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38-477: Waikoloa is an area and more specifically an ahupuaʻa in the South Kohala District of Hawaii . Waikoloa may refer to: Ahupua%CA%BBa The traditional subdivision system has four hierarchical levels: Some oral history relates that ʻUmi-a-Līloa , son of the great High Chief Līloa , took control of the land and divided it into ahupuaʻa. However, there is also a general belief that

76-693: A konohiki . Rule over an ahupuaʻa was given out by the ruling chief to subordinate members of the aliʻi . On the larger mountains of Maui and Hawaiʻi , smaller ahupuaʻa extended up to about 6,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation, while the higher elevations of an entire district would be included within a single, large ahupuaʻa. These ahupuaʻa, such as Kaʻohe, Keauhou, Kapāpala, Keaʻau, Keʻanae, Puʻu Waʻawaʻa, and Humuʻula, were highly valued both for their size and because they allowed control over items obtainable only from high-elevation areas, such as high-quality stone for tools and ʻuaʻu ( Hawaiian petrel ) chicks. They were given to high-ranking aliʻi, or often retained by

114-735: A 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the east coast of Japan again created a tsunami that caused minor damage in Hawaii. The estimated damage to public buildings was about US$ 3 million. In the Kona area this tsunami washed a house into Kealakekua Bay , destroyed a yacht club and tour boat offices in Keauhou Bay , caused extensive damage in Kailua Kona , flooded the ground floor of the King Kamehameha Hotel, and temporarily closed

152-562: A buttress and that this buttress may tend to reduce the likelihood of catastrophic detachment. On 2 April 1868, an earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.9 rocked the southeast coast of Hawaii. This was the most destructive earthquake in the Hawaii's recorded history. It triggered a landslide on Mauna Loa, 5 miles (8 km) north of Pahala , killing 31 people. A tsunami claimed 46 more lives. The villages of Punaluʻu , Nīnole , Kawaʻa, Honuʻapo, and Keauhou Landing were severely damaged. The tsunami reportedly rolled over

190-696: A depth of up to 3,000 feet (910 m), as well as pristine sea surface water and almost constant sunshine. A 2012 study by the University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization reported that the total economic impact of activities at NELHA was $ 87.7 million and created 583 jobs. Three routes connect the two major towns, Hilo on the east coast and Kailua-Kona on the west coast: State highways 270 ( Kawaihae – Hawi ) and 180 (the " Kona coffee road", connect Honalo to State highway 190), South Point Road (Highway 11 to South Point ), etc. The three Hawaii Scenic Byways are: Rental car offices are at

228-436: A pig, to the island chief. Each ahupuaʻa was divided into smaller sections called ʻili, and the ʻili were divided into kuleana. These were plots of land that were cultivated by the common people. These people paid weekly labor taxes to the land overseer. These taxes went to support the chief. There may have been two reasons for this kind of subdivision: Each ahupuaʻa was ruled by an aliʻi or local chief and administered by

266-754: Is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. These are (from oldest to youngest): Geological evidence from exposures of old surfaces on the south and west flanks of Mauna Loa led to the proposal that two ancient volcanic shields (named Ninole and Kulani) were all but buried by the younger Mauna Loa. Geologists now consider these "outcrops" to be part of Mauna Loa. Based on geochemical (including trace elements ) and isotope differences in their eruptive products, Hawaiian volcanoes fall into two families. The differences are believed due to their separate magma systems. Hualālai and Mauna Loa are members of one family, while Kohala, Mauna Kea, and Kilauea are members of

304-574: Is land and 1,058 sq mi (2,740 km ) (20.8%) is water. The county's land area comprises 62.7 percent of the state's land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States. Delaware 's Sussex County comes in second at 48.0 percent, while Rhode Island 's Providence County is third at 39.6 percent. At its greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles (150 km) across. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea at 10,000 metres (33,000 ft)

342-588: Is the state's largest. The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches : Parker Ranch , on 175,000 acres (708 km ) in Waimea . The island is known for astronomy , with numerous telescopes positioned on the summit of Mauna Kea at the Mauna Kea Observatories , where atmospheric clarity is excellent and little light pollution intrudes. Astronomy has become somewhat controversial, given accusations of mismanagement by

380-568: Is the world's tallest mountain, taller than even Mount Everest , since the base of Mount Everest is above sea level. Ka Lae , the southernmost point in the 50 states of the United States , is on Hawaii. The nearest landfall to the south is the Line Islands . To the northwest of the island of Hawaii is the island of Maui , whose Haleakalā volcano is visible from Hawaii across the Alenuihaha Channel . The island of Hawaiʻi

418-441: The 2018 lower Puna eruption . Mauna Loa erupted in 2022, 38 years after the prior activity. Some geologists also count two undersea volcanoes in the base of the island. Māhukona off the northwest corner of the island has eroded below the ocean surface. Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) is under water 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Hawaii. It is an erupting seamount that has grown to reach 3,200 feet (980 m) below

