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90-589: Ernst Julius Waldemar Pabst (24 December 1880 – 29 May 1970) was a German soldier and political activist who was involved in extreme nationalist and anti-communist paramilitary activity in both the Weimar Republic and in Austria. As a Freikorps officer, Captain Pabst gained notoriety for ordering the summary executions of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in 1919 as well as for his leading role in

180-488: A Soviet soldier . In February 2022, the U.S. armed forces related website Military.com published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history . As well, writer Todd McCarthy of Variety lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after The Fifth Element , [he] registers strongly as

270-614: A pogrom . Ultimately however both victims were shot, after being tortured and beaten. The leader of the Anti-Bolshevist League , Eduard Stadtler , claimed political responsibility for the extrajudicial murder of the revolutionary leaders. According to Stadtler, he contracted and gave the order to Waldemar Pabst. According to Pabst himself, the command was received from Gustav Noske in agreement with Friedrich Ebert . Some of Pabst's lieutenants, including Horst von Pflugk-Harttung and Kurt Vogel , faced court martial for

360-486: A superficial charm and skill at persuasion while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin's assassination feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" thriller-type quality . Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline.com also found Nahari's performance to be

450-507: A "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation." The absolute dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu has also been described as an example of communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz . The Israeli publication cited the antisemitism of the dictator in terms of actions such as his historical denialism of

540-565: A General Secretariat for the study and combating of Bolshevism on December 1, 1918 at Lützowstrasse 107 in Berlin. The Anti-Bolshevik League created on the same daywas originally intended as an umbrella organization for "friendly" organizations that were yet to be founded or that already existed. By the end of January, the league had set up branches in Hamburg, Bremen, Königsberg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Dresden, Halle, Leipzig and Wroclaw Legally, it

630-728: A charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation". Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and the related concept of patriotism both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. These doctrines stand in contrast, in his opinion, to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions . American historian Walter Skya has written in Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding

720-452: A compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film , with much left to audience interpretations. The video game Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has gained notice for its depiction of a civil war inside Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction, with the entertainment production being released in 2007. Its sequels, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009) and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 (2011), were set in

810-499: A coup, when he convinced his superior General von Hoffmann  [ de ] , the official commander of the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division , to march on Berlin in order to crush an alleged Communist uprising. However, with the troops already in the city's suburbs, General Maercker got wind of the plot and convinced General von Hofmann that it was a bad idea. With this plan thwarted, Pabst and

900-663: A heart condition meant that Pabst became the focus of the Division and effective leader. He saw Bolshevism as a world danger and took part in anti-revolutionary activities across Germany. He was also active with Russian émigrés , founding the Russian National Political Committee under the presidency of General Vasily Biskupsky . It was Pabst who gave the order that the captured communist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht should be killed, and he would later boast, "I had them executed". At

990-495: A judge. The existence of the fund is considered to be certain in research, but the 500 million marks mentioned by Stadtler - an enormous amount at this point in time despite already noticeable inflation - are regarded as an "exaggeration or [...] [total sum] from the inflationary period". In his memoirs, Stadtler reports how, after the end of the Spartacist Uprising, on January 12, 1919, he visited Waldemar Pabst ,

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1080-475: A lecture cycle, the training of agitators and speakers, and the establishment of an anti-Bolshevik press and news service. As a nationalist, Stadtler was an ardent opponent of the labor movement and its goals. In doing so, he made no distinction between social democracy and communism, both of which he understood in the sense of a conspiracy theory as an attack on all values of the German nation. Immediately after

1170-516: A meeting of industrialists from the Ruhr area in about his concept of "German socialism". In the propaganda of the League, the concepts of Soviets, revolution and socialism were emptied of their political and social content, turned anti-communist and used as a means of nationalist mobilization of broad sections of society. This was accompanied by the propaganda staging of a national (popular) community among

1260-501: A more moderate course and from then on devoted herself to "enlightenment" about the "dangers" of communism. In this phase it was financed, among other things, by the Reich Citizens' Council. However, big industry and banks remain influential. By the summer of 1919 the League had published eight different series of pamphlets containing some 70 individual titles and a large number of leaflets. The pamphlets bore titles such as In

1350-710: A national" or "Christian-national socialism". On the one hand, this objective was intended to protect private ownership of the means of production from expropriation, as demanded by the Soviet movement in the November Revolution, and on the other hand to abolish parliamentary democracy in favor of a "purposeful dictatorial government" in order to end "party and class warfare" within the framework of an authoritarian to "overcome" family society. The industrialist Hugo Stinnes initially approved of this concept of socialism. In January 1919, Stadtler spoke at his invitation to

