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48-676: Waiouru is a small town in the Ruapehu District , in New Zealand's Manawatū-Whanganui region . It is located on the south-eastern North Island Volcanic Plateau , 130 km (81 mi) north of Palmerston North and 25 kilometres south-east of Mount Ruapehu . The town had a population of 765 in the 2018 census. The main attraction of Waiouru is the National Army Museum , opened in 1978, which features static displays of New Zealand's military heritage. The rest of

96-592: A lahar from Mount Ruapehu . The bridge collapsed, sending the train into the Whangaehu River , killing 151 people. Many army and naval personnel were involved in the rescue of survivors and the recovery of bodies. Sister Mortimer of the Waiouru Camp Hospital, "The Angel of Tangiwai", worked non-stop for three days tending the survivors and laying out the bodies. Merino sheep were brought from Taupō in 1855 by missionary Tom Grace, to graze on

144-503: A highly illegal deal in 1874, leasing the land for 21 years from Topia Turoa, who claimed ownership of all the land between Rangipo and Karioi through his marriage of Makarena Utaora of Ngati Rangi. In March 1874, Studholme's men had moved cattle and sheep onto the land. They started building houses, stables and sheds at Karioi, and shepherds' huts at Waiouru. In January 1880 the Studholme land ring tried to obtain permanent ownership of

192-689: A huge hui chaired by Wanganui missionary Richard Taylor, with most of the Murimotu land being allotted to various hapu of Ngati Rangi, but no money was at stake back then, and in the intervening 20 years the Hauhau/Titokowaru/Te Kooti wars had been fought, creating new power groups and enmities, especially between the coastal Whanganui guerilla leader Major Kemp/Te Keepa and his upper river rival, Major Topia Turoa, and consequently numerous conflicting claims were put forward. In 1876, after five years of Land Court hearings at Wanganui, there

240-535: A new family homestead building. As a party-independent politician, he represented the Kaiapoi electorate from 1867 to 1874, when he resigned. He then represented the Gladstone electorate from 1879 to 1881, when he retired. He stood for Ashburton in 1902 , and came second. Studholme was repeatedly asked by Prime Minister William Fox to join the government; he resolutely refused, however. Studholme

288-421: A permanent staff of 35 men. A settlement was firmly established with a post office, store, church room, library, recreation centre, butcher, and blacksmith. In 1890, Studholme's son Col. John Studholme (known as Jack) took over farming Coldstream after marrying Alexandra Thomson, daughter of Archbishop of York William Thomson . In 1901, they commissioned renowned New Zealand architect Joseph Maddison to build

336-756: A population density of 154 people per km. Waiouru had a population of 765 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 24 people (3.2%) since the 2013 census , and a decrease of 597 people (−43.8%) since the 2006 census . There were 219 households, comprising 438 males and 327 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.34 males per female. The median age was 28.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 198 people (25.9%) aged under 15 years, 222 (29.0%) aged 15 to 29, 306 (40.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 39 (5.1%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 67.8% European/ Pākehā , 41.2% Māori , 6.3% Pacific peoples , 4.7% Asian , and 3.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

384-632: A time when there were no roads or bridged rivers. This made them the first Europeans to make such a journey, and along with William Henry Valpy the first Europeans to explore the South Island extensively on foot. Arriving in Dunedin, their cheque was refused at the cattle market since there was no bank yet in Otago to process it and no business transactions between the two provinces existed. John walked back to Lyttelton to get cash, leaving Michael with

432-700: A war-surplus Tiger Moth. (Moss 1956) This project expanded into Wanganui Aero Work Ltd. Wallie's grandson Lockie still farms at Waiouru in 2014. In 1978, the QEII Army Memorial Museum, now named the National Army Museum , was opened. Its buildings were designed by Sir Miles Warren and it was built alongside State Highway 1 by engineers of the New Zealand Army. It has since been expanded with additions constructed in 1983 and 1995. Waiouru covers 5.01 km (1.93 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 770 as of June 2022, with

480-579: Is Ruapehu College , 27 kilometres (17 mi) away in Ohakune . Ruapehu District It has an area of 6,734 square kilometers and the district's population in June 2024 was 13,550. The district is landlocked, and contains the western half of the Tongariro National Park , including Mount Ruapehu and the western sides of Mount Ngauruhoe and Mount Tongariro , as well as part of

528-526: Is (as of 2018 ) the chairman of the U.K. Forestry Commission. The South Canterbury region and town of Studholme is named for the Studholme brothers, most particularly Michael, who was the first settler in the area. Mount Studholme, inland from Waimate , South Canterbury, is the source of the Otaio River . Part of Kaweka Forest Park in Hawke's Bay is named the 'Studholme Saddle' as it is where three of

