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61-598: Waiwhetū is an eastern suburb of Lower Hutt in the Wellington Region situated in the south of the North Island of New Zealand. In the 19th-century period of European settlement land at Waiwhetū was worked by Irish-born Alfred Ludlam , who was a member of three of New Zealand's four earliest parliaments. In the 1840s land was set aside by the New Zealand Company as a native reserve for

122-715: A city. It incorporated Normandale in 1957. In 1987–1989 the New Zealand Government forced local authorities to consolidate, which led to Lower Hutt amalgamating with the adjacent Boroughs of Petone and Eastbourne and with the Wainuiomata District (which had its independence for barely a year), and to the abolition of the Hutt County Council. The area of Lower Hutt is covered by two general electorates ( Hutt South and Remutaka ) and by two Māori electorates ( Ikaroa-Rāwhiti in

183-593: A minor claim to being New Zealand's oldest city. Legal disputes over the powers that the Otago Provincial Council delegated to the newly formed Dunedin City Council in 1865, resulted in the central government stepping in and confirming its powers. Consequently, Dunedin City Council was the first council recognised in central government law. Furthermore, the central government passed legislation in 1868 to better regulate municipal councils across

244-738: A month later by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , however, the electorates of both "City of Auckland" and "City of Wellington" were carried forward to the first nationwide election of 1853 . The first municipal council to bear the title of "city council" was the Auckland City Council formed in 1854 by act of the Auckland Provincial Council . Following the election of an anti-taxation superintendent in March 1855, William Brown ,

305-399: A population density of 307 people per km . The city's population has remained stable from the 1990s to the 2013 census. In the five years between the 2013 and 2018 censuses, the population grew steadily across the city with an increasing amount of homes being purchased and the area seen as more affordable comparable to the rest of the region. Lower Hutt City had a population of 107,562 in

366-705: A population of 4,305 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 342 people (8.6%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 354 people (9.0%) since the 2006 census . There were 1,590 households, comprising 2,097 males and 2,208 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 35.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 852 people (19.8%) aged under 15 years, 906 (21.0%) aged 15 to 29, 2,025 (47.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 519 (12.1%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 58.7% European/ Pākehā , 20.4% Māori , 9.7% Pasifika , 21.7% Asian , and 4.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

427-596: Is administered by a separate city council, the Upper Hutt City Council. The entire Hutt Valley includes both Lower and Upper Hutt cities. Lower Hutt is also often simply called "the Hutt". Before European settlement, thick forest covered most of the Hutt Valley, with areas of marshland close to the river's mouth. Māori inhabited the shoreline, with a pā at each end of Petone beach. Māori welcomed

488-597: Is encompassed by. Existing cities are grandfathered under Schedule 2, Part 2 of the Act. The only new city council so far under this section is the Tauranga City Council , from 1 March 2004. Previously, under Section 37L of the Local Government Act 1974, new cities could only be formed from a "reorganisation scheme". The same criteria were used. The last city to be constituted under this section

549-516: Is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area . If considered a city it is New Zealand's sixth most populous , with a population of 115,500. The total area administered by the council is 376.4 km (145 sq mi) around the lower half of the Hutt Valley and along the eastern shores of Wellington Harbour , of which 78.54 km (30 sq mi)

610-588: Is thus some argument over which settlement was the first city in New Zealand. Traditionally in the United Kingdom (the former colonial power of New Zealand), city status is a special status granted by the monarch , usually by the issuing of letters patent . Between the 16th century and 1888 , city status was associated with the presence of a diocesan cathedral . In 1841 the Diocese of New Zealand

671-488: Is urban. It is separated from the city of Wellington by the harbour, and from Upper Hutt by the Taita Gorge. Lower Hutt is unique among New Zealand cities, as the name of the council does not match the name of the city it governs. Special legislation has since 1991 given the council the name "Hutt City Council", while the name of the place itself remains "Lower Hutt City". This name has led to confusion, as Upper Hutt

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732-802: The 2018 census , and an increase of 9,213 people (9.5%) since the 2013 census . There were 52,563 males, 53,505 females and 465 people of other genders in 38,895 dwellings. 3.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 37.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 20,415 people (19.2%) aged under 15 years, 19,740 (18.5%) aged 15 to 29, 50,733 (47.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 15,642 (14.7%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 64.1% European ( Pākehā ); 19.7% Māori ; 12.3% Pasifika ; 18.7% Asian ; 2.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.0% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English

