Catholic Church protested Russell's appointment. A woman named Jean Kay filed suit against the state Board of Higher Education to block Russell's appointment on the grounds that his views on marriage and sex would adversely affect her daughter's virtue, although her daughter was not a CCNY student. Russell wrote "a typical American witch-hunt was instituted against me." Kay won the suit, but

994-715: The Second World War (1939/41–1945). A total of 310 CCNY alumni were killed in the War. Prior to World War II, a large number of City College alumni—relative to alumni of other U.S. colleges—volunteered to serve on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Thirteen CCNY alumni were killed in Spain. In its heyday of the 1930s through the 1950s, CCNY became known for its political radicalism . It

1065-499: The Wagner–Rogers Bill to admit 20,000 Jewish refugees under the age of 14 to the United States from Nazi Germany , but the bill never passed. Wagner and Edward P. Costigan sponsored a federal anti-lynching law in 1934. They tried to persuade President Roosevelt to support the bill but Roosevelt refused for fear of alienating Southern Democrats and losing their support for New Deal programs. There were 18 lynchings of blacks in

1136-699: The "Famous Five", were unveiled on March 12, 1959. The public middle school located at 220 East 76th Street in New York City is named after him. The former Wagner Hall on the campus of the City College of New York is named for him. City College of New York Located in Hamilton Heights overlooking Harlem in Manhattan , City College's 35-acre (14 ha) Collegiate Gothic campus spans Convent Avenue from 130th to 141st Streets. It

1207-612: The Administration Building was formally named the Howard E. Wille Administration Building, in honor of Howard E. Wille, class of 1955, a distinguished alumnus and philanthropist. The Marshak Science Building was completed in 1971 on the site of the former Jasper Oval, an open space previously used as a football field. The building was named after Robert Marshak , renowned physicist and president of CCNY (1970–1979). The Marshak building houses all science labs and adjoins

1278-675: The City College, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for heroism at Gettysburg. A full-length statue of Webb, in full military uniform, stands in his honor at the heart of the campus. The college's curriculum under Webster and Webb combined classical training in Latin and Greek with more practical subjects like chemistry , physics , and engineering . General Webb was succeeded by John Huston Finley (1863–1940), as third president in 1903. Finley relaxed some of

1349-565: The City University at first balked at the demands, but instead, came up with an open admissions or open-access program under which any graduate of a New York City high school would be able to matriculate either at City College or another college in the CUNY system. Beginning in 1970, the program opened doors to college to many who would not otherwise have been able to attend college. The increased enrollment of students, regardless of college preparedness, however, affected City College's and

1420-477: The City of New York became the City College of New York . Finally, the institution became known as the City College of the City University of New York when the CUNY name was formally established as the umbrella institution for New York City's municipal-college system in 1961. The names City College of New York and City College, however, remain in general use. With the name change in 1866, lavender

1491-470: The Free Academy had a framework of tolerance that extended beyond the admission of students from every social stratum. In 1854, Columbia University denied distinguished chemist and scientist Oliver Wolcott Gibbs a faculty position because of his Unitarian religious beliefs. Gibbs had been a professor at the Free Academy since 1848. He later went on to an appointment at Harvard College . In 1849

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1562-509: The Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center, citing a need for space to expand its career center; this closure provoked student demonstrations. CCNY's new Frederick Douglass Debate Society defeated Harvard and Yale at the "Super Bowl" of the American Parliamentary Debate Association in 1996. In 2003, the institution's Model UN Team was awarded as an Outstanding Delegation at

1633-609: The NAC building. The center was named after CUNY alumni Assata Shakur and Guillermo Morales , both of whom self-exiled in Cuba . Students and neighborhood residents who used the center for community organizing against issues of racism, police brutality, and the privatization and militarization of CUNY faced opposition from the City College administration for years. After a long controversy, in October 2013, City College eventually shut down

1704-573: The National Model United Nations (NMUN) Conference, an honor that it would repeat four years in a row. The U.S. Postal Service issued a postcard commemorating CCNY's 150th anniversary, featuring Shepard Hall, on Charter Day, May 7, 1997. The City University of New York began recruiting students for the University Scholars program in the fall 2000, and admitted the first cohort of undergraduate scholars in

