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29-762: The fortress is located 2.5 km west of Ji'an , Jilin province in Northeast China , near the North Korean border. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom , together with nearby Gungnae City and the Ohnyeosan City, because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture. In 3 CE, King Yuri of Goguryeo moved

58-877: A Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Amnok River leading to the Goguryeo–Wei War ; in 244, Wei invaded Goguryeo and sacked Hwando. Goguryeo ended China's presence on the Korean peninsula by conquering the Lelang commandery in 313. However, Goguryeo faced opposition by the proto-Mongol Xianbei who had conquered northern China; the Murong clan of the Xianbei attacked Goguryeo and sacked Hwando in 341, capturing thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labor. The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to

87-567: A century and was the primary reason why Goguryeo was unable to conquer the entire peninsula. Gaya found itself in a precarious situation due to its geographical disadvantage of being sandwiched by Baekje and Silla, and ultimately could not develop into an advanced nation. In 472, Gaero , the ruler of Baekje , sent a letter to the emperor of Northern Wei , stating that he was having trouble interacting with him due to frequent Goguryeo intervention, thus calling for military action against Goguryeo. However, Baekje failed to get its emissary back and

116-518: A crucial point for both Goguryeo and the southern dynasties of China. However, Jangsu was able to use the political situation in China by manipulating the northern and southern Chinese states to his advantage. After the fall of Later Yan, Han Chinese drove the Xianbei Murong clan northward and established Northern Yan in its place. However, Northern Yan's existence was threatened by

145-538: A high level of cultural and economic prosperity. When Gwanggaeto the Great ruled Goguryeo , the Chinese mainland was dominated by five non-Han Chinese peoples and divided into multiple states . During Gwanggaeto's time, Goguryeo invaded Later Yan and conquered Liaoning , but when Jangsu came to the throne, the chaos in northern China was coming to an end. The unification of northern China by Northern Wei became

174-629: A magnificent tomb for his father, Gwanggaeto the Great , and along with it an imposing 6 meter tall tombstone engraved with his father's accomplishments (now known as the Gwanggaeto Stele ). In 427, he transferred the Goguryeo capital from Gungnae Fortress (present-day Ji'an on the China-North Korea border ) to Pyongyang , a more suitable region to grow into a burgeoning metropolitan capital, which led Goguryeo to achieve

203-415: A stone monument in present-day Chungju , praising the accomplishments of his father and himself. This monument remains at the same site, holding historical importance as the only surviving Goguryeo stele in the Korean peninsula. King Jangsu died in 491, at the age of 97. His temple name means "Long Life" in hanja . During his reign, Goguryeo was at its golden age, stretching from Inner Mongolia to

232-600: A vassal state of Goguryeo since Gwanggaeto defeated the Baekje and Wa troops invading Silla in 400. To secure the allegiance of his de facto protectorate, Jangsu demanded the younger brother of King Nulji of Silla to become a political hostage. King Nulji broke off relations with Goguryeo in 454. Jangsu invaded Silla in 468, expanding his domain into parts of Gangwon Province , and again in 489, capturing 7 walled cities and expanding his domain into parts of North Gyeongsang Province . With his victory over Silla, Jangsu erected

261-506: The Han River valley, the region essential to commercial and military power in the Korean peninsula. Baekje had been a dominant power on the peninsula for hundreds of years thanks to its control of the region, but after losing the region to Goguryeo, Baekje also lost control of the peninsula. After successfully concluding his campaign in Baekje, Jangsu then turned his attention toward the second peninsular kingdom of Silla . Silla had been

290-651: The Ancient Koguryo Kingdom , located in Ji'an and Huanren Manchu Autonomous County , Liaoning, have been listed as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Ji'an is also dubbed as a "Little Jiangnan " of Jilin due to its scenery. Ji'an has a monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ), with long, very cold winters, and very warm, humid summers. Monthly average temperatures range from −12.1 °C (10.2 °F) in January to 23.3 °C (73.9 °F) in July, and

