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58-607: The name, meaning "people of the tall pines", is derived from hwa:l , the Hualapai word for ponderosa pine and pai "people". Their traditional territory is a 108-mile (174 km) stretch along the pine-clad southern side of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River with the tribal capital at Peach Springs . Other communities on the reservation include Valentine and Grand Canyon West . The Hualapai tribe

116-515: A Chemehuevi around."), Ha-djiluwa'ya, Hapu'k/Hapuk/Ha'a pook ("[Cofer] Hot Spring"), Kwakwa', Kwal-hwa'ta, Kwathā'wa, Magio'o' ("Francis Creek"), Tak-mi'nva/Takaminva ("Big Cane Springs") Villages: Cottonwood Creek (or "Cottonwood Station"), Hakeskia'l/Ha'a Kesbial ("where one creek goes into another"), Ha'a Kiacha/Hakia'ch/Hakia'tce ("Fort Rock Creek Spring", main settlement), Ka'nyu'tekwa', Knight Creek, Tha'va-ka-lavala'va, Trout Creek, Willow Creek, Wi-ka-tāva, Witevikivol, Witkitana'kwa Sections of

174-579: A Tolkapaya Yavapai speaker, reported that "they (Hualapais) speak the same language as we do, some words or accents are a little different". For illustrative purposes, the following chart is the consonant inventory of the Hualapai dialect of the language, which varies slightly from the Havasupai dialect. Because the two dialects have different orthographies, IPA symbols are used here. For more information about how these sounds are depicted in writing, see

232-642: A nominative/accusative case marking system, as mentioned in the morphology section. It is said that noun incorporation occurs in the language. This is notable with verbs of belonging, such as with the noun "nyigwáy(ya)," meaning "shirt." To say "to be wearing a shirt" the noun form "nyigwáy" is incorporated into the verb, appearing with a prefix for person, and suffixes for reflexiveness and auxiliaries. The noun form obligatorily also occurs before its incorporated verb form: nyigwáy shirt '-nyiggwa:y(-v)-wi 3 / 1 -shirt(- REFL )- AUX nyigwáy '-nyiggwa:y(-v)-wi shirt 3/1-shirt(-REFL)-AUX "I have

290-431: A beautiful land where plentiful harvest grow. This land is believed to be seen only by Hualapai spirits. Traditional Hualapai dress consists of full suits of deerskin and rabbit skin robes. Conical houses formed from cedar boughs using the single slope form called a Wikiup . The Hualapai Reservation was created by executive order in 1883 on lands that just four regional bands considered as part of their home range, like

348-537: A hundred mares and an unknown number of mules. After travelling to California in the Bartleson–Bidwell Party of 1841 Joseph B. Chiles returned to western Missouri and organized the first wagon train of California bound emigrants in 1843. At Fort Laramie , Chiles hired Walker to guide the wagon train to California for $ 300. In August, at Black's Fork of the Green River, the party stopped to rest

406-683: A party of men, including Old Bill Williams and Zenas Leonard, from the Green River to explore the Great Salt Lake and to find an overland route to California . They left on July 27 and eventually discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada . They followed it to the Humboldt Sink , then made their way to present day Genoa, Nevada at the base of the Sierra Nevada . They began their ascent of

464-490: A primary stressed (phonetically long) vowel. The most common syllable structures that occur in Havasupai-Hualapai are CV, CVC, and VC; however, consonant clusters of two or three consonants can and do occur initially, medially, and finally. At word boundaries, syllabification breaks up consonant clusters to CVC or CV structure as much as is possible. CCC and CCCC clusters occur, but they are always broken up by

522-422: A shirt on." Similar processes occur with kinship terms and verbs of belonging such as with the following noun "bi:", which means "female's brother's child/nephew/niece": e'e yes '-bi:-v-wi 3 / 1 -nephew- REFL - AUX e'e '-bi:-v-wi yes 3/1-nephew-REFL-AUX "Yes, I have a nephew/niece." This can be considered a more iconic form of noun incorporation, as the noun doesn't also occur outside

