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133-577: Walter Horatio Pater (4 August 1839 – 30 July 1894) was an English essayist, art and literary critic , and fiction writer, regarded as one of the great stylists. His first and most often reprinted book, Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), revised as The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry (1877), in which he outlined his approach to art and advocated an ideal of the intense inner life,

266-709: A Pietà , a sculpture showing the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of Jesus. The subject, which is not part of the Biblical narrative of the Crucifixion, was common in religious sculpture of medieval northern Europe and would have been very familiar to the Cardinal. The contract was agreed upon in August of the following year. Michelangelo was 24 at the time of its completion. It was soon to be regarded as one of

399-622: A Ganymede rapt to Heaven by Jove's Eagle, a Tityus with the Vulture devouring his heart, the Chariot of the Sun falling with Phaëthon into the Po, and a Bacchanal of children, which are all in themselves most rare things, and drawings the like of which have never been seen." Some scholars downplay the relationship between Michelangelo and Cavalieri as one of platonic friendship. The poems to Cavalieri make up

532-486: A biography of Michelangelo. In 1546, Michelangelo was appointed architect of St. Peter's Basilica , Rome. The process of replacing the Constantinian basilica of the 4th century had been underway for fifty years and in 1506 foundations had been laid to the plans of Bramante. Successive architects had worked on it, but little progress had been made. Michelangelo was persuaded to take over the project. He returned to

665-514: A collection of previously-printed essays on literature. It was well received. 'Style' (reprinted from the Fortnightly Review , 1888) is a statement of his creed and methodology as a prose-writer, ending with the paradox "If style be the man, it will be in a real sense 'impersonal' ". The volume also includes an appraisal of the poems of Dante Gabriel Rossetti , first printed in 1883, a few months after Rossetti's death; 'Aesthetic Poetry',

798-504: A copy. Pater in reply expressed pleasure in seeing his child "so daintily attired". On 30 July 1894, Pater died suddenly in his Oxford home of heart failure brought on by rheumatic fever , at the age of 54. He was buried at Holywell Cemetery , Oxford. In 1895, a friend and former student of Pater's, Charles Lancelot Shadwell , a Fellow and later Provost of Oriel , collected and published as Greek Studies Pater's essays on Greek mythology, religion, art and literature. This volume contains

931-504: A face like those to be seen on the finer Attic coins"; he had been the unnamed inspiration of an unpublished early paper of Pater's, 'Diaphaneitè' (1864), a tribute to youthful beauty and intellect, the manuscript of which Pater gave to Shadwell. This piece Shadwell also included in Miscellaneous Studies . Shadwell had accompanied Pater on his 1865 visit to Italy, and Pater was to dedicate The Renaissance to him and to write

1064-584: A facile orthodoxy"; and of these, a passion for the arts, "a desire of beauty", has (in the summary of one of Pater's editors) "the greatest potential for staving off the sense of transience, because in the arts the perceptions of highly sensitive minds are already ordered; we are confronted with a reality already refined and we are able to reach the personality behind the work". The Renaissance , which appeared to some to endorse amorality and "hedonism", provoked criticism from conservative quarters, including disapproval from Pater's former tutor at Queen's College, from

1197-452: A fair copy and repeat the process, sometimes paying to have drafts printed, to judge their effect. "Unlike those who were caught by Flaubert 's theory of the unique word and the only epithet," wrote Osbert Burdett, "Pater sought the sentence, and the sentence in relation to the paragraph, and the paragraph as a movement in the chapter. The numerous parentheses deliberately exchanged a quick flow of rhythm for pauses, for charming little eddies by

1330-676: A free hand and proposed a different and more complex scheme, representing the Creation , the Fall of Man , the Promise of Salvation through the prophets, and the genealogy of Christ . The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel that represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church. The composition stretches over 500 square metres of ceiling and contains over 300 figures. At its centre are nine episodes from

1463-493: A friendship with the poet and noble widow Vittoria Colonna , whom he met in Rome in 1536 or 1538 and who was in her late forties at the time. They wrote sonnets for each other and were in regular contact until she died. These sonnets mostly deal with the spiritual issues that occupied them. Condivi, who in his biography was preoccupied with downplaying Michelangelo's attraction to men, alleged Michelangelo said his sole regret in life

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1596-401: A judgment some modern scholars still repeat today. It was not until John Addington Symonds translated the poems into English in 1893 that the original genders were restored. Since then it has become more accepted that his poems should be understood at face value, that is, as indicating his personal feelings and a preference by him for young men over women. Late in life, Michelangelo nurtured

1729-471: A larger-than-life statue of Hercules , which was sent to France and subsequently disappeared sometime in the 18th century. On 20 January 1494, after heavy snowfalls, Lorenzo's heir, Piero de Medici , commissioned a statue made of snow, and Michelangelo again entered the court of the Medici. In the same year, the Medici were expelled from Florence as the result of the rise of Savonarola . Michelangelo left

1862-470: A love-poem, and a second model, Gherardo Perini , shamelessly stole from him. The nature of the poetry has been a source of discomfort to later generations. Michelangelo's grandnephew, Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger , published the poems in 1623 with the gender of pronouns changed; he also removed words or in other instances insisted that Michelangelo's poems be read allegorically and philosophically,

1995-520: A major work, Pater now resigned his teaching duties in 1882, though he retained his Fellowship and the college rooms he had occupied since 1864, and made a research visit to Rome. In his philosophical novel Marius the Epicurean (1885), an extended imaginary portrait set in the Rome of the Antonines , which Pater believed had parallels with his own century, he examines the "sensations and ideas" of

2128-446: A man more than I love you, never have I wished for a friendship more than I wish for yours." Cavalieri remained devoted to Michelangelo until his death. In 1542, Michelangelo met Cecchino dei Bracci who died only a year later, inspiring Michelangelo to write 48 funeral epigrams . Some of the objects of Michelangelo's affections, and subjects of his poetry, took advantage of him: the model Febo di Poggio asked for money in response to

