53-553: Several trees in Scotland have been named the Wallace Oak for their association with William Wallace : Wallace Oak (Elderslie) Wallace Oak (Port Glasgow) Wallace Oak (Torwood) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wallace Oak . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
106-471: A ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Forest' ( Selkirk ), towards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted . This would have been carried out by one of three Scottish earls— Carrick , Strathearn or Lennox . In April 1298, Edward ordered a second invasion of Scotland. Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid. More than half of them would have been Welsh. There are no clear cut sources for
159-460: A feudal vassal state, demanding homage be paid towards himself and military support in his war against France—even summoning King John Balliol to stand before the English court as a common plaintiff. The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice,
212-657: A good opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to become a mercenary soldier . Wallace's personal seal bears the archer's insignia, so he may have fought as an archer in Edward's army. Walter Bower 's mid-15th-century Scotichronicon , states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant ... with lengthy flanks ... broad in the hips, with strong arms and legs ... with all his limbs very strong and firm". Blind Harry 's late 15th-century poem The Wallace , asserts Wallace reached seven feet. The first act definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace
265-476: A legendary status beyond his homeland. He is the protagonist of Blind Harry 's 15th-century epic poem The Wallace and the subject of literary works by Jane Porter and Sir Walter Scott , and of the Academy Award -winning film Braveheart . William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage. William's own seal , found on
318-518: A letter sent to the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gives his father's name as Alan Wallace. This Alan Wallace may be the same as the one listed in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire , but there is no additional confirmation. Others have speculated this Alan held Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock , Ayrshire, and if true, the estate could be a possible birthplace for William, though there
371-670: A new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295. They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance . In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, storming Berwick-upon-Tweed and commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence . The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296. Edward forced John to abdicate, which he did at Stracathro near Montrose on 10 July 1296. Here
424-480: A site commemorated by a small monument in the form of a Celtic cross. Letters of safe conduct from Haakon V of Norway , Philip IV of France and John Balliol , along with other documents, were found in Wallace's possession and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave. Wallace was transported to London and taken to Westminster Hall . There he was tried for treason, for which his defence was that he, unlike most of
477-598: Is believed to originate from Common Brittonic / Cumbric , from ren, as in Scottish Gaelic : rinn , or as in Welsh : rhyn (a point or cape of land) and from frew, as in Welsh : fraw , or ffrau (flow of water). This suggests a point of land near the flow of water, such as at the confluence of the Cart and Clyde rivers. The historic county of Renfrewshire was abolished for local government purposes in 1975. The county
530-489: Is home to Scotland's second busiest airport, Glasgow International Airport , at Abbotsinch between Paisley and Renfrew . The presence of the airport and the proximity to Glasgow means that Renfrewshire supports one of the busiest transport infrastructures in Scotland. The airport is served by the M8 motorway , which terminates in the area, just east of Langbank , and is a major artery between northwest and southwest Scotland, via
583-559: Is home to leading professional basketball team, the Scottish Rocks , who compete in the British Basketball League . The arena was also host to the 2000 Ford World Curling Championships . The two parliamentary constituencies covering Renfrewshire are Paisley and Renfrewshire North and Paisley and Renfrewshire South , being represented by Labour Party politicians Alison Taylor and Johanna Baxter of
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#1732791811584636-491: Is no record of Wallaces holding the estate in the mid-13th century. Blind Harry 's late-15th-century poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm of Elderslie , in Renfrewshire , and has similarly given rise to a possible birthplace for William. There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family. Records show early members of
689-480: Is not known if he did. There is also a report from an English spy at a meeting of Scottish leaders, where they said Wallace was in France. By 1304 Wallace was back in Scotland and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside . Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305, when John de Menteith , a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston, near Glasgow,
742-504: Is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed , and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory. The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a broad strip [of Cressingham's skin] ... taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword". After the battle, Moray and Wallace assumed the title of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol . Moray died of wounds suffered on
795-513: The 2011 Scottish Parliament election , with the new constituencies of Renfrewshire North and West and Paisley being gained by Derek Mackay and George Adam , who became the first SNP parliamentarians in Renfrewshire. The remaining Labour seat, Renfrewshire South , was gained by the SNP's Tom Arthur at the 2016 Scottish election . Arthur and Adam were re-elected in 2021 winning over half
848-676: The Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding and attacked Wishart 's palace at Ancrum . Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September. On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Battle of Stirling Bridge . Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey 's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to
901-544: The Local Government Boundary Commission eventually redrew the boundary to include all of the centre in Renfrewshire. Largest settlements by population: 77,270 24,270 15,930 15,010 8,450 7,920 6,360 5,480 4,920 3,300 The area is divided into 25 community council areas , 20 of which have community councils as at 2023 (being those with asterisks in the list below): Renfrewshire contains several places of interest. In
954-773: The University of the West of Scotland , a new university that was granted university status in 1992 as the University of Paisley. Prior to this, the Paisley Technical College and School of Art was a Central Institution or polytechnic . In 2007 the university merged with Bell College , a further education college in Hamilton , South Lanarkshire and the UWS name was adopted. The university today has sites across