793-818: The 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 3,030 people (2.9%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 9,324 people (9.5%) since the 2013 census . There were 53,082 males, 54,009 females and 468 people of other genders in 39,279 dwellings. 3.8% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 37.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 20,595 people (19.1%) aged under 15 years, 19,896 (18.5%) aged 15 to 29, 51,261 (47.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 15,807 (14.7%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 64.3% European ( Pākehā ); 19.6% Māori ; 12.2% Pasifika ; 18.6% Asian ; 2.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.1% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English

854-498: The Local Government Act 1974 , for example Timaru . Other urban areas that are no longer cities, such as Rotorua and Whangārei , have higher populations than some present cities. The most recently proclaimed city is Tauranga , which became a city, for the second time, from 1 March 2004. Christchurch (1862 and 1868) and Invercargill (1930 and 1991) have also been declared cities more than once. Under Section 27 of

915-646: The Māori language means "river of food from the sky". Lower Hutt occupies the lower regions of the flood plain of the river, one of the most significant features of the city. In the 20th century the Hutt River Board built stopbanks to contain the river, but the threat of flooding from heavy rainfall persists. In 1985 the river burst its banks, and since then floods have been on a smaller scale. Smaller streams and storm-water drains have also caused occasional problems when rainfall exceeds average levels. Much of

976-646: The Remutaka Range . Lower Hutt's boundaries also include the islands in Wellington Harbour, the largest of which is Matiu / Somes Island . Lower Hutt has a wet oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ), which is similar to nearby Wellington, with relatively warm summers and mild winters with the occasional storm. A single major aquifer dominates the lower Hutt Valley: the river , originally named Heretaunga, and since 2010 known as "Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River". Awakairangi in

1037-525: The Te Āti Awa tribe. From the 1890s to 1939, a flock mill operated on the bank of the Waiwhetū Stream . In the 1930s the New Zealand government compulsorily acquired land at Waiwhetū and built new homes for Te Āti Awa. Waiwhetū statistical area covers 1.68 km (0.65 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 4,940 as of June 2024, with a population density of 2,940 people per km. Waiwhetū had

1098-408: The booming population . Between 1946 and 1954 the railway line from Waterloo extended through these new suburbs to Haywards , becoming the main line in 1954 when the existing main line between Haywards and Melling closed. By the end of the 1950s, Lower Hutt had a population of 80,000. The Hutt City Council comprises a mayor and 12 councillors. Campbell Barry became New Zealand's youngest mayor and

1159-512: The local government reforms of 1989 . Before the reforms, a borough that had a population of 20,000 or more could be proclaimed a city. The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area. In 1989, the structure of local government in New Zealand was significantly reorganised. Almost all the new district councils and city councils were much larger in land area, and they covered both urban land and

1220-597: The town of Gisborne , for example, adamantly described itself as the first "city" in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is governed by a "district council", though its status as a city is not generally disputed in New Zealand. Similarly, there is no "city council" in Auckland , though its status as a city is not generally disputed due to its considerable size. Listed below are the large urban areas referred to colloquially as "cities". Statistics New Zealand creates standards for statistical geographic areas that are

1281-567: The Arohanui ki te Tangata wharenui (meeting house). The marae is associated with Īhāia Puketapu , whose vision drove the project to build it. Waiwhetū Marae features a number of significant carvings and has associations with a number of notable Māori artists. Some of the carvings had been created for the New Zealand Centennial Exhibition in 1940, and others were made specifically for the marae. The head carver

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1342-584: The Auckland City Council was dissolved and formally disestablished 1856. A new Auckland City Council would be established in 1871, which was later was merged into Auckland Council in 2010. The Christchurch City Council was formed by an act of the Canterbury Provincial Council which received Royal assent on 31 January 1863. The council has been active since and is therefore the longest continuously operating city council in New Zealand. A legal oddity also provides Dunedin with

1403-620: The English name given to the river, named after one of the founding members, director and chairman of the New Zealand Company, Sir William Hutt . The dual name of Hutt River Te Awa Kairangi has been used since 2010. Within weeks of settlement the Hutt River flooded, and in March 1840 the majority of Britannia settlers decided to move to Thorndon , (as of 2013 in the heart of Wellington city), though some settlers remained at

1464-493: The Local Government Act 2002, a district may become a city by either a "reorganisation scheme" with the Local Government Commission, or under Section 27(1) it may apply for a change in status under Schedule 3, Clause 7. The new city must have "a population of not less than 50,000 persons", be "predominantly urban" and "a distinct entity and a major centre of activity within the region " (or regions) that it