2261-512: A more physical way. Another undergraduate, W. H. Mallock , had passed the Pater-Hardinge letters to Jowett, who summoned Pater: "Pater's whole nature changed under the strain" (wrote A. C. Benson in his diary) "after the dreadful interview with Jowett. He became old, crushed, despairing – and this dreadful weight lasted for years; it was years before he realised that Jowett would not use them." In 1876 Mallock parodied Pater's message in

2394-422: A nanny and her husband, a stonecutter, in the town of Settignano , where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. There he gained his love for marble. As Giorgio Vasari quotes him: If there is some good in me, it is because I was born in the subtle atmosphere of your country of Arezzo. Along with the milk of my nurse I received the knack of handling chisel and hammer, with which I make my figures. As

2527-469: A new marble quarry at Pietrasanta specifically for the project. In 1520, the work was abruptly cancelled by his financially strapped patrons before any real progress had been made. The basilica lacks a façade to this day. In 1520, the Medici came back to Michelangelo with another grand proposal, this time for a family funerary chapel in the Basilica of San Lorenzo. For posterity, this project, occupying

2660-560: A painter, Michelangelo created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its altar wall. His design of the Laurentian Library pioneered Mannerist architecture . At the age of 71, he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica . Michelangelo transformed

2793-415: A particular temperament." Theory, hypothesis, beliefs depend a great deal on temperament; they are, so to speak, mere equivalents of temperament. Pater was much admired for his prose style, which he strove to make worthy of his aesthetic ideals, taking great pains and fastidiously correcting his work. He kept on his desk little squares of paper, each with its ideas, and shuffled them about attempting to form

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2926-472: A preface to Shadwell's edition of The Purgatory of Dante Alighieri (1892). In 1896 Shadwell edited and published seven chapters of Pater's unfinished novel Gaston de Latour , set in turbulent late 16th-century France, the product of the author's interest in French history, philosophy, literature, and art. Pater had conceived Marius as the first novel of "a trilogy of works of similar character dealing with

3059-411: A previously-promised proctorship. In the 1980s, letters emerged documenting a "romance" with a nineteen-year-old Balliol undergraduate, William Money Hardinge , who had attracted unfavorable attention as a result of his outspoken homosexuality and blasphemous verse, and who later became a novelist. Many of Pater's works focus on male beauty, friendship and love, either in a Platonic way or, obliquely, in

3192-481: A reverie on the boyhood of Hippolytus , 'Hippolytus Veiled' (first published in Macmillan's Magazine in 1889), which has been called "the finest prose ever inspired by Euripides ". In genre another "imaginary portrait", the sketch illustrates a paradox central to Pater's sensibility and writings: a leaning towards ascetic beauty apprehended sensuously. The volume also reprints Pater's 1876 'Study of Dionysus'. In

3325-495: A revised version of the William Morris essay of 1868 minus its final paragraphs; and an essay on Thomas Browne , whose mystical, Baroque style Pater admired. The essay on Coleridge reprints 'Coleridge's Writings' (1866) but omits its explicitly anti-Christian passages; it adds paragraphs on Coleridge's poetry that Pater had contributed to T.H. Ward's The English Poets (1880). When he reworked his 1876 essay 'Romanticism' as

3458-499: A satirical novel The New Republic , depicting Pater as a typically effete English aesthete. The satire appeared during the competition for the Oxford Professorship of Poetry and played a role in convincing Pater to remove himself from consideration. A few months later Pater published what may have been a subtle riposte: 'A Study of Dionysus ' the outsider-god, persecuted for his new religion of ecstasy, who vanquishes

3591-402: A sequence and pattern. "I have known writers of every degree, but never one to whom the act of composition was such a travail and an agony as it was to Pater," wrote Edmund Gosse , who also described Pater's method of composition: "So conscious was he of the modifications and additions which would supervene that he always wrote on ruled paper, leaving each alternate line blank." He would then make

3724-454: A small chamber under the Medici chapels in the Basilica of San Lorenzo with light from just a tiny window, making many charcoal and chalk drawings which remained hidden until the room was rediscovered in 1975, and opened to small numbers of visitors in 2023. Michelangelo was eventually pardoned by the Medicis and the death sentence lifted, so that he could complete work on the Sistine Chapel and

3857-642: A small town situated in Valtiberina, near Arezzo , Tuscany . For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence ; but the bank failed, and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born. At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the town's judicial administrator and podestà or local administrator of Chiusi della Verna . Michelangelo's mother

3990-517: A study of misfits, men born out of their time, who bring disaster upon themselves – 'A Prince of Court Painters' (1885) (on Watteau and Jean-Baptiste Pater ), 'Sebastian van Storck' (March 1886) (17th-century Dutch society and painting, and the philosophy of Spinoza ), 'Denys L'Auxerrois' (October 1886) (Dionysus and the medieval cathedral-builders), and 'Duke Carl of Rosenmold' (1887) (the German Enlightenment). These were collected in

4123-514: A taste for well-crafted prose. He gained a school exhibition, with which he proceeded in 1858 to Queen's College, Oxford . As an undergraduate, Pater was a "reading man", with literary and philosophical interests beyond the prescribed texts. Flaubert , Gautier , Baudelaire and Swinburne were among his early favourites. Visiting his aunt and sisters in Heidelberg , Germany, during the vacations, he learned German and began to read Hegel and

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4256-400: A time with the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni . When he was seventeen, another pupil, Pietro Torrigiano , struck him on the nose, causing the disfigurement that is conspicuous in the portraits of Michelangelo. Lorenzo de' Medici's death on 8 April 1492 brought a reversal of Michelangelo's circumstances. Michelangelo left the security of the Medici court and returned to his father's house. In

4389-444: A work of art with a particular temperament. Having a particular temperament under review, he would ask what was the range of forms in which it might find expression. Some of the forms will be metaphysical doctrines, ethical systems, literary theories, religions, myths. Pater's scepticism led him to think that in themselves all such systems lack sense or meaning – until meaning is conferred upon them by their capacity to give expression to

4522-550: A young Roman of integrity, who pursues an ideal of the "aesthetic" life – a life based on αἴσθησις, sensation, perception – tempered by asceticism . Leaving behind the religion of his childhood, sampling one philosophy after another, becoming secretary to the Stoic emperor Marcus Aurelius , Marius tests his author's theory of the stimulating effect of the pursuit of sensation and insight as an ideal in itself. The novel's opening and closing episodes betray Pater's continuing nostalgia for

