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100-436: Wandervogel (plural: Wandervögel ; English: " Wandering Bird ") is the name adopted by a popular movement of German youth groups from 1896 to 1933, who protested against industrialization by going to hike in the country and commune with nature in the woods. Drawing influence from medieval wandering scholars, their ethos was to revive old Teutonic values, with a strong emphasis on German nationalism . According to historians,

200-554: A Jew. One Wandervogel newspaper, Führer Zeitung , asserted that "the Wandervogel is neither a depository for old boots formerly worn by flat-footed [Jews] and stinking of garlic nor is it an object of speculation for Jewish enterprises." The readings of Paul de Lagarde , Julius Langbehn , and Houston Stewart Chamberlain were also standard among Wandervögel. By 1910, some directors of the Alt-Wandervogel had denounced

300-477: A clearer, more rational ideology. There was also an educationalist influence from Gustav Wyneken . Together, this led to the emergence of the Bündische Jugend, a movement of many different youth associations. There were Wandervogel groups, Scouting associations and others, all of which mixed the elements described above with new ingredients. New styles and groups developed. A new tent form, the kohte ,

400-507: A common magazine. The Wandervogel DB was endorsed by cultural groups like the Dürerbund , and by German pro- temperance leagues. This wing was particularly active in the publication of folk song collections. They also tried to reunite the different Wandervogel wings under a common agenda of alcohol prohibition, the admission of girls, and the enlargement of membership to primary school students and apprentices. After several compromises—notably

500-591: A common movement, but one split into several branches: After the First World War , the leaders returned disillusioned from the war. The same was true for leaders of German Scouting . So both movements started to influence each other heavily in Germany. From the Wandervogel came a stronger culture of hiking, adventure, bigger tours to farther places, romanticism and a younger leadership structure. Scouting brought uniforms, flags, more organisation, more camps and

600-647: A few days or a whole summer, before returning to their usual life during the remaining part of the year. Although it could promote anarchist or nihilistic ideas at the margins, especially in the Jung-Wandervogel , most of the Wandervögel essentially sought to be seen as a respectable movement in wider society. The Wandervogel movement was refounded after World War II and exists in Germany to this day with around 5,000 members in many different associations, as well as in neighboring countries. In Japan, it

700-573: A few locations within the town. On the Hausberg close to Ziegenhain a few specimens of the rare true service tree ( Cormus domestica ) can be found. Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers. Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven , sand lizard and wood ants . Heron , beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale, within

800-419: A healthy life of their own away from the expanding cities. Expressing a romantic longing for a pristine state of things and older diverse cultural traditions, they turned to nature, confraternity and adventure. Soon the groups split and ever more organisations were founded, all still calling themselves Wandervogel , but organisationally independent. Nonetheless, the youth groups maintained a sense of belonging to

900-580: A liberation movement to break free of the perceived injustice of the Treaty of Versailles and to see Germany thrive once again. The notion of a 'Volksgemeinschaft', a people's community, was also popular. On the other hand, there were also many in the German Youth Movement who saw their associations as an elite superior to the more primitive Nazis. Some groups were genuinely democratic, or even left wing. Many more, even some of those who tended to

1000-589: A limited impact, and was essentially composed of young German-speaking Protestants from the bourgeoisie. Before World War II , in a context of cordial relations with Germany, and in an effort to promote healthy activities for young people throughout the country, Japan's Ministry of education launched the movement among Japanese universities, calling it the Health Promotion Wandervogel Association ( 奨健会ワンダーフォーゲル部 , Shōkenkai Wandāfōgeru-bu ) . The first WanderVogel student club

1100-689: A major contribution of the Wandervögel was the revival of folk songs in wider German society. The movement was divided into three main national groups: the Alt-Wandervogel , the Wandervogel eingetragener Verein (WVEV) and the Jung-Wandervogel . While the two first ones were generally respectful of traditions (family, the military, the school), the Jung-Wandervogel was more defiant and closer to revolutionary ideas. Wandervögel spontaneously emerged outside of authority controls, and recruited their members through selection and co-option . Wandervogel

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1200-459: A more rural constitution: Over the centuries, Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870. Then, a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900, 50,000 in 1920, 73,000 in 1940, 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980. The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after

1300-530: A part of Saxe-Weimar , but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( Saxe-Jena ). In 1692, after two dukes ( Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm ), the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and, in 1741, of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar , to which it belonged until 1809. From 1809 to 1918, Jena was part of the Duchy (from 1815 Grand Duchy) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , which from 1871