1525-473: The Taitā Gorge at the northern end of Lower Hutt, separating the city from neighbouring Upper Hutt. Lower Hutt includes the cluster of small settlements that extend down the eastern coast of Wellington Harbour . These include the two large townships of Wainuiomata and Eastbourne . The city also includes a large area of sparsely-populated land to the east of the harbour, extending to Pencarrow Head and into

1586-416: The act, and therefore the brief name change, did not apply to Dunedin, Dunedin City Council can claim to have the longest continuous use of the title "city council". The schedule of cities in New Zealand was brought under central government control in 1867, but continued to be sporadically applied. From 1886 the definition of a city was changed to any borough with a population of 20,000 or more. This value

1647-643: The algal blooms as the cause of death of a small number of dogs swimming in the river, as well as of skin reactions in the case of swimmers. Seven bridges cross the Hutt River within the city of Lower Hutt, with several other bridges built and replaced from the 1850s onwards. Tributaries of the Hutt River within Lower Hutt include: Here are listed the following suburbs of Lower Hutt City (unofficial suburbs are in italics ). Notes: Lower Hutt City covers 376.40 km (145.33 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 115,500 as of June 2024, with

1708-682: The arrival of the New Zealand Company ship Tory in 1839, and William Wakefield (the company's agent) negotiated with some local chiefs to allow settlement. The first immigrant ship, the Aurora , arrived on 22 January 1840, an event still commemorated every year on the Monday closest as Wellington's Anniversary Day . A settlement, Britannia, grew up close to the mouth of the Hutt River ( Te Awa Kairangi in Māori language), and settlers set up New Zealand's first newspaper and bank. The city takes its name from

1769-734: The basis for determining population figures. Statistics New Zealand announced in 2017 that the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA18) would replace the New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992 (NZSAC92). The change impacted Wellington most, by splitting it into four urban areas, being the Wellington city and Lower Hutt city "major urban areas" and Porirua and Upper Hutt "large urban areas". As defined by SSGA18, Wellington approximately halved in size, and Lower Hutt entered

1830-425: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 19,026 (22.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 41,766 (48.5%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 19,980 (23.2%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 47,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 12,957 people (15.0%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

1891-425: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 19,188 (22.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 42,231 (48.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 20,148 (23.2%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 47,800, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 13,125 people (15.1%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

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1952-406: The city rankings in sixth place between Tauranga and Dunedin. The table below contains all "major urban areas" (100,000 or more residents) and all "large urban areas" (30,000 to 99,999 residents). The urban area that will next move from the "medium urban area" category to the "large urban area" category is Paraparaumu (30,300). Functional urban areas (FUAs) are geographic areas which represent

2013-463: The country. Dunedin was already under the provisions and was therefore unaffected. The new act brought all other "city councils" in New Zealand under the central government regulations as "borough councils". The name change, however, was only due to an oversight in the language of the act and an amendment was made in November 1868 allowing some councils to revert to using the title of "city council". As

2074-463: The earthquake is still visible, notably at Hutt Central School. On New Year's Day 1859 the first permanent lighthouse to be built in New Zealand was lit at Pencarrow Head. New Zealand's only female lighthouse keeper, Mary Jane Bennett , became the inaugural operator of the lighthouse. The railway line from central Wellington reached Lower Hutt station (subsequently Western Hutt ) in April 1874, with

2135-467: The eastern side of the Hutt Valley . It enters Wellington Harbour at the Hutt River estuary. Development and urbanisation of the Hutt Valley since the arrival of settlers led to increasing pollution and degradation of the stream environment. The stream was diverted into concrete culverts in many sections in an attempt to reduce flooding. Industrial development in the area around the lower reaches of

2196-412: The functional extent of major, large and medium urban areas, based on commuting patterns. Functional urban areas correspond to New Zealand's metropolitan areas . FUA populations are as at the 2018 Census. The populations given are the latest (June 2018) Statistics New Zealand estimated resident populations. Many cities were reorganised into districts by the Local Government Commission in 1989 under

2257-659: The land adjacent to the river is protected as reserve by the City Council and managed by the Greater Wellington Regional Council to provide popular recreational areas. From the river mouth, walking and cycling trails and grassed areas occur at various points along both sides of the river up the Hutt Valley to Te Mārua , 28 km further north in Upper Hutt. With lower river-levels in mid-summer, algal blooms have contributed to making slow-flowing areas anoxic. The Regional Council has cited