4655-555: A young boy, Michelangelo was sent to Florence to study grammar under the Humanist Francesco da Urbino. He showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of other painters. The city of Florence was at that time Italy's greatest centre of the arts and learning. Art was sponsored by the Signoria (the town council), the merchant guilds, and wealthy patrons such as

4788-500: Is ... to become less complex, to pass from a higher to a lower degree of development." Essays from The Guardian , edited by Gosse, a selection of Pater's anonymous 1886–1890 book-reviews from the journal also known as 'The Church Guardian', and an Uncollected Essays were privately printed in 1896 and 1903 respectively (the latter was republished as Sketches and Reviews in 1919). An Édition de luxe ten-volume Works of Walter Pater , with two volumes for Marius and including all but

4921-480: Is impossible to know whether Michelangelo had any physical relationships. Understanding about his sexuality is rooted in his art, especially his poetry. He wrote more than three hundred sonnets and madrigals . About sixty are addressed to men – "the first significant modern corpus of love poetry from one man to another". The longest sequence, displaying deep loving feeling, was written to the young Roman patrician Tommaso dei Cavalieri ( c.  1509–1587 ), who

5054-577: Is in profile, the easiest aspect for a shallow relief, the child displays a twisting motion that was to become characteristic of Michelangelo's work. The Taddei Tondo of 1502 shows the Christ Child frightened by a Bullfinch , a symbol of the Crucifixion. The lively form of the child was later adapted by Raphael in the Bridgewater Madonna . The Madonna of Bruges was, at the time of its creation, unlike other such statues depicting

5187-406: Is limited and dialogue absent – as psychological studies of fictional characters in historical settings, often personifications of new concepts at turning-points in the history of ideas or emotion. Some look forward, dealing with innovation in the visual arts and philosophy; others look back, dramatising neo-pagan themes. Many are veiled self-portraits exploring dark personal preoccupations. Planning

5320-586: Is most famous for the central figure of Moses , completed in 1516. Of the other statues intended for the tomb, two, known as the Rebellious Slave and the Dying Slave , are now in the Louvre . During the same period, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512). According to Condivi's account, Bramante , who was working on

5453-647: Is not commonly an institutionalized training for art critics. Art critics come from different backgrounds and they may or may not be university trained. Professional art critics are expected to have a keen eye for art and a thorough knowledge of art history . Typically the art critic views art at exhibitions , galleries , museums or artists ' studios and they can be members of the International Association of Art Critics which has national sections. Very rarely art critics earn their living from writing criticism. The opinions of art critics have

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5586-942: Is referenced in Yukio Mishima’s Forbidden Colors, page 21 in the Alfred Marks translation. First edition, Knopf, New York, 1968. Inman, Billie Andrew (1991b), "Pater's Letters at the Pierpont Morgan Library", English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920 , 34 (4): 406–17, ISSN   0013-8339 . Abstract: discusses six letters of Walter Pater at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City, addressed to George Moore, Arthur Symons, John Lane and others. Art critic Differently from art history , there

5719-441: Is this song or picture, this engaging personality in life or in a book, to me ?" When we have formed our impressions we proceed to find "the power or forces" which produced them, the work's "virtue". "Pater moves, in other words, from effects to causes, which are his real interest," noted Richard Wollheim . Among these causes are, pre-eminently, original temperaments and types of mind; but Pater "did not confine himself to pairing off

5852-550: The Fortnightly Review printed his essays on Leonardo da Vinci (1869), Sandro Botticelli (1870), and Michelangelo (1871). The last three, with other similar pieces, were collected in his Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), renamed in the second and later editions The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry . The Leonardo essay contains Pater's celebrated reverie on the Mona Lisa ("probably still

5985-526: The Book of Genesis , divided into three groups: God's creation of the earth; God's creation of humankind and their fall from God's grace; and lastly, the state of humanity as represented by Noah and his family. On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of Jesus, seven prophets of Israel, and five Sibyls , prophetic women of the Classical world. Among

6118-557: The Medici and their banking associates. The Renaissance , a renewal of Classical scholarship and the arts, had its first flowering in Florence. In the early 15th century, the architect Filippo Brunelleschi , having studied the remains of Classical buildings in Rome, had created two churches, San Lorenzo's and Santo Spirito , which embodied the Classical precepts. The sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti had laboured for fifty years to create

6251-522: The Oxford University Press began publishing its ten-volume Collected Works of Walter Pater , the first complete annotated edition. It prints Pater's latest revisions as the 'copy text', with earlier variants recorded in notes (the editors consider Pater a judicious reviser of his own work); and it includes periodical and academic articles left out of the 1901 and 1910 Works , Pater's Letters, and unpublished manuscript material. Pater

6384-668: The Platonic Academy , a Humanist academy founded by the Medici. There, his work and outlook were influenced by many of the most prominent philosophers and writers of the day, including Marsilio Ficino , Pico della Mirandola and Poliziano . At this time, Michelangelo sculpted the reliefs Madonna of the Stairs (1490–1492) and Battle of the Centaurs (1491–1492), the latter based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and commissioned by Lorenzo de' Medici. Michelangelo worked for

6517-449: The sack of Rome , threw out the Medici and restored the republic. A siege of the city ensued, and Michelangelo went to the aid of his beloved Florence by working on the city's fortifications from 1528 to 1529. The city fell in 1530, and the Medici were restored to power, with the young Alessandro Medici as the first Duke of Florence. Pope Clement, a Medici, sentenced Michelangelo to death. It is thought that Michelangelo hid for two months in

6650-538: The "highest quality" in "moments as they pass." Pater's critical method was outlined in the 'Preface' to The Renaissance (1873) and refined in his later writings. In the 'Preface', he argues initially for a subjective, relativist response to life, ideas, art, as opposed to the drier, more objective, somewhat moralistic criticism practised by Matthew Arnold and others. "The first step towards seeing one's object as it really is," Pater wrote, "is to know one's own impression, to discriminate it, to realise it distinctly. What