1440-637: A series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on May 14, 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers . The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers. In

1530-541: A shift away from the government's previous reliance on Islamist political arguments . For instance, the news agency France 24 stated in a 2019 report that while "promoting ultra-nationalism" the Crown Prince "has introduced glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties." A 2019 article by the Financial Times likewise described the ideological shift as "a wave" that

1620-479: A veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country." The Israeli movie Incitement portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir . The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin . Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects

1710-598: Is essentially founded on xenophobia in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics , eugenics specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and subhumanness " in Griffin's opinion. Ultranationalists view

1800-518: Is under no circumstances only negative or even contains a tip against the workers."   Stadtler explained that they wanted to break away from the competing association to combating Bolshevism, which published hate posters with bounty awards on Karl Radek and other leading members of the Spartacus League.  After Stadtler's withdrawal, the league largely gave up the "National Socialist" thrust of its publications and events. Now she took

1890-532: The Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea , a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", he has remarked, with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to

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1980-626: The Nazi Party , without ever joining or becoming particularly active on the party's behalf, but he did seek to forge three-way links between the Heimwehr, the Wehrmacht and his friend Walther Funk . Such efforts, however, were hamstrung by the fact that the Heimwehr had gone into steep decline following Pabst's deportation. Pabst had discussed the Austrian situation with Adolf Hitler during

2070-541: The United Kingdom adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress . In contrast, the Iron Guard inside Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute

2160-649: The attempted coup d'etat by Wolfgang Kapp . In Austria, he played a central part in organising rightist militia groups before being deported for his activities. Pabst subsequently faded from public life in Nazi Germany , as he was never more than loosely associated with the Nazis. Born in Berlin , Pabst was the son of a museum director. He attended the Preußische Hauptkadettenanstalt ,

2250-496: The modern nation-state as, according to Griffin, a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally experience rebirth . He has highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime which was founded on ultranationalism. Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the British Union of Fascists inside

2340-416: The psychological framework behind these movements. According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski , summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism , marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism , and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between

2430-815: The "Bolshevik Madhouse", "The Imperialism of the Bolsheviks", "The Despots of the Soviet Republic and Asian Bolshevism - the end of Germany and Europe?". The league continued the agitation of this type in the following years. According to documents from the Reich Commissioner for the Surveillance of Public Order, by the end of 1922 she had organized exhibitions in 80 German cities that were visited by around 800,000 people, as well as around 8,600 lectures and around 400 training courses lasting several weeks, usually with 120 to 150 participants. In

2520-489: The "Solidarity Circle" (also called "Young Club", "Young Front") was called the magazine Das Gewissen, whose most important ideologues, along with Stadtler and peers, were Arthur Moeller van den Bruck and Max Hildebert Boehm. The aim of the Solidarity and their leading member, Heinrich von Gleichen, was to build up a small, elite group. In this they differed from Stadtler, who had a nationalist mass movement in mind. After

2610-437: The 1930s and 1940s did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military . It additionally received widespread popular support. The Cambodian historian Sambo Manara has found that the belief system sets forth a vision of supremacism in terms of international relations whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He has argued that

2700-550: The Federal Military Archives, and concluded he had been central to the plotting and cover-up of this execution. Pabst himself was not brought to court martial. In 1969, Pabst wrote in a private letter: "The fact is: the execution of my orders unfortunately did not take place as it should have. But it did take place, and for that these German idiots should thank Noske and me on their knees, erect monuments to us, and have streets and squares named after us! Noske

2790-410: The Heimwehr as a pro-government political party. However Schober's attempts to convert the Heimwehr into a force for pro-government moderation soon floundered, and he ordered the deportation of Pabst, by then recognised as the main organisational force behind the Heimwehr, to Germany the following year. With Pabst removed, Schober was able to ensure the removal of Steidle and his replacement as leader by

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2880-646: The Holocaust . Ceausescu also made efforts to purge Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority. Haaretz has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban an ultranationalist, due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly, Orban's public condemnation of " race-mixing ". He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR , an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism. In late 2015,

2970-594: The Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel , with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades so that: "They were the only ones willing to fight for a collective goal. They did not rule out any means. They extorted and exploited