580-490: A spring in the Cerbat Mountains), Ha'theweli'-kio', Ivthi'ya-tanakwe, Kenyuā'tci, Kwatéhá, Nyi'l'ta, Quwl'-nye-há, Sava Ha'a (" Dolan Springs "), Sina Ha'a ("Buzzard Spring"), Thawinūya, Tevaha:ja (today: "Canyon Station"), Waika'i'la, Wa-nye-ha'/Wana Ha'a, Wi'ka-tavata'va, Wi-kawea'ta, Winya'-ke-tawasa, Wiyakana'mo Yavapai Fighters were the largest group, occupied the southern half of the Hualapai country and were

638-692: A syllable boundary (that is, C-CC/CC-C or CC-CC). Syllable-initial CC clusters are either composed of (1) /θ/, /s/, or /h/, followed by any consonant or (2) any consonant followed by /w/. Morphologically, Hualapai-Havasupai is classified by WALS as weakly suffixing. There are different affixes for nouns, verbs, and particles in Hualapai-Havasupai, and there exist suffixes that can change nouns to verbs and vice versa. The affixes that exist—apart from word roots—are generally short in phonemic length, restricted to C, CV, VC, or V in composition. Verbs are marked for person (first, second, and third) through

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696-526: A warrior, later surrendered, thus marking the end of the Hualapai Wars in 1870. It is estimated that one-third of the Hualapai people were killed during this war either by the conflict or disease. Ethnically, the Havasupai and the Hualapai are one people, although today, they are politically separate groups as the result of U.S. government policy. The Hualapai ( Pa'a or Pai ) had three subtribes –

754-594: Is stress-timed , which governs many parts of the phonological structure of the language, including where long vowels occur, what kind of consonant clusters can occur and where, and how syllable boundaries are divided. There are three types of stress : primary, secondary, and weak. All vowels can have any of these three types of stress, but syllabic consonants can only have weak stress. Primary stresses occur at regularly timed intervals in an utterance. Secondary stresses occur according to an alternating-stress system, which most commonly dictates that two secondary stresses follow

812-521: Is a Native American language spoken by the Hualapai and Havasupai peoples of northwestern Arizona. Havasupai–Hualapai belongs to the Pai branch of the Yuman–Cochimí language family , together with its close relative Yavapai and with Paipai , a language spoken in northern Baja California. There are two main dialects of this language: the Havasupai dialect is spoken in the bottom of the Grand Canyon , while

870-543: Is a sovereign nation and governed by an executive and judicial branch and a tribal council. The tribe provides a variety of social, cultural, educational and economic services to its members. The Hualapai Nation Police Department provides Law Enforcement services to the People of the Hualapai Nation and its visitors and guests. The Hualapai language is a Pai branch of the Yuman–Cochimí languages , also spoken by

928-819: Is disputed. The approach to the Sierra via the Humboldt River route later became known as the California Trail , the primary route for the emigrants to the gold fields during the California gold rush . On February 14, 1834, Walker and his party of fifty-two men left on their return trip from California, crossing back over the Sierra Nevada through one of the southern passes. The group made it to Owens Valley on May 1, 1834, and traveled up it but became impatient to turn east. They crossed out of

986-856: Is now the city of Prescott . The company discovered gold along the Hassayampa Creek and Lynx Creek , which was the impetus for subsequent white settlement in the area. The village of Walker, Arizona , is named for him. Walker returned to the family base of Manzanita Ranch in Contra Costa County, California , in 1867. He died there on October 27, 1876, and is buried in the Alhambra Cemetery in Martinez, California . Several different places are named for Walker, including: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

1044-435: Is that the differences in speech among them lie only at the dialect level, rather than constituting separate languages, and the differences between the two dialects have been reported as "negligible". The language even bears similarity to Yavapai , and sometimes they are grouped together for means of linguistic classification (see Ethnologue ). Regarding the relationship of Havasupai and Hualapai to Yavapai, Warren Gazzam,

1102-483: Is widely discussed in the literature. Watahomigie et al. poses that the use of /β/ is attributed to older generations of Hualapai dialect speakers, and Edwin Kozlowski notes that in the Hualapai dialect, [v] is weakened to [β] in weak-stressed syllables. Thus, the underlying form /v-ul/ "to ride" surfaces as [βəʔul]. Long and short vowels are contrastive in the language. The following is a minimal pair illustrating of

1160-850: The Kingman Unified School District or the Seligman Unified School District . According to Coconino County's parcel viewer, the Hualapai reservation sections in that county are in the "Unorganized School District #00". According to Arizona law, an unorganized school district is one that does not have a high school. The portion of the Hualapai Reservation in Yavapai County is within the Seligman district. Hualapai language Havasupai–Hualapai (Havasupai–Walapai)