6783-542: The 'Postscript' to Appreciations , Pater removed its references to Baudelaire (now associated with the Decadent Movement ), substituting Hugo 's name in their place. In the second edition of Appreciations (1890) he suppressed the essay 'Aesthetic Poetry' – further evidence of his growing cautiousness in response to establishment criticism. All subsequent reprints of Appreciations ("to the dismay of every reader since 1890", as Gerald Monsman put it) have followed

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6916-746: The Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli , in which he transformed the vaulted interior of an Ancient Roman bathhouse. Other architectural works include San Giovanni dei Fiorentini , the Sforza Chapel (Capella Sforza) in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore and the Porta Pia . While still working on the Last Judgment , Michelangelo received yet another commission for the Vatican. This was for

7049-631: The Early Renaissance style), begun by Giotto and continued by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel , both of whose works Michelangelo studied and copied in drawings. During Michelangelo's childhood, a team of painters had been called from Florence to the Vatican to decorate the walls of the Sistine Chapel . Among them was Domenico Ghirlandaio , a master in fresco painting, perspective, figure drawing and portraiture who had

7182-693: The German philosophers. The scholar Benjamin Jowett was struck by his potential and offered to give him private lessons. In Jowett's classes, however, Pater was a disappointment; he took a Second in Literae Humaniores in 1862. As a boy Pater had cherished the idea of entering the Anglican clergy , but at Oxford his faith in Christianity had been shaken. In spite of his inclination towards

7315-602: The Greek mind, the action of these two opposing tendencies, the centrifugal and centripetal. The centrifugal – the Ionian, the Asiatic tendency – flying from the centre, throwing itself forth in endless play of imagination, delighting in brightness and colour, in beautiful material, in changeful form everywhere, its restless versatility driving it towards the development of the individual": and "the centripetal tendency", drawing towards

7448-491: The House', about some of the formative experiences of his childhood – "a work", as Pater's earliest biographer put it, "which can be recommended to anyone unacquainted with Pater's writings, as exhibiting most fully his characteristic charm." This was to be the first of a dozen or so "Imaginary Portraits", a genre and term Pater could be said to have invented and in which he came to specialise. These are not so much stories – plotting

7581-449: The Medici family tomb. He left Florence for Rome in 1534. Despite Michelangelo's support of the republic and resistance to the Medici rule, Pope Clement reinstated an allowance that he had previously granted the artist and made a new contract with him over the tomb of Pope Julius. In Rome, Michelangelo lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto . It was at this time that he met the poet Vittoria Colonna , marchioness of Pescara , who

7714-481: The Medici pope for the Laurentian Library at San Lorenzo's Church. He designed both the interior of the library itself and its vestibule, a building utilising architectural forms with such dynamic effect that it is seen as the forerunner of Baroque architecture . It was left to assistants to interpret his plans and carry out construction. The library was not opened until 1571, and the vestibule remained incomplete until 1904. In 1527, Florentine citizens, encouraged by

7847-494: The Second Coming of Christ and his Judgement of the souls. Michelangelo ignored the usual artistic conventions in portraying Jesus, showing him as a massive, muscular figure, youthful, beardless and naked. He is surrounded by saints, among whom Saint Bartholomew holds a drooping flayed skin, bearing the likeness of Michelangelo. The dead rise from their graves, to be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell. Once completed,

7980-579: The Virgin proudly presenting her son. Here, the Christ Child, restrained by his mother's clasping hand, is about to step off into the world. The Doni Tondo , depicting the Holy Family , has elements of all three previous works: the frieze of figures in the background has the appearance of a low-relief, while the circular shape and dynamic forms echo the Taddeo Tondo. The twisting motion present in

8113-560: The Yellow Nineties, Oscar Wilde not least." In an 1891 review of The Picture of Dorian Gray in The Bookman , Pater had disapproved of Wilde's distortion of Epicureanism: "A true Epicureanism aims at a complete though harmonious development of man's entire organism. To lose the moral sense therefore, for instance the sense of sin and righteousness, as Mr. Wilde's heroes are bent on doing so speedily, as completely as they can,

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8246-527: The age of 21. On 4 July of the same year, he began work on a commission for Cardinal Riario, an over-life-size statue of the Roman wine god Bacchus . Upon completion, the work was rejected by the cardinal, and subsequently entered the collection of the banker Jacopo Galli, for his garden. In November 1497, the French ambassador to the Holy See, Cardinal Jean de Bilhères-Lagraulas , commissioned him to carve

8379-598: The alterations. An uncensored copy of the original, by Marcello Venusti , is in the Capodimonte Museum of Naples . Michelangelo worked on a number of architectural projects at this time. They included a design for the Capitoline Hill with its trapezoid piazza displaying the ancient bronze statue of Marcus Aurelius . He designed the upper floor of the Palazzo Farnese and the interior of

8512-578: The artist for much of the 1520s and 1530s, was more fully realised. Michelangelo used his own discretion to create the composition of the Medici Chapel , which houses the large tombs of two of the younger members of the Medici family, Giuliano, Duke of Nemours , and Lorenzo, his nephew. It also serves to commemorate their more famous predecessors, Lorenzo the Magnificent and his brother Giuliano, who are buried nearby. The tombs display statues of

8645-483: The atmosphere, ritual and community of the religious faith he had lost. Marius was favourably reviewed and sold well; a second edition came out in the same year. For the third edition (1892) Pater made extensive stylistic revisions. In 1885, on the resignation of John Ruskin, Pater became a candidate for the Slade Professorship of Fine Art at Oxford University , but though in many ways the strongest of

8778-435: The book: "A sudden light transfigures a trivial thing, a weathervane, a windmill, a winnowing flail, the dust in the barn door; a moment – and the thing has vanished, because it was pure effect; but it leaves a relish behind it, a longing that the accident may happen again." Or they may come from "intellectual excitement", from philosophy, science and the arts. Here we should "be for ever testing new opinions, never acquiescing in