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456-658: The North Pacific Ocean . With an area of 4,028 square miles (10,430 km ), it has 63% of the Hawaiian archipelago 's combined landmass. However, it has only 13% of the archipelago's population. The island of Hawaiʻi is the third largest island in Polynesia , behind the north and south islands of New Zealand. The island is often referred to as the Island of Hawaii or Hawaii Island to distinguish it from

494-550: The earthquake of 1868 nor that of 1975 caused a measurable change in the Great Crack, lava welled out of its lower 6 miles (10 km) in 1823. Trails, rock walls, and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century exist near the Great Crack. In August 2018, the National Park Service purchased nearly 2,000 acres (810 ha) of private land adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park , claiming that

532-475: The Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after several years of war , and gave the kingdom and the island chain the name of his native island. In 1822, missionary William Ellis arrived and was one of a party that completed a tour of the island, descriptions of which were later published in his journal. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 5,086 square miles (13,170 km ), of which 4,028 sq mi (10,430 km )

570-597: The Kona Village Resort. In early May 2018, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone , leading officials to issue evacuation warnings. On 3 May 2018, the volcano erupted in Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, causing evacuations of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. A seemingly related 5.3 magnitude quake and a subsequent 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on 4 May. Vog (volcanic fog) can envelop

608-633: The afterlife, or the realm of the gods and goddesses. James Cook , the English explorer and navigator who captained the first European expedition to reach the Hawaiian Islands, called it O-Why-hee (from Hawaiian) and the "Sandwich Islands" after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich . Hawaii was the home island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great . Kamehameha forcibly united most of

646-491: The ahupuaʻa names, with each maintaining their local flavors. Hawaii (island) Hawaii ( / h ə ˈ w aɪ . i / hə- WY -ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [həˈvɐjʔi] ) is the largest island in the United States , located in the eponymous state of Hawaii . It is the southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Islands , a chain of volcanic islands in

684-545: The ahupuaʻa of Keaʻau , near Hilo, was purchased as a single unit by the William Herbert Shipman family to farm and raise cattle. Most of the land, however, was eventually sold off to become the large subdivisions of Puna . The line between the large northern lots (sold by the state as 30-50 acre farms) and 1-3 acre southern lots in the vicinity of Kurtistown, Mountain View, and Glenwood is the boundary between

722-405: The area had important geological features to be studied and preserved. The Hilina Slump is a 4,760-cubic-mile (19,800 km ) section of the south slope of Kīlauea that is moving away from the island. Between 1990 and 1993, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements showed a southward displacement of about 4 inches (10 cm) per year. Undersea measurements show a "bench" that has formed

760-405: The economic means of the location and political divisions of the area. “As the native Hawaiians used the resources within their ahupuaʻa, they practiced aloha (respect), laulima (cooperation), and mālama (stewardship) which resulted in a desirable pono (balance).” The Hawaiians believed that the land, the sea, the clouds and all of nature had a certain interconnectedness, which is why they used all of

798-521: The high chief personally. Following the Great Mahele in 1848, most ahupuaʻa were split up. Manukā , Puʻu Waʻawaʻa , and Puʻu Anahulu on the island of Hawaiʻi are among the few large ahupuaʻa that remained nearly intact under single ownership (with the exception of some kuleana lots) because they were crown lands owned personally by the monarch. In spite of this, the impact of the ahupuaʻa boundaries can be seen in many areas today. For example,

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836-460: The international airports. Taxi service is also available. Island-wide bus service is provided by the Hele-On Bus . Two commercial airports serve Hawaiʻi Island: The private airports are: The major commercial ports are Hilo on the east side and Kawaihae on the west side. Cruise ships often stop at Kailua-Kona (90 times in 2017) and Hilo (108 times in 2017). The larger hotels on

874-513: The island of Hawaii when Kilauea is active. Since the termination of volcanic activity in September 2018, vog has largely disappeared on the west side of the island. The gas plumes created a blanket of vog that the trade winds mostly deflect toward the Kona coast. Vog can damage the health of plants, humans, and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in

912-513: The island's last plantation closed. Most of the island's economy depends on tourism , centered primarily in resort areas on the western coast of the island in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. Sustainable tourism is increasing. Diversified agriculture is a growth sector. Major crops include macadamia nuts , papaya , flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, aquaculture , and coffee beans . The island's orchid production

950-425: The lungs to damage them. Flu-like symptoms and general lethargy are reported, and are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions. The island hosts many specialized ecosystems/microclimates, including many protected by federal designation: Sugarcane was the backbone of the island economy for more than a century. In the mid-20th century, sugarcane plantations began to downsize, and in 1995