1218-526: The Middle Mountain People in the northwest, Plateau People in the east, and Yavapai Fighter in the south (McGuire; 1983). The subtribes were divided into seven bands (Kroeber; 1935, Manners; 1974), which themselves were broken up into thirteen (original fourteen) regional bands or local groups ( Dobyns and Euler; 1970). The local groups were composed of several extended family groups, living in small villages: The Havasupai were one band of

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1276-670: The Plateau People subtribe and mostly north of today's city Kingman , ranged over the Cerbat and Black Mountains and portions of the Hualapai, Detrital , and Sacramento Valleys . Villages (most settlements were near springs along the eastern slopes of each mountain range): Amadata ("Willow Beach" near Hoover Dam ), Chimethi'ap, Ha'a Taba ("Whiskey Springs"), Ha-kamuê'/Ha'a kumawe' ("Beale's Springs"), Ham sipa (near Temple Bar , flooded by Lake Mead), Háka-tovahádja, Ha'a Kawila, Hamte'/Ha'a Emete/Ha'emede: ("White Rock Water", name of

1334-808: The Plateau People subtribe. Ko'audva Kopaya ("The People Up Above") included seven bands in the plateau and canyon country mostly east of the Truxton Canyon Wash (with "Qwa'ga-we'/Hackberry Springs") and Grand Wash Cliffs, planted in Quartermaster Canyon (with "Metipka/Mati'bika Spring"), Meriwhitica Canyon (with "Meriwhitica Spring/Indian Gardens"), Milkweed Canyon (with "Hê'l/Milkweed Springs"), Spencer Canyon (with "Matawidita Spring"), Peach Springs Canyon (with "Yiga't/Lower Peach Springs" and "Hake-takwi'va/Peach Springs proper"), Diamond Creek Canyon (Gwada) , Prospect Canyon, Mohawk Canyon, and National Canyon, they also occupied portion of

1392-642: The Truckee River . The Walker River and Walker Lake in Nevada were named for him by John C. Frémont . The R. stood for Rutherford, but is also found as Reddford, Reddeford, and Redeford. "Rutherford" came from his great-grandmother's, Kathleen Rutherford Walker, line, and not his mother's, as incorrectly stated in some sources. Walker was born in Roane County, Tennessee , the fourth child of seven born to Joseph and Susan Willis Walker. In 1819,

1450-540: The Yavapai Fighters subtribe), Sherum ( Shrum or Cherum of the Ha Emete Pa'a i.e. "Cerbat Mountain band" of the Middle Mountain People subtribe), Hitchi Hitchi ( Hitchie-Hitchie of the Plateau People subtribe) and Susquatama ( Sudjikwo'dime , better known by his nickname Hualapai Charley , Hualapai Charlie , Walapai Charley or Walapai Charlie of the Middle Mountain People subtribe). It

1508-814: The Hualapai Reservation in Mohave County are within the Peach Springs Unified School District and the Hackberry School District . According to the Valentine Elementary School District , some Hualapai students go outside of the reservation to that school district. As Peach Springs USD closed its high school ( Music Mountain Junior/Senior High School ) in 2008, high school students may attend school in

1566-590: The Hualapai and European Americans . The war broke out in May 1865, when the Hualapai leader Anasa was killed by a man named Hundertinark in the area of Camp Willow Grove and in March 1866. In response, a man named Clower was killed by the Hualapai, who also closed the route from Prescott, Arizona to the Colorado River ports due to the conflict. The most important and principal Hualapai leaders (called Tokoomhet or Tokumhet ) at that time were: Wauba Yuba ( Wauba Yuma of

1624-419: The Hualapai dialect is spoken along the southern rim. As of 2010, there were approximately 1500 speakers of Havasupai-Hualapai. UNESCO classifies the Havasupai dialect as endangered and the Hualapai dialect as vulnerable. There are efforts at preserving both dialects through bilingual education programs. The modern Hualapai and Havasupai have separate sociopolitical identities, but a consensus among linguists

1682-479: The Orthography section of this page. As shown from the chart above, aspiration is a contrastive feature in many stops and affricates in Hualapai-Havasupai. Often, consonant sounds are realized in different ways in different phonetic environments. For example, if a glottal stop occurs at the beginning of a word, it may sometimes be replaced by a vowel such as /a/. The phonemic difference between /β/ and /v/