3060-520: The League spoke with indignation about Stadtler's "social demagogy". Already in March 1919, Stadtler was forced to leave the leadership of the League and focused on activities in the Association for National and Social Solidarity. In February 1919, leading members of the League such as Stadtler, Ernst Troeltsch , Gleichen and Joachim Tiburtius published a call for the establishment of a League for

3150-405: The League's premises were searched and sealed by members of a workers' militia. However, the Berlin executive council intervened and even ordered the return of the confiscated propaganda material. On January 10, 1919, around 50 top representatives of German industry, commerce and banking met and set up an anti-Bolshevik fund for German entrepreneurs. Paul Mankiewitz from Deutsche Bank organized

3240-590: The Protection of German Culture in the Catholic daily Germania . The Anti-Bolshevik League appeared under this name from then on. The organization's leadership felt the renaming was necessary after major league events in Essen and Hamburg were blasted by workers. This seemed to indicate that the original name was "burnt". Gleichen had also advised the renaming in order to make it clear "that our 'anti-Bolshevism'

3330-610: The U.S. in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia. In a 2021 story, the business-centered publication Bloomberg News stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China , particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media , presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping facing opposition to his attempts to set forth climate change based economic reforms in relation to greenhouse gases . Chinese political activists have asserted, according to

3420-474: The aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military . Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes." Anti-Bolshevist League According to Stadtler's memoirs published in 1935, German entrepreneurs organized and paid for

3510-552: The age of 89. The role of Pabst was played by Horst Drinda in the 1968 East German film Der Mord, der nie verjährt and by Hans-Michael Rehberg in the 1986 film Rosa Luxemburg . Extreme nationalist Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony , supremacy , or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion ) to pursue its specific interests . Ultranationalist entities have been associated with

3600-458: The agenda was Stadtler's lecture "Bolshevism as a World Danger", which was intended to convince the business people present of the need to act against the revolution. In the general dismay at the lecture, Stinnes is said to have said, according to Stadtler's memories, that he considered any discussion superfluous, that he shared Stadtler's statements "in every point" and suggested that German industry should therefore provide 500 million marks. This sum

3690-551: The assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, the British publication The Guardian reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left[-]wing trade unionists[,] and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to

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3780-523: The clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism". The organization held, at the time, 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament . Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler , support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece . However, the Greek legal system ultimately investigated

3870-689: The commander of the Baltische Landeswehr in Latvia. However he was soon back in Germany, and became involved in the Nationale Vereinigung (National Union), a right-wing think tank formed by Wolfgang Kapp , Erich Ludendorff and others, and was central to the group's conspiracy to establish a rightist dictatorship. He served this group as secretary and supervisor of administrative affairs. In July 1919, Pabst attempted to organise

3960-632: The commander of the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division, which was one of the largest troop units still intact in the Reichswehr under the supreme command of Hans von Seeckt had been ordered to Berlin at the beginning of the year to put down uprisings against the provisional Reich government, in the Eden Hotel . He had convinced him of the "necessity" of the killings and broke " Gustav Noske 's hesitance" about using

4050-605: The conspirators shifted their attention away from the Reichswehr and on to the disillusioned veterans of the Freikorps. Pabst played a leading role in the failed Kapp Putsch and, along with Wolfgang Kapp and the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt of Hermann Ehrhardt , was named by Gustav Noske as having the main responsibility for the action, even though it actually had support from higher up in the Reichswehr. In

4140-448: The context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the academic publication Journal of Hate Studies found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family." Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands

4230-506: The end of the war, Stadtler, who had left the Center Party in 1918, tried to persuade leaders of German industry and right-wing party and media representatives to fight Bolshevism. Early on, he saw it as insufficient that the program of anti-Bolshevism was initially only negative, and therefore looked for an alternative model of society. As opposed to the “class struggle-Socialism" of the workers' parties, he propagated "the dictatorship of

4320-678: The engagement of political violence even during peacetime. In ideological terms, scholars such as the British political theorist Roger Griffin have found that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern nation-states as living organisms which are directly akin to physical people because they can decay, grow, and die, and additionally, they can experience rebirth . In stark, mythological ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those which are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those which are perceived as having great cultural destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of fascism , with historic governments such as