1007-812: The Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are also far from certain, other than the name's being derived from the Old English wylisc (pronounced "wullish"), meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman". It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but, as the term was also used for the Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde kingdom of the Celtic Britons , it seems equally likely that
1060-401: The infantry in formation. The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen , who swung tactical superiority in their favour. The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight. The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horses. Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict heavy casualties on
1113-512: The Barrhead electoral division (which also included Neilston) which went instead to East Renfrewshire. The new council areas came into effect on 1 April 1996. The Braehead shopping centre was built in 1999 straddling the boundary between Renfrewshire and Glasgow, leading to a dispute between the two councils. It was agreed that the boundary should be changed to place the whole centre in one council area, but both authorities wanted it. In 2002,
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#17327918115841166-685: The Bruce , Earl of Carrick and future king, and John Comyn , King John Balliol's nephew. Details of Wallace's activities after this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to the court of King Philip IV of France to plead the case for assistance in the Scottish struggle for independence. There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November 1300 to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William. It also suggests that Wallace intended to travel to Rome, although it
1219-515: The English cavalry. It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen. Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance. The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham . Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly. By September 1298, Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland in favour of Robert
1272-462: The Ralston area voting in a referendum not to be transferred to East Renfrewshire. When the government conceded to allow Inverclyde to continue as a separate authority, the name West Renfrewshire was dropped. The central district was instead named Renfrewshire, despite only covering the central part of the historic county of that name. The new Renfrewshire covered the former Renfrew district except for
1325-524: The Scottish lords set up a government of guardians. Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in late September 1290. The lack of a clear heir led to a period known as the "Great Cause", with a total of thirteen contenders laying claim to the throne. The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Bruce , grandfather of the future king Robert the Bruce . With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England
1378-456: The advancing cavalry. A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed, and many English soldiers drowned. Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army. Hugh de Cressingham , Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it
1431-539: The arms of Scotland were formally torn from John's surcoat, giving him the abiding name of "Toom Tabard" (empty coat). By July, Edward had instructed his officers to receive formal homage from some 1,800 Scottish nobles (many of the rest being prisoners of war at that time). Some historians believe Wallace must have had some earlier military experience in order to lead a successful military campaign in 1297. Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided
1484-541: The battlefield sometime in late 1297. Wallace soon mounted an invasion of northern England, crossing into Northumberland . The Scots army followed the English army fleeing south. Caught between two armies, hundreds of refugees fled to safety behind the walls of Newcastle . The Scots laid waste a swathe of countryside before turning west into Cumberland and pillaging all the way to Cockermouth , before Wallace led his men back into Northumberland and fired 700 villages. Wallace then returned from England laden with booty. In
1537-521: The claimed birthplace of Scottish knight William Wallace , contains a monument in his honour, while the Weaver's Cottage at Kilbarchan is in the care of the National Trust for Scotland . The town of Johnstone is notable for Johnstone Castle , Johnstone High Parish Church and for containing a museum within a supermarket. The Braehead Arena in Renfrewshire close to the boundary with Glasgow
1590-466: The council area called Renfrewshire. The town of Paisley is the area's main settlement and centre of local government . The area also contains the historic county town of Renfrew . The name Renfrewshire derives from being the shire (the area controlled by a sheriff ) administered from the royal burgh of Renfrew . The name Renfrew has been attested since the Roman occupation of Britain. The name
1643-516: The eastern parts of Renfrew district (including Barrhead , Neilston and Ralston ). The proposals were criticised, with West Renfrewshire having three times the population of East Renfrewshire; the accusation was made in parliament that the proposed changes constituted gerrymandering , with East Renfrewshire only being kept separate because it had more Conservative voters. The proposals were not supported locally, with Inverclyde successfully campaigning to be allowed to form its own council area, and
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1696-515: The expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry. In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for. Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltrons —circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep
1749-528: The family as holding estates at Riccarton , Tarbolton , Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian . They were vassals of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland as their lands fell within his territory. It has been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources, but there is a lack of verifiable evidence for John's relationship with William. The origins of
1802-570: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Oak&oldid=927276050 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages William Wallace Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic : Uilleam Uallas , pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪] ; Norman French : William le Waleys ; c. 1270 – 23 August 1305)
1855-537: The modern council area only covers the central part of the historic county. The eastern part of the pre-1975 county is covered by the East Renfrewshire council area, and the western part by the Inverclyde council area. Renfrewshire is located in the west central Lowlands . It borders East Renfrewshire , Glasgow City council area , Inverclyde , North Ayrshire and West Dunbartonshire , and lies on
1908-410: The national result. The turnout was 117,612 or 87.3%, the highest recorded in the democratic era. With a turnout of 69.2% (88,197), Renfrewshire voted to remain in the 2016 European Union membership referendum with 64.8% (57,119) of votes cast in favour of remaining while 35.2% (31,010) were for leaving. This was the sixth highest vote for Remain out of Scotland's 32 councils. Renfrewshire contains
1961-419: The north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross. The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry. The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry back into