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576-479: Is cold throughout the year, unlike other North Island centres, and particularly cold when the wind blows from the mountain. The Desert Road is regularly closed in winter owing to heavy snowfalls. Waiouru's climate can be described as continental . Waiouru School , a state full primary (Year 1–8) school, is the sole school in Waiouru. It has 113 students as of August 2024. The nearest secondary school to Waiouru

624-589: Is made up of 12 elected councillors, including a mayor and deputy mayor. The district is also served by 2 Community Boards and a Ward Committee, with the same functions and powers as the Community Boards. In the 2022 local body elections, there were two wards, a general ward and a Māori ward. The current mayor of the Ruapehu District is Weston Kirton, the deputy mayor is Vivienne Hoeta. John Studholme John Studholme (1829–1903)

672-566: Is the highest station (814 m) on the New Zealand rail system . The Northern Explorer does not stop at Waiouru, but its predecessor the Overlander did until April 2005. Seven kilometres to the west of Waiouru is the small settlement of Tangiwai, the site of New Zealand's worst railway disaster . On 24 December 1953 the overnight express from Wellington to Auckland passed over Tangiwai railway bridge just after it had been weakened by

720-793: The 2018 census , and an increase of 1,251 people (10.6%) since the 2013 census . There were 6,720 males, 6,333 females and 42 people of other genders in 5,412 dwellings. 2.3% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 39.0 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 2,799 people (21.4%) aged under 15 years, 2,217 (16.9%) aged 15 to 29, 5,688 (43.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,391 (18.3%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 68.8% European ( Pākehā ); 45.7% Māori ; 3.5% Pasifika ; 3.6% Asian ; 0.6% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.3% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English

768-593: The Whanganui National Park . The district is also home to the world-famous Raurimu Spiral on the North Island Main Trunk railway line . The tourist towns of Raetihi , Whakapapa Village , National Park, and Ohakune are located near Mount Ruapehu in the south-east of the district. Waiouru, with an elevation of 815 metres, is in the extreme south-east of the district and houses the large Waiouru Army Camp . The southern section of

816-535: The tussock lands in the Waiouru area. The flock was eaten by Te Kooti 's warriors in 1869, and 4000 more merinos were brought over the mountains from Hawke's Bay . In England, the development of steam-powered machinery for making woolen cloth caused the price paid for raw wool to rise to £150 per ton, (about NZ$ 60 a kilo at today's values). And Waiouru sat in the middle of the Murimotu plains, 60,000 hectares of tussock grassland, enough to graze 60,000 sheep, annually producing about 240 tons of wool worth £36,000 (with

864-408: The 1970s, Waiouru had a population of 6000 people, including 600+ school aged children. In the 1980s, some army units were transferred to Linton , and by 1990 Waiouru's permanent population had fallen to about 3000. In 2005, Waiouru's population dropped to about 2000 with the transfer out of armoured force personnel, and continues to drop as operations are shifted to nearby Linton Camp and Ohakea. But

912-489: The 350 miles back to Christchurch . From this time on John and Michael began establishing large stations in both the North and South Islands . Paul Studholme returned to England in 1858. Over the next 20 years they acquired by lease or purchase more than 370,000 hectares (910,000 acres) and farmed extensively. In 1854, to purchase cattle John and Michael Studholme both walked from Lyttelton to Dunedin (some 250 miles) at

960-532: The 500 men who were digging the huge railway cuttings 1 km west of Waiouru. (Archer 2009) In 2007, Alfred Peters' descendants were still farming just east of Waiouru 100 years later. The North Island Main Trunk railway arrived in 1907, when the Waiouru railway station was opened; the station closed to goods in 1986, and to passengers in 2005 when the Overlander no longer stopped there. By 1907 little wool

1008-757: The Army expects a number of courses to continue to be run at Waiouru. The Royal New Zealand Air Force uses the sealed Waiouru Airfield (ICAO code NZRU) to the west of the camp for practice landings of C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, and Jameson Field inside the camp for NH-90 and A-109 helicopters. This Radio Intercept Station 2 km south of Waiouru was run by the Royal New Zealand Navy during WWII as Waiouru W/T Station, and from 1951 as HMNZS Irirangi. (Waters 1956) It has now been replaced as an Intercept Station. Because of its high altitude and close proximity to Mt Ruapehu , Waiouru's climate

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1056-582: The Army housing area two kilometres away, and a medical centre, public library, cafe and department store are inside the army camp. Waiouru is a military town that has grown up in conjunction with the New Zealand Army Camp and the Training Group (ATG), which is responsible for the training of recruits and other soldiers. The Desert Road immediately north of Waiouru runs through the 870 km army training area, which lies mainly to

1104-467: The New Zealand estates and the homestead Coldstream. He continued his father's farming and philanthropy. Studholme College at the University of Otago is named after him. William Studholme was the father of Sir Henry Gray Studholme, 1st Baronet , a prominent British politician during the 1940s and 1950s. Henry's descendants include Capt. Sir Paul Studholme and Harry Studholme , the latter of whom