988-591: The natural organization of communities along stream systems is the foundation for the system, whose community governance system of Kānāwai is often attributed specifically to shared water usage. The Hawaiians maintained an agricultural system that contained two major classes: irrigated and rain-fed systems. In the irrigated systems, the Hawaiians grew mostly taro (kalo), and in the rain-fed systems, they grew mostly ʻuala (sweet potatoes), yams, and dryland taro in addition to other small crops. This dry-land cultivation

1026-483: The observatory manager, the University of Hawaii. The proposed addition of the Thirty Meter Telescope generated protests that stalled the project and led to the transfer of management responsibility to a Governor-appointed body. NELHA (Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority), a 675-acre (273 ha) state developed site, is a green economic development ocean science and technology park on

1064-525: The ocean surface, and it is forecast to break the surface in 10,000 to 100,000 years. The Great Crack is an eight-mile-long (13,000 m), 60-foot-wide (18 m) and 60-foot-deep (18 m) fissure in the island, in the district of Ka'u . According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Great Crack is the result of crustal dilation from magmatic intrusions into the southwest rift zone of Kilauea. While neither

1102-531: The other. Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island is growing. Between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres (220 ha) to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960 and again in 2018, and Kalapana and Kaimū in 1990. In 1987 lava filled in "Queen's Bath", a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area. Another 875 acres were added between May and July 2018 by

1140-420: The population was 200,629. The county seat and largest town is Hilo . Hawaiʻi County has no incorporated cities . Hawaii is allegedly named after Hawaiʻiloa , a legendary Polynesian navigator who is said to have discovered the island. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of Hawaiki , a place from which some Polynesians are said to have originated, the place where they transition to in

1178-443: The resources around them to reach the desired balance in life. Sustainability was maintained by the konohiki and kahuna—priests, who restricted the fishing of certain species during specific seasons. They also regulated the gathering of plants. Ahupuaʻa is derived from Hawaiian language ahu , meaning “heap” or “cairn,” and puaʻa , pig . The boundary markers for ahupuaʻa were traditionally heaps of stones used to put offers, often

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1216-406: The state. It is also referred to as The Big Island , due to its size relative to the other islands. In Hawaiian , the island is sometimes called Moku o Keawe . The word keawe has several meanings. One definition, "southern cross", is said to be the name of an ancient chief. Another definition is "the bearer" (ke-a-we). Hawaii County is the local administrative unit. As of the 2020 census ,

1254-474: The tops of the coconut trees up to 60 feet (18 m) high, and it reached inland a distance of a quarter of a mile (400 meters) in some places. On 29 November 1975, a 37-mile-wide (60 km) section of the Hilina Slump dropped 11.5 feet (3.5 m) and slid 26 feet (7.9 m) toward the ocean. This movement caused a 7.2 magnitude earthquake and a 48-foot-high (15 m) tsunami. Oceanfront property

1292-404: The west side of the island. It provides resources and facilities for energy and ocean-related research, education, and commercial activities in an environmentally sound and culturally sensitive manner. Business tenants on this coastal site include microalgae farms, aquaculture , solar technology and marine biotech . Tenants have access to three sets of pipelines delivering deep-sea water from

1330-492: The ʻŌlaʻa and Keaʻau ahupuaʻa. This boundary follows the edge of the 200- to 400-year-old ʻAilaʻau lava flow , and the ahupuaʻa of Keaʻau was undoubtedly originally created from the land devastated by this flow. Many local towns in Hawaiʻi still maintain the names of the old ahupuaʻa. In West Maui, the towns (north to south) Honokōhau , Honolua , Kapalua , Nāpili , Kahana, Honokawai , Kaʻanapali , Lahaina , and Olowalu follow

1368-493: Was a very important part of Hawaiian life; it was used not only for fishing, bathing, drinking, and gardening, but also for aquaculture systems in the rivers and at the shore's edge. The ahupuaʻa consisted most frequently of a slice of an island that went from the top of the local mountain (volcano) to the shore, often following the boundary of a stream drainage. Each ahupuaʻa included a lowland mala (cultivated area) and upland forested region. Ahupuaʻa varied in size depending on

1406-432: Was also known as the mala . It also consisted of (kalo) taro, (niu) coconuts, (ʻulu) breadfruit, (maiʻa) bananas, and (kō) sugar cane. The kukui tree was sometimes used as a shade to protect the mala from the sun. Each crop was carefully placed in an area that was most suitable to its needs. Hawaiians raised dogs, chickens, and pigs that were domesticated. They also made use of personal gardens at their own houses. Water

1444-580: Was washed off its foundations in Punaluu. Two deaths were reported at Halape, and 19 other people were injured. The island suffered damage from a tsunami caused by earthquakes in Alaska on 1 April 1946, and in Chile on 23 May 1960. Downtown Hilo was damaged by both tsunamis, with many lives lost. Just north of Hilo, Laupāhoehoe lost 16 schoolchildren and five teachers in the tsunami of 1946. In March 2011,

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