1740-757: The Sierra by traveling up the west fork of the Carson River to Hawkins Peak . At that point, they began wandering, trying to find a path to a dividing ridge and down the western slope. They finally made their way to the headwaters of the Stanislaus River and descended on the ridgeline north of the river canyon. They eventually made it to the river itself, then followed it down to the Central Valley of California . According to Walker's gravestone, he camped in Yosemite on Nov. 13 1833, though this

1798-605: The Yi Kwat Pa'a (Iquad Ba:' – "Peach Springs band") or Ha'kasa Pa'a (Hak saha Ba:' – "Pine Springs band"). The other Hualapai regional bands (including the Havasupai) lived far away from the current reservation land. The Hualapai War (1865–1870) was caused by an increase in traffic through the area on the Fort Mojave-Prescott Toll Road which elevated tensions and produced armed conflicts between

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1856-403: The animals and hunt, trying to stock dried meat for the trail. They were marginally successful, and being able to only acquire four head of cattle at Ft. Hall, Walker and Chiles decided to split the party in order to make best use of the remaining provisions. After leaving Fort Hall on September 16, Chiles took 13 men on horseback to Fort Boise for further provisions. If food was not available, he

1914-727: The animals were unable to pull the wagons beyond Owens Lake where the wagons were abandoned along with a disassembled saw mill (see also Bancroft 1886:IV:392 395). The party proceeded on foot and crossed the summit of the Sierras on December 3, 1843. Thereafter they crossed the San Joaquin Valley (the southern half of the Central Valley) and the Coast Range and wintered pleasantly in Peachtree Valley on

1972-635: The assistance of the Mohave , by attacking Hualapai rancherias and razing them. The pivotal engagement took place in January 1868, when Captain S.B.M. Young, later joined in by Lt. Johnathan D. Stevenson, surprised the rancheria of Sherum with his more than one hundred warriors. Known as the Battle of Cherum Peak, it lasted all day. Stevenson fell in the first volley. The Hualapai managed to escape, but lost twenty-one warriors, with many more wounded. The Battle broke

2030-526: The authorities and was granted permission to trade. As before, he left southern California with a herd of horses and mules in April 1844 along the Old Spanish Trail and overtook John C. Frémont's third military topographic expedition (his first to California) somewhere beyond Las Vegas . The two had met previously in 1842 at Independence, Missouri , when Walker declined Frémont's invitation to guide

2088-567: The closely related Havasupai , and more distantly to Yavapai people . It is spoken by most people over 30 on the Reservation as well as many young people. The Peach Springs School District runs a successful bilingual program for all local students, both Hualapai and non-Hualapai, in addition to immersion camps. The Hualapai Reservation ( 35°54′25″N 113°07′58″W  /  35.90694°N 113.13278°W  / 35.90694; -113.13278 ), covering 1,142 square miles (2,960 km),

2146-678: The current location of Lake Isabella in December while Frémont and a small group crossed the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Truckee River, eventually reaching Sutter's Fort (California). The two parties missed their planned rendezvous along the Kings River in the San Joaquin Valley but were reunited in February 1846. In 1862–63, Walker led a gold-hunting expedition of 34 men into the mountains of central Arizona , near what

2204-910: The eastern Great Basin by Americans. Starting from Browns Park (Brown's Hole) along the Green River, Walker and his men crossed the Wasatch Range to the Sevier Lake and traveled south to the upper Virgin River which they descended until reaching its confluence with the Colorado River . From the Colorado, they crossed the Mojave Desert to Los Angeles where Walker sold 417 pounds of beaver pelts to Abel Stearns , an American expatriate living in Los Angeles, who became Walker's business agent in purchasing horses. Walker left California with

2262-800: The eastern Hualapai Valley and Peacock Mountains , the Music Mountains, this area include the current Hualapai Reservation, bands listed from west to east: Villages (along the edge of the Grand Wash Cliffs): Hadū'ba/Ha'a Dooba ("Clay Springs"), Hai'ya, Hathekáva-kió, Hath'ela/Ha'thi-el ("[Salty] Spring"), Huwuskót, Kahwāga, Kwa'thekithe'i'ta, Metipka/Mati'bika, Oya'a Nisa ("spider cave"), Oya'a Kanyaja, Tanyika'/Danyka ("Grass Springs") Villages (the largest settlements were near Milkweed Springs and Truxton Canyon): Yokamva (today: Crozier [Spring] , an American appellation), Djiwa'ldja, Hak-tala'kava, Haktutu'deva, Hê'l ("Milkweed Springs",