1400-482: A small foreign-born population: circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census ). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians , Chinese and Ukrainians . During recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved: the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013. Due to the official policy of atheism in

1500-546: A subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland . In 1945, toward the end of World War II , Jena was repeatedly targeted by Allied bombing raids . 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except Nordhausen , whose destruction was utter. Today most of

1600-476: Is 585 millimeters (23.0 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. During the Middle Ages, Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes. Nowadays, the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated 20 km (12 mi) down Saale river. Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in

1700-479: Is a hub for E-commerce in Germany. Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET . Jena-Optronik , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group , develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena. The city is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure. Jena

1800-651: Is home to professional football club FC Carl Zeiss Jena . The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times, the FDGB Cup four times, and reached the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup once. Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost . In women's football, FF USV Jena is a member of the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga . Both clubs' home stadium

1900-575: Is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town. Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU . Until the High Middle Ages , the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east. Owing to its function as a river crossing, Jena was conveniently located. Nevertheless, there were also some more important Saale crossings such as

2000-486: Is largely built upon its high-technology infrastructure and research. The precision optical instruments industry is its leading branch to date, although software engineering, other digital businesses, and biotechnology are of growing importance. Furthermore, Jena is also a service hub for its regional environs. Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia, within the wide valley of the Saale river. Due to its rocky landscape, varied substrate and mixed forests, Jena

2100-484: Is not as compact as other cities in the region, and urban planning is still a challenge. A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square, town hall, and castle in the former town of Lobeda, which is a district since 1946, located approximately 4 km (2 mi) to the south of Jena's centre. Jena has its own theatre and orchestra, the Jenaer Philharmonie . Jena

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2200-569: Is now a fairly renowned student club with activities like mountaineering, sawanobori and ski touring . Some authors have seen the ethos and activities of the Wandervögel as an influence on later social movements, in particular the hippie movement which developed in the United States during the 1960s. German Youth Movement In 1896 the Wandervogel , a popular movement of youth groups who protested against industrialization,

2300-598: Is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the city's difficult topography and on the other hand by the history, because the two main lines were built by two different private companies. The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen , Saalbahnhof , Paradies and Göschwitz . The connection in west–east direction

2400-510: Is still heavily influenced by this history, although the historical influence varies from group to group. The most distinctive features of German Scouting trace from this history. Jena Jena ( German pronunciation: [ˈjeːna] ) is a city in Germany and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms

2500-610: Is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld . Also, the city's basketball team, Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season. In addition, since 2000, the university of Jena has a rugby team. Since 2012, the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2. Rugby-Bundesliga . Current men's javelin throw world record (98.48) by Jan Železný

2600-545: Is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen (via Erfurt and Weimar ) and Zwickau , Glauchau , Altenburg or Greiz (via Gera ) and local trains between Weimar, Jena and Gera. The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz, the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke . The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station , approx. 5 km (3 mi) south of

2700-478: The Alt-Wandervogel . The Wandervogel-Steglitz banned alcohol from excursions and removed the Oberbachant position in order to establish a collegial direction ( Führerkollegium ). It was geographically limited to the surroundings of Berlin and in 1912, the year of its dissolution, it had only 200 "members", along with 440 students who participated in the group's activities. The Alt-Wandervogel saw itself as

2800-551: The Edelweiss Pirates ) tried to carry on. One thing which might have been different from other sections of German society is the following: The Youth Movement was very idealistic, romantic and moral. Therefore, its members tended to take greater risks in following and acting upon their beliefs and persuasions. This might be the reason why one can find significant members of the Youth Movement on both sides, among

2900-567: The JenTower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory. Between 1790 and 1850, Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis , and August Wilhelm Schlegel . Jena's economy

3000-845: The Jägersberg near Zwätzen , the Windknollen north of the city centre, the Tatzend west of the city centre, the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain, the Holzberg near Winzerla, the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua. The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate ( Muschelkalk ) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between. Due to its jagged surface,

3100-682: The Nazis and among the Widerstand . Examples for this are the following: Adolf Eichmann was one of their members from 1930 to 1931. Hans Scholl was a member of the Jungenschaft, an especially independent-minded association of the Bündische Jugend. Claus von Stauffenberg was a member of the Scout association of the Neupfadfinder , also an association of the Bündische Jugend. After