2318-554: The line running north up the west side of the Hutt River to Silverstream opening two years later. Before the Second World War of 1939–1945, urban settlement in the lower Hutt Valley concentrated mainly on Petone , central Lower Hutt and Eastbourne, with a total population of 30,000. In 1927 the Public Works Department completed the construction of a branch railway line to Waterloo on the east side of

2379-473: The north and Te Tai Tonga in the south). The city centres on the lower southern valley of the Hutt River , to the northeast of the city of Wellington . The valley widens into a delta as the river nears its mouth, so the central urban area of the city forms a triangle with its longest side along the shoreline. In the upper reaches of the city the Western and Eastern Hutt Hills become closer, culminating in

2440-527: The north end of the harbour. In the 1840s an area on the west bank of the Hutt River, in what is now Alicetown , formed the village then known as Aglionby. In 1846 conflict arose between European settlers and Māori , which led to armed conflict in the Hutt Valley Campaign . The 1855 Wairarapa earthquake (in the range of magnitude 8.1 to 8.3) raised part of the lower valley, allowing reclamation of land from swamp. The fault escarpment from

2501-747: The north-east and South Wairarapa District Council to the east. The boundaries of the Lower Hutt city local body have evolved from a series of amalgamations and boundary changes over the years. The Hutt County Council , established in 1877, covered the region from Wellington's south coast up to Waikanae , excluding the Wellington City Council area. As the region grew, urban parts of the Hutt County became autonomous boroughs: Petone in 1888, Lower Hutt in 1891, Eastbourne in 1906, Johnsonville in 1908, Upper Hutt in 1908, Porirua in 1962 and Kapiti in 1974. In 1941 Lower Hutt became

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2562-402: The river; the route diverging from the main line between Lower Hutt and Petone. Two years later the railway workshops moved from Petone to a new larger site off the new branch at Woburn . In the late 1940s new suburbs of state housing developed along the eastern side of the Hutt Valley, from Waiwhetū to Taitā (then known as Taita), to alleviate nationwide housing shortages and to cater for

2623-481: The stream led to that section becoming an industrial sewer. In 2010, the stream was described as one of the most polluted waterways in New Zealand. Pressure from the community beginning around 2003 helped to trigger a major project to clean up the lower reaches. This project was declared complete in June 2010, after the removal of 56,000 tonnes of toxic waste. In 2010-11, a community group was formed to lead restoration of

2684-906: The studios were eventually sold off in 2012 to a consortium of Wellington investors. Avalon continues to operate independently with seven film and television studios used as primarily as a feature film production base. A large proportion of Lower Hutt's residents commute to the mainly commercial, service and government offices in Wellington City 12 km to the south-west. The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA) has its headquarters in Aviation House in Petone , Lower Hutt. List of cities in New Zealand The word city took on two meanings in New Zealand after

2745-401: The surrounding rural land. Many locations that once had a "city council" are now governed by a "district council". Since 2002, an urban area must have at least 50,000 residents to be proclaimed a city. The word city is used in a general sense to identify the urban areas of New Zealand , independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded. The district government of

2806-492: The upper reaches of the stream. Over a period of 10 years, volunteers cleared invasive aquatic weeds and rubbish from 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the stream bed and established around 34,000 locally-sourced native plants on the banks of the stream. Lower Hutt Lower Hutt ( Māori : Te Awa Kairangi ki Tai ) is a city in the Wellington Region of New Zealand. Administered by the Hutt City Council , it

2867-510: The world. Over the past 25 years service, distribution, and consumer-oriented sectors have increased. Lower Hutt remains the main location for light industrial activity in the Wellington Region. Until post-war housing development took over, the central and northern areas of the city were largely market gardens. In 2010 the lower reaches of the Waiwhetū Stream was cleaned up to remove toxins from decades of industry use. The channel

2928-406: Was Hōne Te Kauru Taiapa , and other artists include Rangi Hetet , his wife Erenora Puketapu-Hetet (daughter of Īhaīa Puketapu) and their daughter Veranoa Hetet . Our Lady of Rosary School is a co-educational state-integrated Catholic primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 287 as of August 2024. The Waiwhetū Stream is a small watercourse that flows through the suburb and drains

2989-447: Was $ 33,600, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 657 people (19.0%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,779 (51.5%) people were employed full-time, 504 (14.6%) were part-time, and 198 (5.7%) were unemployed. The suburb includes Waiwhetū Marae, a marae (tribal meeting ground) of Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika and of Te Āti Awa . The marae, founded in 1960, includes