4410-798: The evening of January 15 in their hiding place they had just occupied in Wilmersdorf, taken prisoner and taken to the Hotel Eden. In the later trials against their murderers, it was repeatedly stated that an "auxiliary service of the SPD" had offered a bounty of 100,000 marks for the capture of the Spartacus leaders. After severe mistreatment they were murdered during the night by members of the Guards Cavalry Rifle Division - according to Stadtler "Major Pabst's men". The members of

4500-475: The heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization . The ultranationalist attack occurred in an Athens suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection , Nikos Dendias , remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in

4590-576: The history of East Germany , the Anti-Bolshevik fund was cited several times as evidence for the "agent theory", according to which “monopoly capital” stood behind Stadtler and ultimately financed fascism .  The Munich historian Werner Maser also assumes that "money from the 'anti-Bolshevik fund of the economy' also flowed to the NSDAP with certainty".  According to the Berlin historian Ernst Nolte , "with this approach immediately winning

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4680-593: The immediate aftermath of the putsch, Pabst took refuge in Miklós Horthy 's Hungary where he was soon joined by co-conspirator Walther von Lüttwitz . Despite the failure of the putsch, Pabst would often speak proudly of his involvement in the episode. Pabst eventually went to Austria, settling in the city of Innsbruck . In Austria he linked up with the Heimwehr in Tyrol and played a central role in ensuring that

4770-447: The killing of Fyssas." The action film Air Force One features a terrorist mastermind named Egor Korshunov, played by actor Gary Oldman , who kidnaps a set of hostages including the U.S. President by hijacking the leader's plane . Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek, played by actor Jürgen Prochnow , and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as

4860-465: The killing of many civilians and war veterans who were uninvolved in the strike. Among those killed was Communist Party leader Leo Jogiches , the former personal partner of murdered revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg. Pabst's energetic commitment to the unit, his strong anti-communist feelings, his general distrust of the commanding officers of the army and the fact that de jure commander General von Hoffmann  [ de ] had grown exhausted because of

4950-435: The killings although Pabst managed to ensure that his ally, Wilhelm Canaris , was in charge of proceedings and as a result the stiffest sentence handed down was the dismissal from service and two years imprisonment given to Vogel (whom witnesses had seen disposing of Luxemburg's body). Research by Klaus Gietinger  [ de ] on the trial of Luxemburg's murder has used the previously restricted papers of Pabst, held by

5040-582: The latter's rise to power and Hitler had assured Pabst that once he took control of Germany he would concentrate much of his efforts on disseminating the Nazi message in Austria. Settling into civilian life, he became an industrialist and eventually Director of Rheinmetall Borsig in Berlin. Pabst's non-involvement in Nazism , given his history in the far right, raised some suspicions and rumours circulated that he had been in contact with Canaris and similar figures on

5130-516: The leader had "swept across the kingdom". The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist. The following political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions. The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies. The following political parties have historically been described as having ultranationalist factions. Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism , with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds,

5220-756: The magazine the Das Gewissen . The initiator of the creation of the League was 32-year-old Eduard Stadtler, formerly a school teacher and activist of the Catholic Center Party , who returned from Russian captivity after the end of the First World War . In captivity, he closely watched the Russian Revolution , then he was the press secretary of the German diplomatic mission in Moscow. A staunch anti-communist, Stadtler advocated

5310-476: The meeting in the rooms of the Flugverbandshaus in Berlin. Among the invited participants, who were expressly intended to appear in person, were the head of the industrial association, Hugo Stinnes , Albert Vögler , Carl Friedrich von Siemens , Otto Henrich (Siemens-Schuckert-Werke), Ernst von Borsig , Felix Deutsch from AEG , Arthur Salomonsohn from Disconto-Gesellschaft . The only item on

5400-549: The militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka , which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism as well as revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook

5490-402: The military in Berlin days before: “Parliament could remain stolen from us soldiers at the front, it would depend on men and deeds; if there are no leaders to be seen on our side for the time being, then at least the other side shouldn’t have any either.” Probably through an informer paid by one of Stadtler's organizations, Liebknecht and Luxemburg were tracked down by a "Wilmersdorf militia" on

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5580-574: The military operations of the Freikorps against the Berlin Spartacist Uprising and the contract killings of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on January 15, 1919, from a fund connected to the organization. The Anti-Bolshevik League distributed anti-communist or “ anti-Bolshevik ” literature and leaflets, sometimes in very large numbers, and organized lectures, exhibitions and training courses. As early as December 1918,