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3200-702: The Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , near the district of Vierzehnheiligen. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the students. Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813. Two years later, the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city. During the later 19th century, the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at

3300-509: The Rhine region was organized in 1898 with 11 participants, followed in 1899 by a long 4-week hike with around 20 schoolboys set up in Bohemia . The particular elements of the future Wandervogel were already present in these first excursions: an emphasis on group independence and the frugal way of life, an absence of traditional authority, a disdain for touristic and marked paths, and contempt for

3400-581: The Soviet Union . On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950, Jenapharm , which is part of Bayer today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks . The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of

3500-567: The Zugvogel (" migratory bird "). In the autumn of 1895, a law student named Hermann Hoffmann-Fölkersamb (1875–1955) obtained from the director of the Gymnasium of Steglitz the authorization to organize free classes of stenography . In 1896, the classes involved walks around Steglitz, and in 1897 a 15-day hike in the Harz highlands. The small group began to grow in importance, and a trek in

3600-575: The racial policy of Nazi Germany ). Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During World War II , the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city, and

3700-514: The 13th century, the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley: Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jena's constituent communities today – 4 km (2 mi) to the south on the east bank. Around 1230, Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between today's Fürstengraben, Löbdergraben, Teichgraben and Leutragraben. The city got a marketplace, main church, town hall, council and city walls during

3800-402: The 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates. In these areas, some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse, in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse. The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena, with the city enlarged to the north and south along

3900-593: The 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders. The birth surplus was 62 in 2012, or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Like many other eastern German cities, Jena has

4000-832: The Austrian youth and German Wandervögel in Bohemia by 1906. Recruited within the Austrian bourgeoisie, its members were known for their violent rhetoric, and defended German nationalism against the perceived threat of pan-Slavism in Austria-Hungary . Another branch was created in Switzerland in 1906-1907 after a meeting with German students opposed to alcohol, the Schweizerischer Wandervogel (SWV). They had 50 members at their launch in April 1908, and around 1,500 members in 1913. The Swiss movement had

4100-459: The Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena. Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II . The city expanded along

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4200-584: The Lutheran doctrine, and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig . The list of the so-called " Seven Wonders of Jena " was composed by students of the university at this time, supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city. Beginning in the 16th century, the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions. Initially, Jena remained

4300-740: The Magnanimous founded it, because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War . During the Little Ice Age , wine-growing declined in the 17th century, so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city. The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books (and the population's ability to read) in

4400-542: The Prussian Ministry of Culture by leaving a favorable report. Fischer had been a fervent follower of Hoffmann-Fölkersamb, his right-hand-man during various treks, and eventually took over the leadership when Hoffmann-Fölkersamb left Berlin at the end of 1899 for a diplomatic career in Constantinople . As Fischer failed his Abitur twice, he had to wait until 1901 to completely focus on the movement, to

4500-509: The Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with Weimar and Gera , while Erfurt remained part of Prussia ) and became an independent city in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and

4600-474: The Saale valley, to the west along Mühltal and on the Saale's east side in former Wenigenjena. Compared with the city centre, later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas. During the interwar period, the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less, so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences. Today's Jena

4700-413: The Saale valley, wind speeds tend to be very low; predominant direction is SW. The Jena weather station has recorded the following extreme values: Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten , Neuengönna , and Golmsdorf in the north, Jenalöbnitz , Großlöbichau , and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf , Zöllnitz , Sulza , Rothenstein , Milda , and Bucha in

4800-455: The Steglitz group's. It experienced from then on a strong rise in membership. In 1907, a new crisis broke out in the Alt-Wandervogel , led by another opponent of alcohol, Ferdinand Vetter from Jena . The Vetter group eventually seceded to found the Wandervogel , Deutscher Bund für Jugendwandern (WVDB). Largely decentralized, the autonomous structures were connected via annual meetings and

4900-640: The Youth Movement became strongly dominated by Scouting , although Wandervogel , Jungenschaft and other groups were also refounded. In contrast to the situation before the war, all groups tried to have a more rational ideology and declared their support of the new Basic Law . German Scouting also approached world Scouting (the World Organization of the Scout Movement and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts ) and

5000-493: The agitation of the city centre and the working-class districts, young students wanted to escape the social constraints of their environment, which was built on traditional and hierarchical social ranks influencing relations with their parents and the adult society, rather than on poor material conditions. However, the Wandervogel was not a revolutionary movement in the real sense of the term, as they simply withdrew from society in order to carry out their activities in isolation during