8911-526: The building of St. Peter's Basilica , resented Michelangelo's commission for the pope's tomb and convinced the pope to commission him in a medium with which he was unfamiliar, in order that he might fail at the task. Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the Twelve Apostles on the triangular pendentives that supported the ceiling, and to cover the central part of the ceiling with ornament. Michelangelo persuaded Pope Julius II to give him

9044-493: The centre, "maintaining the Dorian influence of a severe simplification everywhere, in society, in culture". Harold Bloom noted that "Pater praises Plato for Classic correctness, for a conservative centripetal impulse, against his [Pater's] own Heraclitean Romanticism," but "we do not believe him when he presents himself as a centripetal man". The volume, which also includes a sympathetic study of ancient Sparta ('Lacedaemon', 1892),

9177-525: The chaplain at Brasenose College and from the Bishop of Oxford . Margaret Oliphant , reviewing the book in Blackwood's Magazine , dismissed it as " rococo Epicureanism ", while George Eliot condemned it as "quite poisonous in its false principles of criticism and false conceptions of life". In 1874 Pater was turned down at the last moment by his erstwhile mentor Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol , for

9310-406: The chief of police with such an assemblage, and Raphael replied that he thought he had met an executioner, as they are wont to walk alone. The Madonna of the Stairs is Michelangelo's earliest known work in marble. It is carved in shallow relief, a technique often employed by the master-sculptor of the early 15th century, Donatello, and others such as Desiderio da Settignano . While the Madonna

9443-412: The city before the end of the political upheaval, moving to Venice and then to Bologna . In Bologna, he was commissioned to carve several of the last small figures for the completion of the Shrine of St. Dominic , in the church dedicated to that saint. At this time Michelangelo studied the robust reliefs carved by Jacopo della Quercia around the main portal of the Basilica of St Petronius , including

9576-433: The concepts of Bramante, and developed his ideas for a centrally planned church, strengthening the structure both physically and visually. The dome, not completed until after his death, has been called by Banister Fletcher , "the greatest creation of the Renaissance". As construction was progressing on St Peter's, there was concern that Michelangelo would die before the dome was finished. However, once building commenced on

9709-532: The condition of music" (i.e. the arts seek to unify subject-matter and form, and music is the only art in which subject and form are seemingly one). The final paragraphs of the 1868 William Morris essay were reworked as the book's 'Conclusion'. This brief 'Conclusion' was to be Pater's most influential – and controversial – publication. It asserts that our physical lives are made up of scientific processes and elemental forces in perpetual motion, "renewed from moment to moment but parting sooner or later on their ways". In

9842-575: The creation of the profile is based on the strong resemblance of the latter to a profile drawn by the artist, datable to the beginning of the 16th century, now preserved in the Louvre . With the completion of the David came another commission. In early 1504 Leonardo da Vinci had been commissioned to paint The Battle of Anghiari in the council chamber of the Palazzo Vecchio, depicting the battle between Florence and Milan in 1440. Michelangelo

9975-579: The depiction of Christ and the Virgin Mary naked was considered sacrilegious, and Cardinal Carafa and Monsignor Sernini ( Mantua 's ambassador) campaigned to have the fresco removed or censored, but the Pope resisted. At the Council of Trent , shortly before Michelangelo's death in 1564, it was decided to obscure the genitals and Daniele da Volterra , an apprentice of Michelangelo, was commissioned to make

10108-581: The employment of the Medici. During the half-year he spent in Florence, he worked on two small statues, a child St. John the Baptist and a sleeping Cupid . According to Condivi, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici , for whom Michelangelo had sculpted St. John the Baptist , asked that Michelangelo "fix it so that it looked as if it had been buried" so he could "send it to Rome ... pass [it off as] an ancient work and ... sell it much better." Both Lorenzo and Michelangelo were unwittingly cheated out of

10241-477: The families became enemies again in 1516 when Pope Leo tried to seize the Duchy of Urbino from Julius's nephew Francesco Maria I della Rovere . Pope Leo then had Michelangelo stop working on the tomb, and commissioned him to reconstruct the façade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures. He spent three years creating drawings and models for the façade, as well as attempting to open

10374-517: The field, he withdrew from the competition, discouraged by continuing hostility in official quarters. In the wake of this disappointment but buoyed by the success of Marius , he moved with his sisters from North Oxford (2 Bradmore Road ), their home since 1869, to London (12 Earls Terrace , Kensington), where he was to live (outside term-time) till 1893. From 1885 to 1887, Pater published four new imaginary portraits in Macmillan's Magazine , each

10507-413: The first large sequence of poems in any modern tongue addressed by one man to another; they predate by 50 years Shakespeare 's sonnets to the fair youth: I feel as lit by fire a cold countenance That burns me from afar and keeps itself ice-chill; A strength I feel two shapely arms to fill Which without motion moves every balance. Cavalieri replied: "I swear to return your love. Never have I loved

10640-477: The following months he carved a polychrome wooden Crucifix (1493), as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito, which had allowed him to do some anatomical studies of the corpses from the church's hospital. This was the first of several instances during his career that Michelangelo studied anatomy by dissecting cadavers. Between 1493 and 1494, he bought a block of marble, and carved

10773-540: The forces of reaction ( The Fortnightly Review , Dec. 1876). Pater was now at the centre of a small but gifted circle in Oxford – he had tutored Gerard Manley Hopkins in 1866 and the two remained friends till September 1879 when Hopkins left Oxford – and he was gaining respect in the London literary world and beyond. Through Swinburne he met figures like Edmund Gosse , William Bell Scott , and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . He

10906-587: The gable of Florence Cathedral . Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work, the statue of David , in 1504. The masterwork definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination. A team of consultants, including Botticelli , Leonardo da Vinci , Filippino Lippi , Pietro Perugino , Lorenzo di Credi , Antonio and Giuliano da Sangallo , Andrea della Robbia , Cosimo Rosselli , Davide Ghirlandaio , Piero di Cosimo , Andrea Sansovino and Michelangelo's dear friend Francesco Granacci ,

11039-536: The gap between art historians and art critics by suggesting that the first rarely cite the second as a source and that the second miss an academic discipline to refer to. Erik de Smedt Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni ( Italian: [mikeˈlandʒelo di lodoˈviːko ˌbwɔnarˈrɔːti siˈmoːni] ; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo ( English: / ˌ m aɪ k əl ˈ æ n dʒ ə l oʊ , ˌ m ɪ k -/ MY -kəl- AN -jə-loh, MIK -əl- ),