1152-619: The Ngati Whiti people at Moawhango village 15 km to the east, who re-activated their own gun-fighters as well. The Moawhango militia moved forward to two shepherds' huts at Te Waiu and dug gun-fighters' trenches all round them. These trenches, known as the Waiu Pa site, can still be seen today. A Maori missionary defused the situation before any bloodshed occurred, and in 1884 the Land Court finally awarded ownership of each block of

1200-515: The age of 22, Studholme sailed to New Zealand with his two younger brothers Michael and Paul. Together they bought farmland in Selwyn and Rakaia . The following year, after having set up farms, they travelled to Australia to pursue the Victorian gold rush . In 1852, the Studholme brothers returned to New Zealand. Famously, they took a ship which only went as far as Nelson . Together they walked

1248-600: The buying power of NZ$ 14 million today) In 1871 the government sought to lease these tussock plains. It offered the Maori land-owners an annual rent of £3500, worth NZ$ 1.4 million today. But first, all the land-owning groups had to agree, and this caused great delays, as parts of the Murimotu plains had been used to gather wild-fowl by all the surrounding land-owners, Ngati Rangi (Karioi/Whanganui river) Te Ati Hau/Tūwharetoa (Taumarunui/Lake Taupō) and Ngati Whiti (Moawhango). The boundaries had already been sorted out back in 1850 at

1296-494: The cattle. He returned crossing rivers alone with the cash, blankets and provisions at great risk. From Dunedin after having paid for the cattle, the Studholme brothers took the cattle back to Christchurch crossing the Waitaki River . This would have been the first such crossing. John Studholme explored Southland in 1854 with James Menzies and Edmund Bellairs . The area had recently been bought by Walter Mantell from

1344-415: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 957 (9.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 5,967 (58.0%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 3,096 (30.1%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 33,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 597 people (5.8%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

1392-543: The east of the road. The Royal NZ Navy's Irirangi communications station with its huge antennae is 2 km north of Waiouru. North of Waiouru is the section of State Highway 1 called the Desert Road . This runs for 50 km through the Rangipo Desert to Tūrangi , at the southern end of Lake Taupō . Waiouru is on the North Island Main Trunk railway, which came through in 1907. Waiouru Railway Station

1440-470: The ground from Easter to October, killed 20,000 of his sheep and left the rest emaciated. By the mid-1890s there were only 40,000 merinos on the tussock lands between Karioi bush and the Kaimanawa Ranges . Pack-tracks had been formed in the 1870s, after traces of gold were discovered in 1869, 30 km north-east of Waiouru on Mr. Lyon's run at Kereru . The Gentle Annie track was used to get

1488-601: The homestead. Ernest Gray had originally taken up a pastoral lease there in 1854 and had been developing it as a sheep and cattle run. The brothers drained 2,000 acres (810 ha) of swamp and started a large cropping programme as well as running 26,000 sheep there. The Rangitata River runs through the land. At the time it was the smallest of the Studholme estates. John Studholme established Coldstream as his primary homestead, with Michael having previously done so at Waimate . By 1875, 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) were being used for crop farming, running twenty six-horse teams with

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1536-659: The horses Belle of the Isle, Stormbird, and Nebula. John served on the committee of the Canterbury Jockey Club for many years. Studholme married Lucy Ellen Sykes Moorhouse, the daughter of William Moorhouse of Knottingley House, Knottingley , Yorkshire , on 10 February 1862. Her brother, William Sefton Moorhouse , was Superintendent of Canterbury Province . Her sister Sarah Ann Moorhouse was married to another early settler William Barnard Rhodes . John and Lucy had five children: Colonel John Studholme inherited

1584-510: The hundreds of tons of Murimotu wool to Napier and later the shorter, but muddier, routes of Hales' Track and Field's Track to Wanganui were built. These tracks were later developed into roads for wool wagons and stage-coaches. By 1897 there was a coaching house at Waiouru for mail-coach passengers on the Napier-Taupō run. About 1904, Alfred Peters set up a post office, store and an accommodation house for travelers at Waiouru and for

1632-421: The infamous Desert Road section of State Highway 1 runs through the east of the district, from Waiouru to Rangipo . Ruapehu District covers 6,734.44 km (2,600.18 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 13,550 as of June 2024, with a population density of 2.0 people per km . Ruapehu District had a population of 13,095 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 786 people (6.4%) since

1680-729: The land from Topia and sent surveyors to mark the exact boundaries. This incensed the Ngati Rangi faction and they called on Major Kemp for assistance. He re-activated his company of seasoned gun-fighters, with whom he had routed the Hauhau at the Battle of Moutua Island 16 years previously, and they rode up from the Whanganui river valley to Waiouru, and then on another 10 km east to the strategic high ground of Auahitotara, where they began some sabre-rattling live-firing practice. This upset