5670-545: The more compliant Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg . A last desperate attempt by Pabst to induce Mussolini to withhold funding unless Schober embraced Pabst's policies failed and he was duly deported. Returning to Germany, Pabst became a member of the Society for the Study of Fascism along with others such as Friedrich Minoux . In 1931 he wrote a pamphlet in which he set out a manifesto for a "White International"; in this he called for

5760-508: The nation's racial identity . By the early twentieth century, fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly noted in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how, between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated . The totalitarian Japanese government of

5850-493: The order of General Erich Ludendorff , Pabst joined the Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division  [ de ] in March 1918, late in the war. As chief of general staff, Pabst converted the regiment from cavalry to infantry. The regiment would become noted as the fiercest counter-revolutionary force in Germany at the time. Pabst first came to prominence during the Communist and left-wing uprisings that immediately followed

5940-456: The original leadership group was planning to found a " National Socialist ” party and agitated for a “German socialism” with a nationalist twist. The circle around Stadtler and Heinrich von Gleichen was ousted from the management of the league in the spring of 1919 and continued its organizational activities in the Juniklub and in the associated Politisches Kolleg, journalistically above all in

6030-408: The past. Examples include Nikolai Berdyaev , Aleksandr Dugin (the author of 1997's The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia ), Lev Gumilyov , and Ivan Ilyin . The newspaper highlighted the justifications which were given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies" which was created by

6120-481: The proclamation of the republic on November 9, 1918, Stadtler supplied several newspapers with two to three articles a day. Through the mediation of Helfferich, Stadtler received 5,000 marks in cash personally on November 28, 1918, as a "gift" from the Deutsche Bank from its director Paul Mankiewitz . He received another 3,000 marks from Friedrich Naumann from a political fund. This enabled him to open

6210-641: The public debate in Israel on the road to changing its power structure, character and substance." Russian irredentism , in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the U.S. publication the Los Angeles Times , with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments which were made by multiple figures in

6300-468: The publication, a conspiracy theory that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people . Environmentalist policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many. Under the rule of Mohammed bin Salman , who formally serves as a Crown Prince , Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in

6390-657: The regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal. Ultranationalism played a dominant role in the politics of the Empire of Japan , the Democratic Kampuchea , and the Socialist Republic of Romania . It has influenced parts of modern societies in Hungary, Israel, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, and inspired terrorist groups in Sri Lanka and Greece. Ultranationalist characters have served as villains in multiple works of fictional media with popular acclaim. British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism

6480-514: The replacement of the values of liberté, égalité, fraternité with a new European-wide order based on "a new Trinity: authority, order, justice". In 1934, Pabst was arrested during the Night of the Long Knives , due to his connections with Ernst Röhm . However, he was released from custody after six weeks, due to contacts with Canaris and several other powerful friends. He was vaguely linked to

6570-579: The right of the German resistance . Such rumours were never proven, but Pabst did leave Germany not long before the 20 July plot , and it has been suggested that he may have been aware that the attempt on Adolf Hitler's life was about to take place. Having left Germany, Pabst settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer Oerlikon . After the Second World War , Pabst

6660-505: The sometimes shaky dual leadership of Richard Steidle and Walter Pfrimer remained united. In Austria Pabst proved vital in organising and disciplining the followers of the Heimwehr. Such was his organisational skill that Pabst, who declared himself a Major after fleeing to Austria, became known as Waldemar der Grosse to his Heimwehr units. He was appointed Chief of Staff of the Tyrolean Heimwehr on 1 May 1922. In this role Pabst

6750-519: The support of the industrial and financial elite. In October he had founded an association for national and social solidarity. Stadtler originally intended this to be called the Association for National Socialism, but the co-founders, including Karl Helfferich , decided to change it, whom Stadtler knew from Moscow, Heinrich von Gleichen and the Catholic trade unionists Adam Stegerwald and Franz Röhr overruled. From this foundation, in October 1918,

6840-432: The time however, his official report claimed that he had taken them into protective custody but that they had been lost to an angry mob, a story that was quickly dismissed as fabrication. However Pabst would later claim that his initial intention had been for Liebknecht to be executed by firing squad as a German but for Luxemburg to be beaten to death by an angry mob as he felt her status as a Jew meant she deserved to die in

6930-705: The training academy for officers in the Prussian Army , as a contemporary of Franz von Papen at the institution and was commissioned as an officer in 1899. Pabst saw active service in the First World War , mainly on the Western Front in Belgium and most notably at the Battle of Verdun . In 1916 he was withdrawn from the front and redeployed as a member of the German General Staff . Under