319-556: The Ji'an area have unearthed several Yemaek sites along the Amnok River and its tributary the Hunjiang , which belong to the regional Neolithic and Bronze ages. After the fall of Wiman Joseon to the Han dynasty in 108 BCE , Ji'an was part of Goguryeo County under the administration of Xuantu Commandery . In 3 CE , the second ruler of Goguryeo , King Yuri , moved the state's capital to Gungnae (modern Ji'an) and established

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348-453: The Korean peninsula. Goguryeo, though temporarily weakened, would soon recoup and continue its expansion. Ji%27an, Jilin Ji'an ( Chinese : 集安 ; pinyin : Jí'ān ; formerly simplified Chinese : 辑安 ; traditional Chinese : 輯安 ; pinyin : Jí'ān ) is a county-level city in the southwestern part of Jilin province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by

377-758: The Rourans, Jangsu invaded the Khitans , a branch of the Xianbei confederacy at the time, and then attacked the Didouyu with his Rouran allies. After the Khitans surrendered to Goguryeo , Jangsu sent gifts to both Northern Wei and Southern Qi , which took over the southern half of China after overthrowing Liu Song in 479. Both Qi and Wei tried to tighten Goguryeo's relationship with them. Wei emperors treated Goguryeo delegates as equal to Chinese delegates. Under

406-464: The age of 98, the longest reign in East Asian history. During his reign, Jangsu changed the official name of Goguryeo ( Koguryŏ ) to the shortened Goryeo ( Koryŏ ), from which the name Korea originates. During his early reign, Jangsu dedicated much of his efforts toward stabilizing an empire that had experienced great and sudden growth as a direct result of his father's conquests. Jangsu built

435-419: The annual mean is 7.5 °C (45.5 °F). Though the annual total, at 917.7 mm (36.1 in), is generous, precipitation is quite low during the winter and upwards of 60% of annual rainfall occurs from June through August. The frost-free period lasts around 150 days. Subdistricts: Towns: Townships: Jangsu of Goguryeo Jangsu (394–491, r. 413–491) was the 20th monarch of Goguryeo ,

464-436: The capital and easily captured the city of Wiryeseong and slew Gaero. Soon after, Jangsu burned the capital to the ground, along with several other cities that he conquered from Baekje. Henceforth, Baekje had no choice but to move its capital to mountainous Ungjin (present-day Gongju ), 80 miles to the south, which provided a natural protection for the devastated kingdom. The war gave Goguryeo more or less total control of

493-505: The capital to Gungnae Fortress , and built the Wina Rock fortress. Gungnae Fortress , the capital, was a fortress on Amnok River 's plain , while "Wina Rocks fortress" ( 위나암성 ; 尉那巖城 ) was a fortified city in the mountain which was later renamed to Hwando by King Sansang of Goguryeo . Goguryeo consolidated its power and began to threaten the Chinese commanderies, under the nominal control of Wei . In 242, Dongcheon attacked

522-664: The emperor of Northern Yan in 438. The Liu Song court was outraged and warned Jangsu that the death of the Northern Yan ruler would lead to war. However, Jangsu ignored the threat and executed him, bringing the short-lived Northern Yan dynasty to an end. Liu Song troops then attacked Goguryeo but were easily defeated. Peace resumed in the following year when Jangsu sent 800 horses as a gift to the Liu Song emperor, to aid him in his ongoing war against Northern Wei, allowing Goguryeo to concentrate its forces against Baekje and Silla to

551-524: The mountain fortress Hwando nearby to defend it. Hwando was sacked by Wei State in 244 CE during the Goguryeo–Wei War . In 342 CE, Hwando was destroyed and thousands of people captured by the Murong Xianbei , after which Goguryeo focussed on expanding south and east. In 427 CE, the eleventh ruler of Goguryeo, King Jangsu , moved the capital to Pyongyang , which saw Gungnae relegated to subsidiary capital status. The Capital Cities and Tombs of