1775-561: The New York City Board of Education in the 80s and 90s. On September 14, 2004, a portrait of Wagner, along with one of Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg , was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room. The new portraits joined a group of distinguished former senators, including Henry Clay , Daniel Webster , John C. Calhoun , Robert M. La Follette , and Robert A. Taft . Portraits of this group of senators, known as

1846-804: The Quadrangle were put on the State and National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Steinman Hall, which houses the School of Engineering, was erected in 1962 on the north end of the campus, on the site of the Bowker Library and the Drill Hall to replace the facilities in Compton Hall and Goethals Hall, and was named for David Barnard Steinman (CCNY Class of 1906), a well known civil engineer and bridge designer. The Administration Building

1917-697: The Royal Society and faculty appointments at Oxford, Cambridge, UCLA, Harvard, the Sorbonne, Peking (the name used in that era), the LSE, Chicago, and so forth, Russell added, "Judicially pronounced unworthy to be Professor of Philosophy at the College of the City of New York." In 1945, the Knickerbocker Case was set off when William E. Knickerbocker, chairman of the romance languages department,

1988-703: The South in 1935, but after the threat of federal legislation, the number fell to eight in 1936 and to two in 1939. On June 28, 1949, Wagner resigned from the Senate because of ill health; John Foster Dulles was appointed by Governor Thomas E. Dewey on July 7, 1949, to fill the vacancy temporarily. Wagner was raised as a Lutheran , but he became a Methodist in his college years and taught Sunday school; he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1946. In 1908, Wagner married Margaret Marie McTague. She died in 1919. They had one son, Robert F. Wagner Jr. In 1927, he received

2059-640: The West Point-like discipline that characterized the college, including compulsory religious chapel attendance. Phi Sigma Kappa placed its then-sixth chapter on the campus in 1896; alumni provided scholarships to new students entering the CCNY system for generations. Delta Sigma Phi , founded at CCNY in 1899, claimed to be the first national organization of its type to accept members without regard to religion, race, color or creed. Previously, fraternities at CCNY had excluded Jews. The chapter flourished at

2130-407: The benefit of their core constituency, the working class . They built a coalition for these reforms that embraced unions, social workers, some businessmen, and numerous middle-class activists and civic reform organizations across the state. Wagner left the state senate in 1918, and served as a justice of the New York Supreme Court until his election to the U.S. Senate in 1926. As a Senator, Wagner

2201-541: The board declined to appeal after considering the political pressure exerted. Russell took revenge in the preface of the first edition of his book An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth , which was published by the Unwin Brothers in the United Kingdom (the preface was not included in the U.S. editions). In a long précis that detailed Russell's accomplishments including medals awarded by Columbia University and

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2272-460: The cafeteria late in the day, he would find that the same debate had continued but with an entirely different cast of students. The municipality of New York was considerably more conformist than CCNY students and faculty. The Philosophy Department, at the end of the 1939/40 academic year, invited the British mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell to become a professor at CCNY. Members of

2343-619: The campus, was modeled after a Gothic cathedral plan with its main entrance on St. Nicholas Terrace. It has a large chapel assembly hall called the Great Hall, which has a mural painted by Edwin Blashfield called "The Graduate" and another mural in the Lincoln Hallway called "The Great Teachers" painted by Abraham Bogdanove in 1930. The building was named after Edward M. Shepard . One of Ernest Skinner 's earliest organs

2414-554: The children of the people, the children of the whole people, can be educated; and whether an institution of the highest grade, can be successfully controlled by the popular will, not by the privileged few. In 1847, a curriculum was adopted that had nine main fields: mathematics, history, language, literature, drawing, natural philosophy, experimental philosophy, law, and political economy. The academy's first graduation took place in 1853 in Niblo's Garden Theatre . Even in its early years,

2485-489: The college until 1932 when it closed as a result of the Great Depression . The founding of Zeta Beta Tau at City College in 1898 was Richard Gottheil 's initiative to establish a Jewish fraternity with Zionist ideals. It is now defunct. Education courses were first offered in 1897 in response to a city law that prohibited the hiring of teachers who lacked a proper academic background. The School of Education