1728-600: The local Maori iwi . After a week's hard walking between the Mataura and Ōreti Rivers , Menzies and Bellairs decided to go no further. Studholme continued by himself as far as the Waiau River . After initially living at Lyttelton , John and his wife Lucy moved to land they owned at Hororata . When Michael travelled to England for five years in 1864, they moved to his established homestead at Waimate . In 1869 upon Michael's return, they bought Merivale Manor , then on

1776-522: The now-surveyed Murimotu land to various hapu of Ngati Rangi, although Studholme's political connections in Wellington allowed him to keep his lease for its remaining 11 years. But it was a hollow victory for Studholme; although his costs remained high, the price paid for wool plummeted as vast new sheep farms in Australia came into production. And the extremely cold winter of 1893, with deep snow on

1824-590: The outskirts of Christchurch, from Lucy's brother and sold Hororata to Prime Minister John Hall . He died in London aged 74 years, having returned to England in 1901. In 1867, the Studholme Brothers purchased 55,000 acres (22,000 ha) of flat tussock land known as the Coldstream Estate for £35,000 (about £3,800,000 in 2018 value). It was named after the cold stream that rises near

1872-448: The township consists of a small cluster of a police station, two garages, a petrol station/postal agency, a panel beater , two motels, a tavern and half a dozen cafe/restaurants spread along the highway. There are three unmanned diesel refueling sites for the 700+ big freight trucks that pass through Waiouru each day. Nearby are the yards of a roading contractor and a maintenance contractor. A grocery store, hairdresser and beautician are in

1920-416: Was $ 44,900, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 93 people (16.4%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 423 (74.6%) people were employed full-time, 60 (10.6%) were part-time, and 12 (2.1%) were unemployed. From 1936 to 1938, Territorial artillery batteries camped under canvas at Waiouru for their summer training exercises. In 1939, a month after war

1968-445: Was 12.9, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.4% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian , 5.1% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.4% were Hindu , 0.4% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 81 (14.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 96 (16.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

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2016-520: Was a 19th-century British pioneer of New Zealand, farmer and politician in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. John Studholme was born in 1829 the son of John Studholme, a landowner in Cumberland , now part of Cumbria , England . He was educated at Sedbergh School and The Queen's College, Oxford , where he was a university scholar and earned a blue rowing in the university eight. At

2064-837: Was a director of the New Zealand Shipping Company and the Union Insurance Company. He was one of the first Canterbury magistrates, and was a first member of the Provincial Council for the Timaru district, which at that time comprised all the provinces south of Ashburton. Both John and Michael Studholme were avid horseracing enthusiasts and owned several racehorses. They won the New Zealand Cup three times: twice with their horse Knottingley and once with Magenta. They also owned

2112-610: Was being sent out, as overgrazing by sheep had led to a plague of rabbits . By the 1930s no sheep at all could be grazed on the Waiouru sheep station. In 1939 most of the leasehold Waiouru sheep station land was taken by the Government for the Army Camp. Wally Harding began farming and developing the Waiouru sheep station in 1939, cultivating the tussock land with giant discs pulled by a crawler tractor, and then oversowing with swedes. In 1951 he began aerial topdressing his farm with

2160-637: Was declared, most of the leasehold Waiouru run was taken back by the Crown. By December 1940 a large training camp had been built, and 340 km of land acquired for training. From 1949 another 250 km of land to the north and east was acquired for training, and for upgrading of the State Highway and constructing a high-voltage power line up the Moawhango valley. The base expanded for compulsory National Service and for NZSAS training. At its peak in

2208-542: Was spoken by 96.8%, Māori language by 11.5%, Samoan by 0.2% and other languages by 5.0%. No language could be spoken by 2.2% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 10.9, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 27.6% Christian , 0.5% Hindu , 0.3% Islam , 5.2% Māori religious beliefs , 0.4% Buddhist , 0.7% New Age , and 1.1% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 55.4%, and 9.3% of people did not answer

2256-537: Was still no agreement. By 1877, one hundred and six claimant owners had signed the lease agreement, but the land had not been surveyed, so others still refused to sign. While they argued, John Studholme , described by the Wanganui Herald as a "Canterbury land shark", had already been grazing the land around Waiouru for three years. Backed by the Auckland capitalists Moorhouse, Morrin and Russell, he had made

2304-574: Was that 5,025 (48.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,371 (13.3%) were part-time, and 372 (3.6%) were unemployed. The Ruapehu District Council was established by the 1989 local government reforms . It was formed from the Taumarunui Borough Council, Taumarunui County Council, Waimarino District Council and parts of the Rangitikei County, Taupo District, Waitomo District and Stratford District councils. The council

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