580-549: The northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . He was born in 394 as the eldest son of Gwanggaeto . He became the crown prince in 408, and upon his father's death in 413, became the ruler at the age of 19. Jangsu reigned during the golden age of Goguryeo , when it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia . He continued to build upon his father's territorial expansion through conquest, but

609-449: The powerful Xianbei Tuoba clan of Northern Wei to the west, compelling Northern Yan to make an alliance with Goguryeo, its neighbor to the east. Hence, Jangsu turned his military ambitions southward toward the Korean peninsula. The southern Chinese dynasty of Liu Song , which was feuding with Northern Wei, encouraged both Northern Yan and Goguryeo to oppose Northern Wei. However, Liu Song's plan did not work out, as Goguryeo imprisoned

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638-502: The prefecture-level city of Tonghua and is the southernmost county-level division in the province. Ji'an has an area of 3,408 km (1,316 sq mi) and a population of approximately 230,000. The city was given its current status in 1988. Ji'an is separated from Manpo , Chagang Province , North Korea by the Yalu River ; it has an international border running 203.5 km (126.4 mi). Archaeological excavations in

667-485: The reign of Emperor Xiaowen alone, 41 emissaries were sent, but the frequency started to drop since Jangsu continued to keep hospitality with Qi. This decrease in exchanged delegates outraged Emperor Xiaowen, and at last he gave an order to capture Goguryeo delegates before they could reach the Qi capital. However, Jangsu paid no mind, and continued to send delegates to Qi. Northern Wei could not block Goguryeo, which indicated

696-498: The south while Liu Song and Northern Wei were occupied against each other to the west. Jangsu again encouraged Liu Song to invade Northern Wei in 459 when he sent loads of crossbows and provided gold and silver. The Northern Wei government was upset by Jangsu's actions but had to keep peace with Goguryeo to continue its war against Liu Song and the Rouran Khaganate . Jangsu also maintained contact with Northern Wei , and

725-588: The success of Jangsu's diplomatic strategy: maximizing the situation and manipulating the power struggles between rival Chinese states to Goguryeo's advantage. Goguryeo and the northern states maintained peace and did not have further conflicts until the Goguryeo–Sui War in 598. Confronted with harsh attacks from Goguryeo into the southern region of the Korean peninsula, Baekje and Silla found their survival through marriage alliances, beginning in 433. The alliance between Baekje and Silla lasted more than

754-453: The two empires established a formal relationship in 435. This relationship proved to be useful when Goguryeo waged war against Baekje , which had secretly sought a military alliance with Northern Wei against Goguryeo, because Northern Wei did not interfere in the matters of the Korean countries. In 479, Jangsu established friendly relations with the Rouran Khaganate with a view to keeping Northern Wei under control. After securing peace with

783-450: Was able to talk Gaero into spending large sums of money on construction projects, weakening the national treasury. In 475, Jangsu launched a full-scale invasion from both land and sea against the now politically unstable kingdom of Baekje . Dorim was successful in gaining information about Baekje, and consequently Gaero was not at all prepared for the assault formulated by Jangsu. With momentum now in his favor, Jangsu then proceeded toward

812-460: Was also known for his diplomatic abilities. Like his father, Gwanggaeto the Great, Jangsu also achieved a loose unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In addition, Jangsu's long reign saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements. He is also noted for building the Gwanggaeto Stele , dedicated to his father. Jangsu's posthumous name means "Long Life", based on his longstanding reign of 79 years until

841-510: Was unable to receive the military support of Northern Wei. In response, Jangsu secretly planned to attack Baekje, which despite its losses against Gwanggaeto the Great , still held a significant power base in the Korean peninsula . In order to disarm Baekje, he sent a Buddhist monk named Dorim , who went to Gaero's court with the secret objective of corrupting the country. Gaero began to favor Dorim, playing baduk with him every day, and Dorim

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