2014-504: The other Scottish leaders, had never sworn allegiance to Edward. He was also charged with committing atrocities against civilians in war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun". As a result, the trial has attracted the attention of modern legal scholarship as it is one of the earliest examples of what would now be considered a prosecution for war crimes . It is one of only three known pre-modern trials which raised, in today's terms, issues of international humanitarian law . Following
2067-436: The presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1,500 horse under his command. They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat. The English quartermasters ' failure to prepare for
2120-709: The respectively. Created in 2005, both seats had held by the Labour Party, until they were won by Gavin Newlands and Mhairi Black with swings of over 26% in the SNP landslide at the 2015 general election . Both seats returned to Labour following the 2024 general election. Following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, the Labour Party held the three seats covering Renfrewshire, although with lower majorities than their House of Commons equivalents. Constituency boundaries were redrawn for
2173-640: The southern bank of the River Clyde . The current council area of Renfrewshire was established in 1996. The term Renfrewshire may also be used to refer to the larger historic county, which was established in the fifteenth century. The three council areas of Renfrewshire, Inverclyde, and East Renfrewshire together form the Renfrewshire lieutenancy area . The same area also has a joint valuation board area for electoral registration and local tax valuation purposes. The three council areas together are sometimes referred to as Greater Renfrewshire to distinguish them from
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2226-472: The surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language . When Wallace was growing up, King Alexander III ruled Scotland. His reign had seen a period of peace and economic stability. On 19 March 1286, however, Alexander died after falling from his horse. The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway . As she was still a child and in Norway,
2279-512: The trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of London , then stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield . He was hanged, drawn and quartered —strangled by hanging , but released while he was still alive, emasculated , eviscerated (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded , then cut into four parts. Wallace's head
2332-518: The vote in their respective seats, while Mackay was replaced by Renfrewshire Councillor Natalie Don . Renfrewshire is also contained with the West Scotland which elects seven additional members. A majority of Renfrewshire rejected independence in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , although with 55,466 (47.2%) votes cast in favour and 62,067 (52.8%) against, the Yes vote was higher than
2385-532: The west of Renfrewshire, Castle Semple Loch at Lochwinnoch and the wider Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park are natural areas of interest, as is the Gleniffer Braes country park in the south. Paisley contains several historic buildings and notable sites, including Paisley Abbey , Paisley Museum and Coats Observatory, Paisley Town Hall , Coats Memorial Church, Sma' Shot Cottages and St Mirren Park (home of St Mirren F.C. ). Outside of Paisley, Elderslie ,
2438-948: The west of Scotland, notably also in Ayr and a joint campus in Dumfries ; the main campus remains in Paisley. Further education is provided by Paisley Campus of West College Scotland in Paisley , which caters to around 20,000 students. The college also has sites in Inverclyde and West Dumbartonshire . Renfrewshire contains eleven state secondary schools: Castlehead High School, Gleniffer High School, Gryffe High School, Johnstone High School, Linwood High School, Paisley Grammar School, Park Mains High School, Renfrew High School, St Andrew's Academy, St Benedict's High School, and Trinity High School. It also has 51 primary schools and three schools for children with additional support needs . Renfrewshire
2491-624: The words Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili ("I tell you the truth: Freedom is what is best. Son, never live your life like a slave"), and in Gaelic Bas Agus Buaidh ("Death and Victory"), an old Scottish battle cry. In 1869, the Wallace Monument was erected, close to the site of his victory at Stirling Bridge. The Wallace Sword , which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later,
2544-760: Was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence . Along with Andrew Moray , Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston , near Glasgow , and handed over to King Edward I of England , who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians. Since his death, Wallace has obtained
2597-551: Was dipped in tar and placed on a spike atop London Bridge . His preserved head was later joined by the heads of his brother John and his compatriots Simon Fraser and John of Strathbogie . Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle , Berwick , Stirling and Perth . A plaque unveiled 8 April 1956 stands in a wall of St. Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield. It includes in Latin
2650-649: Was divided to become three of the nineteen districts in the Strathclyde region, being Eastwood , Inverclyde, and Renfrew . In the debates leading to the local government reforms of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 , the government initially proposed replacing these three districts with two council areas: "West Renfrewshire", covering Inverclyde district and the western parts of Renfrew district (including Paisley, Johnstone , and Renfrew), and "East Renfrewshire", covering Eastwood district and
2703-576: Was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument. Renfrewshire Renfrewshire ( / ˈ r ɛ n f r uː ʃ ɪər , - ʃ ər / ) ( Scots : Renfrewshire ; Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Rinn Friù ) is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland . The council area has the same name as the historic county of Renfrewshire , which had been abolished for local government purposes in 1975, but
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#17327918115842756-679: Was his killing of William de Heselrig , the English High Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297. He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas , and they carried out the raid of Scone . This was one of several rebellions taking place across Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north. The uprising suffered a blow when the nobles submitted to the English at Irvine in July. Wallace and Moray were not involved and continued their rebellions. Wallace used
2809-541: Was invited in by the Scottish nobility to arbitrate. Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him as Lord Paramount of Scotland . In early November 1292, at a great feudal court held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed , judgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest claim in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of blood . Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John's authority, treating Scotland as
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