2320-446: The expedition. Walker's group traveled with Frêmont to Bent's Fort (Colorado) where they went their separate ways. In 1845, by prearrangement, Walker, with his wife and retainers, joined Frémont's third government expedition at White River (eastern Utah) bound for California and Oregon. Frémont had recruited Bill Williams and Kit Carson but Walker was appointed the chief guide. Walker and his followers had previously camped with one of

2378-537: The family emigrated to Missouri, settling west of Fort Osage . In 1820, he traveled to Santa Fe and was detained for a short while by Spanish authorities. He may have become one of the "Taos trappers" trapping beaver in the Spanish/Mexican territory of Alta California , then working on the Santa Fe Trail from Missouri to Santa Fe with "Old" Bill Williams . He returned to Missouri and in 1827

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2436-523: The first U.S. dragoon units to patrol the emigration trails and was described as follows by Captain Philip St. George Cooke: Walker led the main body of the expedition down the Humboldt River to Walker Lake where they met Frémont and a smaller group who had taken a more southerly route after leaving the vicinity of the Great Salt Lake. The party again divided, with Walker taking the main body to

2494-763: The first to fight the enemy Yavapai – called by the Hualapai Ji'wha', "The Enemy" – living direct to their south, were almost wiped out during the Hualapai War by fighting, systematic destruction of supplies and fields by the US Army and by famines and diseases erupting thereby, bands listed from west to east: Villages (were concentrated near springs and streams at the northern end of the range): Walnut Creek , Hake-djeka'dja, Ilwi'nya-ha', Kahwa't, Tak-tada'pa Villages: Burro Creek, Chivekaha', Djimwā'nsevio'/Chimwava suyowo' ("Little Cane Springs", literally: "He dragged

2552-399: The following sentence, both subject markers are used: John(a)-ch John- SUBJ Mary Walker Party Joseph R. Walker (December 13, 1798 – October 27, 1876) was a mountain man and experienced scout . He established the segment of the California Trail , the primary route for the emigrants to the gold fields during the California gold rush , from Fort Hall, Idaho to

2610-708: The headwaters of a tributary to the Salinas River in the Salinas Valley (Bancroft 1886:IV:395). About the journey Gilbert states, "The overland caravan had done no true exploring but had laid down 500 miles of what was to become the California Trail". The trail segment referred to appears to extend from Fort Hall (Idaho) to the Truckee River (Nevada and California). After the expedition dispersed, Walker once again presented his passport to

2668-431: The incorporate verb form. Havasupai-Hualapai, like other Yuman languages, is known for its switch-reference . This is a mechanism that illustrates whether the subjects are the same for multiple verbs within a sentence. The marker "-k" states that the subject-references are identical, and the marker "-m" is used when the first and second subjects are different for two verbs. The following sentences are examples of each, with

2726-497: The lists of noun suffixes and prefixes below: Particles exist as interjections, adverbs, possessive pronouns, and articles. There are relatively few particles that exist in the language. They can be marked through prefixes for subordination and intensity in the same way as nouns and through the suffix /-é/, which indicates adverbial place. Havasupai-Hualapai's basic word order is S-O-V . For noun phrases, articles , such as demonstratives , occur as suffixes. Havasupai-Hualapai has

2784-400: The markers bolded for illustrative purposes: Rhiannon-ch Rhiannon- SUBJ he'-h dress- DEM tuy -k 3 / 3 .take off- SS dathgwi:l -k -wi-ny 3 / 3 .wash- SS - AUX - PAST Rhiannon-ch he'-h tuy -k dathgwi:l -k -wi-ny Rhiannon-SUBJ dress-DEM {3/3.take off}- SS 3/3.wash- SS -AUX-PAST "Rhiannon took off the dress and washed it. Note that in

2842-469: The military resistance of the Hualapai. The Hualapai began to surrender, as whooping cough and dysentery weakened their ranks, on August 20, 1868. They were led by Chief Leve Leve ( Levi-Levi , half-brother to Sherum and Hualapai Charley) of the Amat Whala Pa'a ( Mad hwa:la Ba:' – "Hualapai Mountains band") of the Yavapai Fighters subtribe. The warrior Sherum, who was known for his tenacity as