11172-403: The given time": "To burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life." Forming habits means failure on our part, for habit connotes the stereotypical. "While all melts under our feet," Pater wrote, "we may well catch at any exquisite passion, or any contribution to knowledge that seems by a lifted horizon to set the spirit free for a moment, or any stirring of

11305-521: The history of art criticism is taught in universities, but the practice of art criticism is excluded institutionally from academia. An experience-related article is Agnieszka Gratza. Always according to James Elkins in smaller and developing countries, newspaper art criticism normally serves as art history. James Elkins's perspective portraits his personal link to art history and art historians and in What happened to art criticism he furthermore highlights

11438-430: The largest workshop in Florence. In 1488, at age 13, Michelangelo was apprenticed to Ghirlandaio. The next year, his father persuaded Ghirlandaio to pay Michelangelo as an artist, which was rare for someone of fourteen. When in 1489, Lorenzo de' Medici , de facto ruler of Florence, asked Ghirlandaio for his two best pupils, Ghirlandaio sent Michelangelo and Francesco Granacci . From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo attended

11571-445: The lower part of the dome, the supporting ring, the completion of the design was inevitable. On 7 December 2007, a red chalk sketch for the dome of St Peter's Basilica, possibly the last made by Michelangelo before his death, was discovered in the Vatican archives. It is extremely rare, since he destroyed his designs later in life. The sketch is a partial plan for one of the radial columns of the cupola drum of St Peter's. Michelangelo

11704-417: The mind "the whirlpool is still more rapid": a drift of perceptions, feelings, thoughts and memories, reduced to impressions "unstable, flickering, inconstant", "ringed round for each one of us by that thick wall of personality"; and "with the passage and dissolution of impressions... [there is a] continual vanishing away, that strange, perpetual weaving and unweaving of ourselves". Because all is in flux, to get

11837-662: The most famous paintings on the ceiling are The Creation of Adam , Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden , the Deluge , the Prophet Jeremiah , and the Cumaean Sibyl . In 1513, Pope Julius II died and was succeeded by Pope Leo X , the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici. From 1513 to 1516, Pope Leo was on good terms with Pope Julius's surviving relatives, so encouraged Michelangelo to continue work on Julius's tomb, but

11970-619: The most famous piece of writing about any picture in the world"); the Botticelli essay was the first in English on this painter, contributing to the revival of interest in him; while the Winckelmann essay explored a temperament with whom Pater felt a strong affinity. An essay on 'The School of Giorgione ' ( Fortnightly Review , 1877), added to the third edition (1888), contains Pater's much-quoted maxim "All art constantly aspires towards

12103-413: The most from life, we must learn to discriminate through "sharp and eager observation": for every moment some form grows perfect in hand or face; some tone on the hills or the sea is choicer than the rest; some mood of passion or insight or intellectual excitement is irresistibly real and attractive for us, – for that moment only. Through such discrimination we may "get as many pulsations as possible into

12236-466: The movement's leading proponents, Oscar Wilde , who paid tribute to him in The Critic as Artist (1891). Among art critics influenced by Pater were Bernard Berenson , Roger Fry , Kenneth Clark and Richard Wollheim : among early literary Modernists, Marcel Proust , James Joyce , W. B. Yeats , Paul Valéry , Ezra Pound , T. S. Eliot and Wallace Stevens ; and Pater's influence can be traced in

12369-531: The north and east bronze doors of the Baptistry , which Michelangelo was to describe as "The Gates of Paradise". The exterior niches of the Church of Orsanmichele contained a gallery of works by the most acclaimed sculptors of Florence: Donatello , Ghiberti, Andrea del Verrocchio , and Nanni di Banco . The interiors of the older churches were covered with frescos (mostly in Late Medieval, but also in

12502-598: The painting of two large frescos in the Cappella Paolina depicting significant events in the lives of the two most important saints of Rome, the Conversion of Saint Paul and the Crucifixion of Saint Peter . Like the Last Judgment , these two works are complex compositions containing a great number of figures. They were completed in 1550. In the same year, Giorgio Vasari published his Vita , including

12635-423: The panel of The Creation of Eve , the composition of which was to reappear on the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Towards the end of 1495, the political situation in Florence was calmer; the city, previously under threat from the French, was no longer in danger as Charles VIII had suffered defeats. Michelangelo returned to Florence but received no commissions from the new city government under Savonarola. He returned to

12768-615: The pieces in Uncollected Essays , was issued in 1901; it was reissued, in plainer form, as the Library Edition in 1910. Pater's works were frequently reprinted until the late 1920s. Toward the end of his life Pater's writings were exercising a considerable influence. The principles of what would be known as the Aesthetic Movement were partly traceable to him, and his effect was particularly felt on one of

12901-527: The plan so that the Western end was finished to his design, as was the dome, with some modification, after his death. Michelangelo was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive. Three biographies were published during his lifetime. One of them, by Giorgio Vasari , proposed that Michelangelo's work transcended that of any artist living or dead, and was "supreme in not one art alone but in all three." In his lifetime, Michelangelo

13034-447: The potential to stir debate on art-related topics. Due to this the viewpoints of art critics writing for art publications and newspapers adds to public discourse concerning art and culture. Art collectors and patrons often rely on the advice of such critics as a way to enhance their appreciation of the art they are viewing. Many now-famous and celebrated artists were not recognized by the art critics of their time, often because their art

13167-449: The real value of the piece by a middleman. Cardinal Raffaele Riario , to whom Lorenzo had sold it, discovered that it was a fraud, but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome. This apparent success in selling his sculpture abroad as well as the conservative Florentine situation may have encouraged Michelangelo to accept the prelate's invitation. Michelangelo arrived in Rome on 25 June 1496 at

13300-555: The ritual and aesthetic elements of the church, he had little interest in Christian doctrine and did not pursue ordination. After graduating, Pater remained in Oxford and taught Classics and Philosophy to private students. (His sister Clara Pater , a pioneer of women's education, later taught ancient Greek and Latin at Somerville College , of which she was one of the co-founders.) Pater's years of study and reading now paid dividends: he