3050-467: Was 29.8, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.0% had no religion, 37.0% were Christian , 1.1% had Māori religious beliefs , 6.6% were Hindu , 2.3% were Muslim , 1.3% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 945 (27.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 546 (15.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

3111-555: Was Invercargill, which was re-reorganised into a city in 1991. In 1991, the Lower Hutt City Council became the Hutt City Council by a special Act of Parliament which did not change the name of the city of Lower Hutt ; the city's coat of arms still refers to the "City of Lower Hutt". Prior to 1876, there was no official definition of a city or uniform system of local authorities in New Zealand. There

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3172-557: Was Nelson in 1858. Under the Provincial Councils Act 1851, the Governor had the right to establish electorates for provincial legislative councils. On 21 May 1852, Governor George Grey proclaimed electorates for New Ulster . Although the proclamation explicitly defined Auckland as a "town" for the purpose of property franchise , it later defined the electorate " City of Auckland ". This ambiguous proclamation

3233-681: Was also widened to better protect against floods and native plantings and management has seen native waterlife and birds return to their habitat. Petone's Jackson Street and neighbouring areas have seen a resurgence in to one of Wellington's most popular retail and hospitality area. Lower Hutt has one of the greatest proportion of science, technology and high value manufacturing businesses in New Zealand. Crown research institute GNS Science and New Zealand's innovation centre and business accelerator Callaghan Innovation are based in Lower Hutt, along with over 800 research organisations in high-end manufacturing, research and technology. The suburb of Avalon

3294-474: Was established, based in Auckland, however no letters patent were ever issued. The Diocese of New Zealand was split in 1856 with the southern part becoming the Diocese of Christchurch . Christchurch was subsequently issued letters patent by Queen Victoria and became the "City of Christchurch". Despite the formation of other dioceses in New Zealand, the only other city to be subsequently issued letters patent

3355-438: Was first elected in 2019, succeeding Ray Wallace . The city's six electoral wards (Northern, Western, Central, Eastern, Harbour and Wainuiomata) each elect one councillor, with the remaining six councillors elected at-large. Mayor and councillors elected in the 2022 local-body elections: Neighbouring councils are Wellington City Council (adjoining to the west), Porirua City Council to the north, Upper Hutt City Council to

3416-507: Was home to New Zealand's television industry from 1975 until the late 1980s. The Avalon film and television studios were New Zealand's first purpose-built television studios, and is the largest television studio complex in Australasia. The studios were home to Television One from 1975 to 1980, when it merged with South Pacific Television to form Television New Zealand (TVNZ). After 1989 most of TVNZ's operations moved to Auckland, and

3477-557: Was spoken by 95.1%, Māori language by 5.1%, Samoan by 4.2% and other languages by 17.8%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 27.6, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 33.9% Christian , 4.5% Hindu , 1.4% Islam , 1.1% Māori religious beliefs , 1.3% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 1.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 49.6%, and 6.1% of people did not answer

3538-557: Was spoken by 95.1%, Māori language by 5.1%, Samoan by 4.3% and other languages by 17.9%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 27.7, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 34.0% Christian , 4.5% Hindu , 1.4% Islam , 1.1% Māori religious beliefs , 1.3% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 1.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 49.4%, and 6.1% of people did not answer

3599-514: Was that 47,736 (55.4%) people were employed full-time, 10,263 (11.9%) were part-time, and 2,679 (3.1%) were unemployed. Historically, Petone, Seaview and Gracefield have been the main area for industry in the Wellington region, with industries including meat processing and freezing, motor vehicle assembly, and timber processing. As business have taken advantage of global manufacturing efficiencies, much of this large scale industry has changed to smaller design-led and medium-sized industries exporting to

3660-422: Was that 48,201 (55.4%) people were employed full-time, 10,395 (12.0%) were part-time, and 2,694 (3.1%) were unemployed. Lower Hutt's urban area covers 78.54 km (30.32 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 114,500 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1,458 people per km . Lower Hutt had a population of 106,530 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 2,985 people (2.9%) since

3721-444: Was the first official use of the term "city" in New Zealand legislation. The electorates of New Munster were also declared a short time later on 1 June. Likewise, Wellington was described as a town for property franchise, but more ambiguously established an electorate referred in different parts of the proclamation as either " City of Wellington " or "Town of Wellington". The provinces of New Ulster and New Munster were disestablished only

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