5100-816: The autonomy of each group in the application of policies, comparable to the situation of German states in the Empire—they eventually succeeded in creating the Wandervogel eingetragener Verein, Bund für deutsches Jugendwandern (WVEV) at the end of 1912. The WVEV was joined by the Wandervogel-Steglitz in December 1912, by the WVDB in January 1913, as well as two-thirds of the Alt-Wandervögel . The Alt-Wandervögel who chose to remain claimed to represent

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5200-503: The brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel , and Ludwig Tieck ). In 1794, the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship, based on their love of Shakespeare. Consequently, the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as liberal and open-minded, but severely self-absorbed, was established and enhanced. On 14 October 1806, Napoleon fought and defeated

5300-416: The central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of about 110,000. Jena is a centre of education and research. The University of Jena (formally the Friedrich Schiller University ) was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena serves another 5,000 students. Furthermore, there are many institutes of

5400-399: The city consists of buildings from before World War II. Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945. Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new German Democratic Republic (GDR). The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to

5500-454: The city grew further during Weimar times . During the Nazi period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize

5600-409: The city in 1523. Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine. In the following years, the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 (Carmelite) and 1548 (Dominican). An important step in Jena's history was the foundation of the university in 1558. Ernestine Elector John Frederick

5700-410: The city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot. Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river, between the Harz mountains 85 km (53 mi) in the north, the Thuringian Forest / Thuringian Highland 50 km (31 mi) in the southwest and the Ore Mountains , 75 km (47 mi) in the southeast. The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at

5800-442: The comfort of youth hostels. The Wandervogel was officially established on 4 November 1901 by Karl Fischer (1881–1941) in Steglitz , a suburb of Berlin , under the name "Wandervogel Committee for Schoolboy Excursions" ( Wandervogel, Ausschuß für Schülerfahrten ), with four of his friends, along with four writers from the city and a medical doctor. This group served as a juridical and financial patronage, and they were not involved in

5900-459: The detriment of his studies in law and sinology . By 1903, there were already groups in Berlin, Posen , Munich , Hamburg and Lüneburg , organizing regular hikes. The Wandervögel soon became the prominent German youth movement. It was a back-to-nature youth organization emphasizing freedom, self-responsibility, and the spirit of adventure. It quickly took a nationalistic approach, stressing Germany's Teutonic roots. Walter Laqueur indicates that

6000-469: The east, Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west). There are only a few historic buildings in this area (e.g. at Oberlauengasse), due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades. The Eichplatz, a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre, has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process. The wall's defortification took place relatively early in

6100-413: The former GDR , most of the population is non-religious. 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census). Jena has a great variety of museums: Most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. The historic city centre is located inside the former wall (which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north, Löbdergraben in

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6200-407: The historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower . The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in

6300-427: The homosexuality of their colleague Wilhelm Jansen, who eventually seceded to create the Jung-Wandervogel split group in the same year. This was the smallest of the three main Wandervogel wings, with 2,300 members in 1913. They attacked in their rhetoric the "mentally constricting" adult institutions, claiming that the purpose of the Wandervögel was to allow young people to "discuss all their wishes and values" without

6400-413: The interference of adults. Influenced by Hans Blüher , they dismissed the movement as too conformist and respectable, considering it had lost its soul. This situation was caused in their views by the growing influence of adults via the Council of parents and friends ( Eufrat ), the interventions of teachers in their activities, and a rise in membership that had become out of control. The Freideutsche Jugend

6500-528: The introduction of Sex segregation in the movement activities. Members were between 12 and 18 years old. The regions with the largest concentration of Wandervögel were Silesia , Saxony , Thuringia , Hesse , Westphalia , Rhineland ; and to a lesser extent Baden . They were largely present in Protestant regions; nearly 80% of the cities hosting a Wandervogel group in 1912 had a strong Protestant majority. Most of those locations were not densely populated and industrialized centres of life, but rather belonged to

6600-401: The late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a full-fledged town. In this time, the city's economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley. The two monasteries of the Dominicans (1286) and the Cistercians (1301) rounded out Jena's medieval appearance. As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century,

6700-414: The leading German research societies. Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century, when industry developed. For most of the 20th century, Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies such as Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik (since 1990). As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany, it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre, such as