13433-614: The same problems, under altered historical conditions"; Gaston was to have been the second, while the third was to have been set in England in the late 18th century. In 1995 Gerald Monsman published Gaston de Latour: The Revised Text , re-editing the seven chapters and editing the remaining six which Shadwell and Clara Pater had withheld as too unfinished. "Through the imaginary portrait of Gaston and Gaston's historical contemporaries – Ronsard , Montaigne , Bruno , Queen Marguerite , King Henry III – Pater's fantasia confronts and admonishes

13566-542: The same year Shadwell assembled other uncollected pieces and published them as Miscellaneous Studies . This volume contains 'The Child in the House' and another two obliquely self-revelatory Imaginary Portraits, 'Emerald Uthwart' (first published in The New Review in 1892) and 'Apollo in Picardy' (from Harper's Magazine , 1893) – the latter, like 'Denys L'Auxerrois', centering on a peculiarly Paterian preoccupation:

13699-587: The second edition. In 1893 Pater and his sisters returned to Oxford (64 St Giles, now the site of Blackfriars Hall , a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford ). He was now in demand as a lecturer. In this year appeared his book Plato and Platonism . Here and in other essays on ancient Greece Pater relates to Greek culture the romanticism-classicism dialectic which he had first explored in his essay 'Romanticism' (1876). "All through Greek history," he writes, "we may trace, in every sphere of activity of

13832-402: The senses, or work of the artist's hands. Not to discriminate every moment some passionate attitude in those about us in the brilliancy of their gifts is, on this short day of frost and sun, to sleep before evening." The resulting "quickened, multiplied consciousness" counters our insecurity in the face of the flux. Moments of vision may come from simple natural effects, as Pater notes elsewhere in

13965-450: The sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences, Michelangelo is one of the best-documented artists of the 16th century. He was lauded by contemporary biographers as the most accomplished artist of his era. Michelangelo achieved fame early. Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David , were sculpted before the age of 30. Although he did not consider himself

14098-511: The subjective, stream-of-consciousness novels of the early 20th century. In literary criticism, Pater's emphasis on subjectivity and on the autonomy of the reader helped prepare the way for the revolutionary approaches to literary studies of the modern era. The Paterian sensibility is also apparent in the political philosophy of Michael Oakeshott . Among ordinary readers, idealists have found, and always will find inspiration in his desire "to burn always with this hard, gemlike flame", in his pursuit of

14231-514: The survival or reincarnation of pagan deities in the Christian era. Also included were Pater's last (unfinished) essay, on Pascal , and two pieces that point to a revival in Pater's final years of his earlier interest in Gothic cathedrals, sparked by regular visits to northern Europe with his sisters. Charles Shadwell "in his younger days" had been "strikingly handsome, both in figure and feature", "with

14364-537: The two Medici and allegorical figures representing Night and Day , and Dusk and Dawn . The chapel also contains Michelangelo's Medici Madonna . In 1976, a concealed corridor was discovered with drawings on the walls that related to the chapel itself. Pope Leo X died in 1521 and was succeeded briefly by the austere Adrian VI , and then by his cousin Giulio Medici as Pope Clement VII . In 1524, Michelangelo received an architectural commission from

14497-563: The volume Imaginary Portraits (1887). Here Pater's examination of the tensions between tradition and innovation, intellect and sensation, asceticism and aestheticism, social mores and amorality, becomes increasingly complex. Implied warnings against the pursuit of extremes in matters intellectual, aesthetic or sensual are unmistakable. The second portrait, 'Sebastian van Storck', a powerful critique of philosophical solipsism, has been described as Pater's most subtle psychological study. In 1889 Pater published Appreciations, with an Essay on Style ,

14630-426: The way." At the height of his powers as a writer, Pater discussed his principles of composition in the 1888 essay 'Style'. A. C. Benson called Pater's style "absolutely distinctive and entirely new", adding, however, that "it appeals, perhaps, more to the craftsman than to the ordinary reader." To G. K. Chesterton , Pater's prose, serene and contemplative in tone, suggested a "vast attempt at impartiality." From 2019

14763-483: The world's great masterpieces of sculpture, "a revelation of all the potentialities and force of the art of sculpture". Contemporary opinion was summarised by Vasari: "It is certainly a miracle that a formless block of stone could ever have been reduced to a perfection that nature is scarcely able to create in the flesh." It is now located in St Peter's Basilica . Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499. The Republic

14896-525: Was 23 years old when Michelangelo first met him in 1532, at the age of 57. In his Lives of the Artists , Giorgio Vasari observed: "But infinitely more than any of the others he loved M. Tommaso de' Cavalieri, a Roman gentleman, for whom, being a young man and much inclined to these arts, [Michelangelo] made, to the end that he might learn to draw, many most superb drawings of divinely beautiful heads, designed in black and red chalk; and then he drew for him

15029-475: Was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Matilde di Canossa —a claim that remains unproven, but which Michelangelo believed. Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where he was raised. During his mother's later prolonged illness, and after her death in 1481 (when he was six years old), Michelangelo lived with

15162-491: Was a devout Catholic whose faith deepened at the end of his life. Along with Raphael, he was enrolled in the Secular Franciscan Order . His poetry includes the following closing lines from what is known as poem 285 (written in 1554): "Neither painting nor sculpture will be able any longer to calm my soul, now turned toward that divine love that opened his arms on the cross to take us in." Michelangelo

15295-528: Was abstemious in his personal life, and once told his apprentice, Ascanio Condivi : "However rich I may have been, I have always lived like a poor man." Michelangelo's bank accounts and numerous deeds of purchase show that his net worth was about 50,000 gold ducats , more than many princes and dukes of his time. Condivi said he was indifferent to food and drink, eating "more out of necessity than of pleasure" and that he "often slept in his clothes and ... boots." His biographer Paolo Giovio says, "His nature