2556-630: The college, however, quickly expanded north of the Arches. Like President Webster, the second president of the newly renamed City College was a West Point graduate. The second president, General Alexander S. Webb (1835-1911), assumed office in 1869, serving for almost the next three decades. One of the Union Army 's heroes at Gettysburg , General Webb was the commander of the Philadelphia Brigade . In 1891, while still president of

2627-506: The doors to all… Let the children of the rich and the poor take their seats together and know of no distinction save that of industry, good conduct and intellect." Horace Webster (1794–1871), a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , was the first president of the Free Academy. At the Free Academy's formal opening on January 21, 1849, Webster said: The experiment is to be tried, whether

2698-580: The fall 2001. CCNY was one of five CUNY campuses, on which the program was initiated. The newly admitted students became undergraduates in the newly formed Honors Program. Students attending the CCNY Honors College are awarded free tuition, a cultural passport that admits them to New York City cultural institutions for free or at sharply reduced prices, a notebook computer, and an academic expense account that they can apply to such activities as study abroad. These undergraduates are required to attend

2769-471: The first buildings, as an entire campus, to be built in the U.S. in this style. Groundbreaking for the Gothic Quadrangle buildings took place in 1903." There were five original neo-Gothic buildings on the upper Manhattan campus, which opened between 1906 and 1908: Shepard Hall, Baskerville Hall, Compton Hall, Harris Hall, and Wingate Hall. Shepard Hall, the largest building and the centerpiece of

2840-502: The first honorary citizenship of Nastaetten, his town of birth. In the 1930s, Wagner dated the communist journalist Marguerite Young . He died on May 4, 1953, in New York City, and was interred in Calvary Cemetery, Queens . His son Robert F. Wagner Jr. was Mayor of New York City from 1954 to 1965. His grandson, Robert (Bobby) Ferdinand Wagner III, was a Deputy Mayor, Director Urban Planning Commission and President of

2911-449: The first student government in the nation (Academic Senate, 1867); the first national fraternity to accept members without regard to religion, race, color or creed (Delta Sigma Phi, 1899); the first degree-granting evening program (School of Education, 1907); and, with the objective of racially integrating the college dormitories, "the first general strike at a municipal institution of higher learning" led by students (1949). The college has

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2982-878: The future President when they were in the New York state legislature together, was a member of Franklin Roosevelt 's Brain Trust . He was very involved in labor issues, fought for legal protection and rights for workers, and was a leader in crafting the New Deal . In April 1943, a confidential analysis by British scholar Isaiah Berlin of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the British Foreign Office stated of Wagner: His most important legislative achievements include

3053-546: The governorship. In 1914, while Wagner remained President pro tempore, John F. Murtaugh was chosen Majority Leader of the State Senate. That was the only time before 2009 that the two offices were not held by the same person. After the Democrats lost their Senate majority, Wagner was Senate Minority Leader from January 1915 until he retired in 1918. In the aftermath of the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , he

3124-481: The largest donation ever given to the City College of New York. In August 2008, the authority to grant doctorates in engineering was transferred from the CUNY Graduate Center to City College Grove School of Engineering. In 2009, the School of Architecture moved into the former Y Building, which was gutted and completely remodeled under the design direction of architect Rafael Viñoly . Also in 2009,

3195-608: The late 1960s, with the Civil Rights Movement and anti-Vietnam War feelings increased, culminating at CCNY during a 1969 protest takeover of the South campus, under threat of a riot, African American and Puerto Rican activists and their white allies demanded, among other policy changes, that the City College implement an aggressive affirmative action program to increase minority enrollment and provide academic support. At some point, campus protesters began referring to CCNY as "Harlem University." The administration of

3266-498: The original architectural plans as the Sub-Freshman Building, housed City College's preparatory high school, Townsend Harris High School , from 1906 until it moved in 1930 downtown to the School of Business. Wingate Hall was named for George Wood Wingate (Class of 1858), an attorney and promoter of physical fitness. It served as the college's main gymnasium between 1907 and 1972. The sixth campus, Goethals Hall,

3337-698: The predecessor to the Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act . Wagner was instrumental in writing the Social Security Act , and originally introduced it in the United States Senate. The Wagner–Hatfield amendment to the Communications Act of 1934 , aimed at turning over twenty-five percent of all radio channels to non-profit radio broadcasters , did not pass. In 1939 he co-sponsored with Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R–MA)