6800-411: The living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general. When Zeiss died in 1889, his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which uses great amounts of the company's profits for social benefits such as research projects at universities etc. This model became an example for other German companies (e.g. the Robert Bosch Stiftung ). In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from

6900-439: The lute guitar, alongside clothing, food, and a "hiking stick". In June 1904, opposition led by Siegfried Copalle grew against Karl Fischer in the original Wandervogel group. They debated on social issues: abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and if females should be allowed to join the movement as equals. As a result, the Copalle group became the Wandervogel-Steglitz , presided by Ludwig Gurlitt, while followers of Fischer founded

7000-441: The movement activities, which were led by Fischer under the title of Oberbachant . Prussian law did not allow young people to establish their own clubs or join extracurricular ones. The association was therefore presented by Fischer as a respectable hiking club to parents and Prussian citizens. A former teacher of the Steglitz Gymnasium , the reform pedagogue Ludwig Gurlitt (1855–1931) helped the movement get officially recognition by

7100-409: The municipal territory isn't very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century. At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines. 32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area. One of the best places to see them is Leutratal , to the south of the town. Bee orchid ( Ophrys apifera ) even grows at

7200-487: The name was discovered by one of the founders—Wolf Meyen—in an inscription on a tombstone: " Wer hat euch Wandervögeln / die Wissenschaft geschenkt / dass ihr auf Land und Meeren / die Flügel sicher lenkt ". Drawing influence from medieval wandering students, the newcomers were named "Scholars" and the proven ones "Bachant". Fischer introduced new manners such as the greeting "Heil", inspired by Austrian German students; musical instruments were carried out during hikes, especially

7300-420: The nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south, so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages. The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document. The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda , roughly 6 km (4 mi) south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley. In

7400-469: The only legitimate inheritor of the original movement, as it was under the responsibility of Karl Fischer, now Großbachant . But after a new leadership crisis emerged in 1905, Fischer left both the movement and Germany during the following year. He eventually came back to his home country only 15 years later. After his departure, the Alt-Wandervögel quickly abandoned the previous authoritarian structure centered around Fischer to adopt an organization closer to

7500-528: The photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking. Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point. What is relatively common in many countries

7600-404: The reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012. The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in

7700-589: The right, still wanted to carry on their independent work and existence as organisations. This led inescapably to a confrontation with the Nazi state, since the Nazi state did not allow any youth groups separate from the Hitler Youth , which itself adopted many of the outer forms of the Bündische Jugend after 1933. The groups remaining outside the Hitler Youth were outlawed and pursued, while some of them (e.g.,

7800-477: The rural and traditional part of Germany, with small and medium cities, residential suburbs, university cities, and capitals of small principalities. The Wandervögel seem to have started an anti-authoritarian rebellion against German society at large, with their focus on the youth values in opposition to the adult ones. The movement was born in Steglitz , a middle-class residential neighbourhood of Berlin. Far from

7900-416: The south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved. After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia . Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s, but finally it managed

8000-467: The south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen , Großschwabhausen , and Saaleplatte in the west. The city is divided into 30 districts. The inner-city districts are Zentrum, Nord, West, Süd, Wenigenjena (east of Saale, incorporated in 1909), and Kernberge, other big districts are Lobeda (incorporated in 1946) and Winzerla (incorporated in 1922) in the south with large housing complexes. The residual districts are from

8100-597: The town. Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night, from the mountains, to raid bins. It is documented that the European wildcat occurs near Jena. Jena has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ). Summers are warm and sometimes humid; winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under −20 °C (−4 °F)) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation

8200-537: The tradition of Fischer, by refusing any compromise with the adult world. By 1914, they numbered 4,400 adherents, and 6,000 Scholaren . While reminding the "German nature of the Wandervogel", they let each group decide on the question of Jewish membership; the WVEV applied the same policy. In 1912, a Jewish girl was refused membership in Zittau because, it was argued, the Wandervogel was a "German movement" that had no use for

8300-444: The traditional Carl Zeiss AG , Schott AG , Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies such as Intershop Communications , Analytik Jena , and Carl Zeiss Meditec . Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany. With companies such as Intershop Communications, Salesforce.com (after the acquisition of Demandware ) and ePages as well as several web agencies, Jena

8400-486: The transition to the market economy and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded. Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground (NSU) terror group. However,

8500-455: The university. The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871. The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the (relatively late) connection to the railway. The Saal Railway ( Saalbahn , opened in 1874) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway (opened 1876) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in