15428-539: Was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance . Born in the Republic of Florence , his work was inspired by models from classical antiquity and had a lasting influence on Western art . Michelangelo's creative abilities and mastery in a range of artistic arenas define him as an archetypal Renaissance man , along with his rival and elder contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci . Given

15561-553: Was an early friend and supporter of the young pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon . Conscious of his growing influence and aware that the 'Conclusion' to his Renaissance could be misconstrued as amoral, he withdrew the essay from the second edition in 1877 (he was to reinstate it with minor modifications in the third in 1888) and now set about clarifying and exemplifying his ideas through fiction. To this end he published in 1878 in Macmillan's Magazine an evocative semi-autobiographical sketch titled 'Imaginary Portraits 1. The Child in

15694-469: Was an essay on the metaphysics of Coleridge , 'Coleridge's Writings', contributed anonymously in 1866 to the Westminster Review . A few months later his essay on Winckelmann (1867), an early expression of his intellectual and artistic idealism , appeared in the same review, followed by 'The Poems of William Morris ' (1868), expressing his admiration for romanticism. In the following years

15827-675: Was called together to decide upon its placement, ultimately the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio . It now stands in the Academia while a replica occupies its place in the square. In the same period of placing the David , Michelangelo may have been involved in creating the sculptural profile on Palazzo Vecchio's façade known as the Importuno di Michelangelo . The hypothesis of Michelangelo's possible involvement in

15960-468: Was changing after the fall of its leader, anti-Renaissance priest Girolamo Savonarola , who was executed in 1498, and the rise of the gonfaloniere Piero Soderini . Michelangelo was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by Agostino di Duccio : a colossal statue of Carrara marble portraying David as a symbol of Florentine freedom to be placed on

16093-729: Was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a " Holy Family " as a present for his wife, Maddalena Strozzi. It is known as the Doni Tondo and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame, which Michelangelo may have designed. He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist , known as the Manchester Madonna and now in the National Gallery , London. In 1505 Michelangelo

16226-511: Was established as an artist; both he and Julius II had hot tempers and soon argued. On 17 April 1506, Michelangelo left Rome in secret for Florence, remaining there until the Florentine government pressed him to return to the pope. Although Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years, it was never finished to his satisfaction. It is located in the Church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome and

16359-479: Was in a style not yet understood or favored. Conversely, some critics have become particularly important helping to explain and promote new art movements – Roger Fry with the Post-Impressionist movement and Lawrence Alloway with pop art as examples. According to James Elkins there is a distinction between art criticism and art history based on institutional, contextual, and commercial criteria;

16492-399: Was individually tutored by the headmaster. In 1853 he was sent to The King's School, Canterbury , where the beauty of the cathedral made an impression that would remain with him all his life. He was fourteen when his mother, Maria Pater, died in 1854. As a schoolboy Pater read John Ruskin 's Modern Painters , which helped inspire his lifelong attraction to the study of art and gave him

16625-533: Was invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II and commissioned to build the Pope's tomb , which was to include forty statues and be finished in five years. Under the patronage of the pope, Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks. The commission for the tomb forced the artist to leave Florence with his planned Battle of Cascina painting unfinished. By this time, Michelangelo

16758-555: Was offered a classical fellowship in 1864 at Brasenose on the strength of his ability to teach modern German philosophy, and he settled down to a university career. The opportunities for wider study and teaching at Oxford, combined with formative visits to the Continent – in 1865 he visited Florence , Pisa and Ravenna – meant that Pater's preoccupations now multiplied. He became acutely interested in art and literature, and started to write articles and criticism. First to be printed

16891-580: Was often called Il Divino ("the divine one"). His contemporaries admired his terribilità —his ability to instill a sense of awe in viewers of his art. Attempts by subsequent artists to imitate the expressive physicality of Michelangelo's style contributed to the rise of Mannerism , a short-lived movement in Western art between the High Renaissance and the Baroque . Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese , known today as Caprese Michelangelo,

17024-644: Was praised by Jowett. "The change that occurs between Marius and Plato and Platonism ," writes Anthony Ward, "is one from a sense of defeat in scepticism to a sense of triumph in it." In the early summer of 1894 'The Child in the House' was for the first time issued in book form, in a limited edition of 250 copies, "reprinted with loving care" by the Daniel Press of Oxford, as An Imaginary Portrait , and described by Gosse as "a precious toy for bibliomaniacs". It sold out in under an hour. "I quite love your child," wrote Emily Daniel to Pater, presenting him with

17157-415: Was so rough and uncouth that his domestic habits were incredibly squalid, and deprived posterity of any pupils who might have followed him." This, however, may not have affected him, as he was by nature a solitary and melancholy person, bizzarro e fantastico , a man who "withdrew himself from the company of men." Love for a lady's different. Not much in that for a wise and virile lover's trouble. It

17290-462: Was taken by many as a manifesto (whether stimulating or subversive) of Aestheticism . Born in Stepney in London's East End , Walter Pater was the second son of Richard Glode Pater, a physician who had moved to London in the early 19th century to practise medicine among the poor. Dr Pater died while Walter was an infant and the family moved to Enfield . Walter attended Enfield Grammar School and

17423-477: Was that he did not kiss the widow's face in the same manner that he had her hand. In a letter from late 1542, Michelangelo blamed the tensions between Julius II and him on the envy of Bramante and Raphael , saying of the latter, "all he had in art, he got from me". According to Gian Paolo Lomazzo , Michelangelo and Raphael met once: the former was alone, while the latter was accompanied by several others. Michelangelo commented that he thought he had encountered

17556-549: Was then commissioned to paint the Battle of Cascina . The two paintings are very different: Leonardo depicts soldiers fighting on horseback, while Michelangelo has soldiers being ambushed as they bathe in the river. Neither work was completed and both were lost forever when the chamber was refurbished. Both works were much admired, and copies remain of them, Leonardo's work having been copied by Rubens and Michelangelo's by Bastiano da Sangallo . Also during this period, Michelangelo

17689-407: Was to become one of his closest friends until her death in 1547. Shortly before his death in 1534, Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint a fresco of The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. His successor, Pope Paul III , was instrumental in seeing that Michelangelo began and completed the project, which he laboured on from 1534 to October 1541. The fresco depicts

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