3408-465: The prep school Townsend Harris Hall Prep School opened on campus, launched as a one-year preparatory school for CCNY. In the early 1900s, as more Jewish students were enrolling, President John H. Finley liberalized students' obligations by rescinding mandatory chapel attendance. In 1866, the Free Academy, a men's institution, was renamed the College of the City of New York . In 1929, the College of

3479-546: The projects and the California Medical Association response against what it called "government medicine." From a historical perspective, it is an interesting read on that subject and others of the time period. Robert F. Wagner Active Defunct Journals TV channels Websites Other Robert Ferdinand Wagner I (June 8, 1877 – May 4, 1953) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who represented

3550-545: The school was renamed the Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture in honor of the $ 25 million gift the Spitzers gave to the school. On July 1, 2018, the authority to grant doctorates in clinical psychology was transferred from the CUNY Graduate Center to City College. In May 2023, CCNY officials announced that the institution will open an immigrant center to assist undocumented students. The City College campus

3621-447: The state of New York in the United States Senate from 1927 to 1949. Born in Prussia , Wagner immigrated to the United States with his family in 1885. After graduating from New York Law School , Wagner won election to the New York State Legislature , eventually becoming the Democratic leader of the New York State Senate . Working closely with fellow New York City Democrat Al Smith , Wagner and Smith embraced reform, especially to

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3692-432: The university's academic reputation and strained New York City's financial resources. A 2023 documentary film directed by Greta Schiller and Andrea Weiss , The Five Demands , provides historical coverage and interviews with students who led the 1969 protests. City College began charging tuition in 1976. By 1999, CUNY's board of trustees voted to eliminate remedial classes at CUNY's senior colleges, thereby eliminating

3763-424: Was mayor of New York City from 1954 through 1965. Robert Ferdinand Wagner was born on June 8, 1877, in Nastätten , Hesse-Nassau , Kingdom of Prussia , German Empire (now in Rhein-Lahn-Kreis , Rhineland-Palatinate , Federal Republic of Germany ). The family immigrated to the United States in 1885 and settled in New York City 's Yorkville neighborhood, where Wagner attended the public schools. His father

3834-488: Was Chairman of the State Factory Investigating Committee (1911–1915). His Vice Chairman was fellow Tammany Hall politician, Al Smith . They held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3500 pages of testimony. They started with the issue of fire safety and moved on to broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to 38 new laws regulating labor in New York State and gave each of them

3905-469: Was a janitor. He graduated from the College of the City of New York (now named City College of New York ) in 1898, where he was a brother of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and from New York Law School in 1900. He was admitted to the bar in 1900. As a young lawyer he became part of the Tammany Hall Democratic machine in Manhattan. He was elected to New York State Assembly in 1905 (New York Co., 30th D.), 1907 and 1908 (both New York Co., 22nd D.). He

3976-467: Was a leader of the New Deal Coalition , putting special emphasis on supporting the labor movement. He was a close associate and strong supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . He sponsored three major laws: the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act), the Social Security Act of 1935, and the Housing Act of 1937 . Wagner resigned from the Senate in 1949 due to ill health, and died in 1953. His son, Robert F. Wagner Jr. ,

4047-457: Was a member of the New York State Senate (16th D.) from 1909 to 1918, sitting in the 132nd , 133rd , 134th , 135th , 136th , 137th , 138th , 139th , 140th and 141st New York State Legislatures . He was President pro tempore of the New York State Senate from 1911 to 1914. Wagner became Acting Lieutenant Governor of New York after the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer , and the succession of Lieutenant Governor Martin H. Glynn to

4118-404: Was a seminal event in the history of organized labor in the United States. It created the National Labor Relations Board , which mediated disputes between unions and corporations, and greatly expanded the rights of workers by banning many "unfair labor practices" and guaranteeing all workers the right to form a union. He also introduced the Railway Pension Law and cosponsored the Wagner–O'Day Act,

4189-413: Was accused by students of maintaining a racially segregated dormitory at Army Hall. Davis was the dormitory's administrator. CCNY students, many of whom were World War II veterans, launched a massive strike in 1949 in protest against Knickerbocker and Davis. The New York Times called the event "the first general strike at a municipal institution of higher learning." As student radicalism increased in