7020-437: The troop and vigilante received a large reward per person, which, as non-fiction author Frederik Hetman presumed also came from the anti-Bolshevik fund. As the immediate danger of the " Sovietization " of Germany subsided, the League increasingly emphasized the solidarity and national socialist elements of its ideology. Stadtler talked about active work with trade unions and the creation of works councils. Many former sponsors of

7110-479: The violent suppression of Bolshevism . On November 1, 1918, Stadtler spoke at the Berlin Philharmonic with a report "Bolshevism as a worldwide danger." A few days later, the November Revolution began. Stadtler saw in it an exclusively Marxist danger, the spread of Bolshevism to Europe. He immediately set about organizing an effective anti-communist structure, combining activity among the masses with

7200-539: The war. As commander of the rifle guard, Captain Pabst was instrumental in such actions as the recapture of the Vorwärts building on 11–12 January 1919. His actions saw him promoted to the role of Chief of Staff, and as such, effectively commander, of the Horse Guards Division, an important Freikorps unit. Pabst permitted the summary execution of all individuals caught with a firearm, which resulted in

7290-404: The weaknesses of government, the guilt feelings and confusion of the secular camp, and they won. They did so systematically and smartly: First they established the foundation of their existence, the settlement enterprise. After they achieved their goal– the killing off of any diplomatic agreement and destruction of the two-state solution– they were free to turn to their next target: taking control of

7380-490: The willingness to sacrifice the self." In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as ethnic cleansing or deportation". The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to

7470-461: The “Solidarians”. In order to make this project plausible, the League clearly exaggerated the danger of a Bolshevik takeover of power in Germany. At the beginning of December, the League in Berlin published numerous leaflets and posters calling for the assassination of leading figures in the Spartacus League. Two of Stadtler's brochures appeared simultaneously with initial print runs of 50,000 and 100,000 copies respectively. On December 8, 1918,

7560-638: Was a non-profit association and as such was subject to the supervision of the State Commissioner for the Regulation of War Welfare in Prussia. Stadtler with his comrades, formed an "action committee" and presented a "rescue program". Among other things, the plan was to found a publishing house to publish anti-Bolshevik propaganda brochures, popular pamphlets under the title "Anti-Spartacus" for mass distribution by parties and other organizations,

7650-450: Was able to organise several disparate right-wing militia groups under the single Heimwehr banner, although he was ultimately unsuccessful in fully removing local differences from what remained an eclectic movement. Nonetheless Pabst was able to make contact with Benito Mussolini and was able to secure funding for the Heimwehr from him. Pabst was initially close to Johann Schober , and won his support in 1929, when he suggested repositioning

7740-423: Was approved in the next room and apportioned to German capital via the associations of industry, commerce and banks. The American social historian Gerald D. Feldman gives significantly lower numbers: According to this, the fund received five million Reichsmarks from each business leader present. Stadtler reports in his memoirs that a newly formed board of trustees managed the funds. One of Hugo Stinnes' confidants

7830-425: Was entrusted with managing and distributing this fund. From then on, money from this fund flowed generously to all anti-Bolshevik groups, including the following organizations: A bank loan of 50 million Reichsmarks was immediately made available immediately after it was set up. Alexander Ringleb was responsible for the administration and distribution of the incoming sums, for which he gave up his previous work as

7920-408: Was exemplary at the time, and the party [SPD] (except for its semi-communist left wing) behaved impeccably in the affair. That I could not carry out the action without Noske's approval (with Ebert in the background) and also that I had to protect my officers is clear. But very few people understood why I was never questioned or brought up on charges, and why the court-martial went the way it did, Vogel

8010-412: Was freed from prison, and so on. As a man of honor, I responded to the behavior of the SPD of the time by keeping my mouth shut for 50 years about our cooperation. [...] If it is not possible to avoid the truth and I get so angry I'm ready to explode, I will tell the truth, which I would like to avoid in the interest of the SPD." Pabst briefly left Germany to take on a role advising Major Alfred Fletcher ,

8100-544: Was involved to some extent in the activities of the neo-Nazi Bruderschaften , small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism. He returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with the far right Deutsche Gemeinschaft , a minor group that was later absorbed into the Deutsche Reichspartei . He died in Düsseldorf in 1970 at

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