8600-704: The valley's edges. The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation, whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m. On the eastern side those are (from north to south): the Gleisberg near Kunitz, the Jenzig near Wogau, the Hausberg near Wenigenjena, the Kernberge near Wöllnitz, the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf. On the western side, there are

8700-711: The war many associations were refounded in West Germany , when the allies allowed it. In East Germany the Communist government did not allow it but instead outlawed all independent youth organisations. On the other hand, there were some connections between the German Youth Movement and the Free German Youth ; within which a pioneer movement subunit, named the Thälmann Pioneers , existed for East German schoolchildren aged 6-14. In West Germany

8800-510: The weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331. Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries. Moreover, the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar , and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously. The Protestant Reformation was brought to

8900-455: The west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east. Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe (with their Carl Zeiss AG ) as well as Otto Schott ( Schott AG ). Since that time, production of optical items, precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jena's economy; Jena glass is even named after the city. Zeiss, Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve

9000-497: Was a predominantly homo-erotic movement". From 1933, the Nazis outlawed the Wandervogel , German Scouting , the Jungenschaft, and the Bündische Jugend, along with most youth groups independent of the Hitler Youth . Only Church-affiliated groups survived, lasting until almost 1936. The Austrian wing, Österreichischer Wandervogel (ÖWV), was established in 1909 by a student from Prague, Hans Moutschka, following first contacts between

9100-578: Was achieved in Jena. Agriculture plays a small role in Jena, only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming (compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar ). Furthermore, the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle. The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt, Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest. Wine-growing

9200-429: Was admitted to the world organisations for the first time. Both the kibbutz and Bruderhof Communities can trace their origins to the German Youth Movement. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on the movement was substantial, with the philosopher described as the "Prophet of the German Youth Movement". Today there are still many groups and organisations which see themselves as part of this movement. German Scouting

9300-489: Was also part of the German Empire . Around 1790, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of the self-centred, idealist philosophy of ‘Ich' (with professors such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Friedrich Schiller , and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ). It was also home to the early Romanticism (with poets such as Novalis,

9400-606: Was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , a German science association, in 2008. Jena is also a hub of public and private services, specially in education, research and business services. Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringia's solely university hospital. Furthermore, Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres. Together with

9500-638: Was created in 1935 in Rikkyo University . It then spread to Keio University and Meiji University , and from 1937 on to several other universities around the country, especially after World War II, in the context of high economic growth and popularization of mountaineering. The movement was mostly based on the German Protestant middle class, attracting only a few working-class and aristocrat members. Boys and girls were allowed to join, although this caused some controversy among leaders, and

9600-570: Was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800, but is now possible again due to global warming . Nevertheless, the commercial production of wine hasn't yet resumed. Industry is a great tradition in Jena, reaching back to the mid-19th century. In 2012, there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro. The most important branches are precision machinery, pharmaceuticals, optics, biotechnology and software engineering. Notable companies in Jena are

9700-553: Was founded in Berlin , and its members soon derived many vital concepts from the ideas of earlier social critics and Romantics , ideas that had extensive influence on many fields at the onset of the 20th century. To escape the repressive and authoritarian German society at the end of the 19th century, its values increasingly transformed by industrialism , imperial militarism , as well as by British and Victorian influence, groups of young people searched for free space to develop

9800-463: Was founded on Hoher Meissner in October 1913 on the basis of autonomy from adult supervision. The Jung-Wandervögel also became known for the prevailing homosexuality in their ranks. According to historian Peter Stachura however, if male eroticism "did play some part in the ordinary day-to-day life of the Wandervögel , [...] it would be misleading to conclude on this account that the Wandervogel

9900-489: Was introduced by Eberhard Kobel (aka "tusk"). Together with Koebel's interpretation of the yurt this type of tent is still the typical black tent used by German scouts on international scout camps to this day. The Deutsche Freischar and then the Jungenschaft was founded. In the German Youth Movement one can find all the different reactions of German society as a whole to the rise of the Nazis . Many welcomed it as

10000-480: Was the dominant trend in the German Youth Movement between 1901 and 1913. From 100 members in 1901, they numbered 25,000 to 40,000 adherents in 1914. At its height, the movement had 60,000–80,000 members, with 45,000 in the WVEV alone. The name, referring to a magical, free and weightless bird, can be translated either as a "bird of passage", or as a "wandering bird", slightly different in meaning from

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