4260-410: Was accused of antisemitism by four faculty members. They claimed that "for at least seven years they have been subjected to continual harassment and what looks very much like discrimination" by Knickerbocker. Four years later, Knickerbocker was again accused of antisemitism, this time for denying honors to high-achieving Jewish students. About the same time, William C. Davis of the economics department

4331-406: Was chosen as the college's color. In 1867, the academic senate, the first student government in the nation, was formed. Having struggled over the issue for ten years, in 1895, the New York State Legislature voted to let the City College build a new campus. A four-square block site was chosen, located at West Harlem 's Manhattanville , within the area which was enclosed by the North Campus Arches ;

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4402-412: Was completed in 1930. The new building was named for George Washington Goethals , the CCNY civil engineering alumnus who, as mentioned above in the section on the history of the college, went on to become the chief engineer of the Panama Canal . Goethals Hall housed the School of Technology (engineering) and adjoins the Mechanical Arts Building, Compton Hall. The six neo-Gothic buildings are connected by

4473-410: Was erected in 1963 on the North Campus across from Wingate Hall. It houses the institution's administration offices, including the President's, Provost's and the Registrar's offices. It was originally intended as a warehouse to store the huge number of records and transcripts of students since 1847. The first floor of the Administration Building was given a postmodern renovation in 2004. In early 2007,

4544-450: Was established in 1921. The college newspaper, The Campus , published its first issue in 1907, and the first degree-granting evening session in the United States was started. In the years when top-flight private schools were restricted to the children of the Protestant establishment, thousands of brilliant individuals (including Jewish students) attended City College because they had no other option. CCNY's academic excellence and status as

4615-536: Was founded as the Free Academy of the City of New York in 1847 by wealthy businessman and president of the Board of Education Townsend Harris . A combination prep school , high school / secondary school and college, it would provide children of immigrants and the poor access to free higher education based on academic merit alone. It was one of the early public high schools in America following earlier similar institutions being founded in Boston (1829), Philadelphia (1838), and Baltimore (1839). The Free Academy

4686-440: Was initially designed by renowned architect George B. Post , and many of its buildings have achieved landmark status. City College's satellite campus, City College Downtown in the Cunard Building at 25 Broadway, has been in operation since 1981. It offers degree programs for working adults with classes in the evenings and Saturdays. Other primacies at City College that helped shape the culture of American higher education include

4757-433: Was installed in the Great Hall in the early 1900s. Baskerville Hall for many years housed the Chemistry Department, was also known as the Chemical Building, and had one of the largest original lecture halls on the campus, Doremus lecture hall. It currently houses HSMSE , The High School for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering. Compton Hall was originally designed as the Mechanical Arts Building. Harris Hall, named in

4828-431: Was said that the old CCNY cafeteria in the basement of Shepard Hall, particularly in alcove 1, was the only place in the world where a fair debate between Trotskyists and Stalinists could take place. Being part of a political debate that began in the morning in alcove 1, Irving Howe reported that after some time had passed he would leave his place among the arguing students in order to attend class. When he returned to

4899-462: Was the first of what would become a system of municipally-supported colleges – the second, Hunter College , was founded as a women's institution in 1870; and the third, Brooklyn College , was established as a coeducational institution in 1930. In 1847, New York State Governor John Young had given permission to the state Board of Education to found the Free Academy, which was ratified in a statewide referendum. Founder Townsend Harris proclaimed, "Open

4970-546: Was the site of the "CUNY Gaza Solidarity Encampment" in April 2024, and was host to numerous student demonstrators from across the CUNY system for nearly a week before it was raided by campus police and the NYPD. CCNY's Collegiate Gothic campus in Manhattanville was erected in 1906, replacing a downtown campus built in 1849. This new campus was designed by George Browne Post . According to CCNY's published history, "The Landmark neo-Gothic buildings [...] are superb examples of English Perpendicular Gothic style and are among

5041-503: Was unable to attend any sessions of the 80th or 81st Congress from 1947 to 1949 because of a heart ailment. Wagner was the Chairman of the Committee on Patents in the 73rd Congress , of the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys in the 73rd and 74th Congresses, and of the Committee on Banking and Currency in the 75th through 79th Congresses. He was a delegate to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire , in 1944. Wagner, who had known

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