2900-475: The phonemic contrast of Havasupai-Hualapai vowel length: pa:ʔ ' person ' vs. paʔ ' arrow ' . Short vowels may sometimes be reduced to [ə] or dropped completely when they occur in an unstressed syllable, primarily in a word-initial context. In addition to this chart, there are four attested diphthongs that are common for this language: /aʊ/ as in 'cow', /aɪ/ as in 'lie', /eɪ/ as in 'they', and /ui/ as in 'buoy'. Havasupai-Hualapai's prosodic system

2958-758: The prefixes /a-/, /ma-/, and /ø-/, respectively. Many other affixes attach to the verb to reveal information like tense, aspect , modality , number, adverbial qualities, and conjunctivity. The verb suffixes /-wi/ and /-yu/ are divisive for verbs and are weak-stressed by-forms of /wí/, meaning do , and /yú/, meaning be. These occur on all verbs. The three numbers that can be marked in verbs are singular, paucal plural, and multiple plural. There are six types of aspect, and any verb can have as many as three and as few as zero aspect markers. The six types are distributive-iterative, continued, interrupted, perfective, imperfective, and habitual. Nouns are marked for number, case, definiteness , and demonstrativeness , as can be seen by

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3016-532: The valley on May 10 but soon became alarmed by the lack of water. They went back west to the base of the Sierra and traveled north to the Humboldt Sink, then they traveled back to the Rocky Mountains the way they had come the previous summer. At some point in the ensuing years, Walker took a Shoshone wife. In 1840 Walker and a band of followers made the first known north to south crossing of

3074-723: Was appointed sheriff of Jackson County . In 1830, Walker was driving horses to Fort Gibson in Oklahoma, where he met Benjamin Bonneville . Walker wanted to explore the American frontier , and Bonneville offered him an opportunity to join him in his expeditions. In 1832, Walker left from Fort Osage with Bonneville and 110 other men, traveling to the Green River in Wyoming . In 1833, Bonneville sent Walker in command of

3132-443: Was created by the Presidential Executive order of Chester A. Arthur on January 4, 1883., it is located in Coconino and Mohave counties. Its headquarter and most important community is Peach Springs . Major traditional ceremonies of the Hualapai include the "Maturity" ceremony and the "Mourning" ceremony. Nowadays the modern Sobriety Festival is also celebrated in June. The souls of the dead are believed to go northwestward to

3190-474: Was not until William Hardy and the Hualapai leaders negotiated a peace agreement at Beale Springs that the raids and the fighting subsided. However, the agreement lasted only nine months when it was broken with the murder of Chief Wauba Yuba near present-day Kingman during a dispute with the Walker Party over the treaty. After the chief's murder, raids by the Hualapai began in full force on mining camps and settlers. The cavalry from Fort Mojave responded, with

3248-426: Was to cross the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of the Truckee River, proceed to Sutter's Fort for food, and bring it across the Sierra to Humboldt Sink where Walker and the wagon train would be waiting. Once reunited they would proceed south through the Owens Valley, along the eastern scarp of the Sierra Nevada to a southern pass, possibly Oak Creek Pass where Walker believed the wagons could cross. The Chiles group

3306-400: Was unable to obtain provisions at Fort Boise and circumvented the Sierra Nevada far to the north, rather than crossing at the Truckee River. Chiles reached Sutter's Fort on 11 November. Walker's group left the Humboldt Sink about 1 November and traded horseshoe nails for fish with the Paiute at what would later be known as Walker Lake. Possibly because of inadequate forage (it was a drought year)

3364-534: Was used in particular for the irrigation of tobacco), Katha't-nye-ha', Muketega'de, Qwa'ga-we'/Kwagwe' ("Hackberry Springs"), Sewi', Taki'otha'wa, Wi-kanyo Villages (not included are that of the Havasupai): Agwa'da, Ha'ke-takwi'va/Haketakwtva/Hàkđugwi:v ("Peach Springs proper", literally: "a series/group of springs"), Haksa', Hānya-djiluwa'ya, Tha've-nalnalwi'dje, Wiwakwa'ga, Wi Kasala ("Many Sharp Points Mountain"), Yiga't/Yi Kwat ("Lower Peach Springs") Witoov Mi'uka Pa'a ("Separate Mountain Range People") lived west of

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