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30-469: Digunai was the second son of Woben (斡本; also known as Wanyan Zonggan 完顏宗幹), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) , the founder of the Jin dynasty. His mother, Lady Da, came from a pretigous family of Balhae descent. Emperor Taizu's brother and successor, Emperor Taizong , started a series of wars between the Jin and Song dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Xizong , who succeeded Emperor Taizong, Wanyan Zonggan

60-560: A collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə ( 猛安謀克 ). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system . Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay

90-552: A monarch should be honored as "祖" ( zǔ ; "progenitor") or "宗" ( zōng ; "ancestor"), a principle was strictly adhered to: "祖" was to be given to accomplished rulers while "宗" was to be assigned to virtuous rulers. However, this principle was effectively abandoned during the Sixteen Kingdoms era with the ubiquitous usage of "祖" by various non- Han regimes. Temple names became widespread from the Tang dynasty onwards. Apart from

120-513: Is transcribed [Wan-yen] A-ku-ta in Wade-Giles ; the alternative spelling Akutta (possibly from reconstruction of Jurchen language ) appears in a very small number of books as well. Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu , the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo , the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of

150-589: The Battle of Hubudagang . By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula . Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals. Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese -led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to

180-736: The Eastern Han dynasty . In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty was originally honored as Taizong by the Hongxi Emperor , but his temple name was later amended to Chengzu by the Jiajing Emperor . There were also instances of individuals ruling as

210-580: The Imperial Academy in the following year. In his pursuit for greater sinicisation and the desire to acquire the Mandate of Heaven , Digunai moved his imperial court from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province to Yanjing (present-day Beijing ) in 1153. In 1157, he ordered the destruction of the imperial palaces in Shangjing. In contrast to the traditions of

240-592: The Khitan -led Liao dynasty . Starting in 1114, Aguda united the Jurchen tribes under his rule and rebelled against the Liao dynasty. A year later, he declared himself emperor and established the Jin dynasty. By the time of his death, the Jin dynasty had conquered most of the Liao dynasty's territories and emerged as a major power in northern China. In 1145, he was posthumously honoured with the temple name Taizu by his descendant Emperor Xizong . The name [Wanyan] Aguda

270-624: The Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship . The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes in the Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with era names (年號), regnal names (尊號) or posthumous names (謚號). Modern academia usually refers to

300-523: The Tang and Song dynasties, which rarely imposed corporal punishment on the members of the society's educated elites, Digunai continued the Khitan and Jurchen tradition of floggings with gusto, sometimes enjoying personally watching his subjects – including chancellors, censors, and a princess – beaten with poles or whips. Digunai's attempts to conquer the Southern Song dynasty and unify China under

330-486: The Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong) . Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda

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360-475: The Jin dynasty's rule ended in failure when his fleet was defeated by Song forces at the battles of Tangdao and Caishi in 1161. Many of his officers defected and in some places the people rebelled against him. His subordinates conspired against him and assassinated him on 15 December 1161 in a military camp near the Yangtze River . Digunai's cousin, Wulu , who had led a rebellion against Digunai's rule,

390-538: The Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng , Henan Province ). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under

420-633: The Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order. In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin . In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu , Jilin Province ) and openly rebelled against

450-620: The Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" ( 收國 ). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County , Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at

480-670: The Nalan ( 拿懶 / 拏懶 ) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin , Heilongjiang Province . He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan -led Liao dynasty . In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under

510-457: The Wanyan tribe's leadership. In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu , as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo , went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among

540-409: The conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty. During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with

570-737: The final ruler of a dynasty, monarchs who died prematurely, or monarchs who were deposed, most Chinese monarchs were given temple names by their descendants. The practice of honoring rulers with temple names had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes within the East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere, including those based on the Korean Peninsula and in Vietnam. Japan, while having adopted both posthumous names and era names from China, did not assign temple names to its monarchs. Most temple names consist of two Chinese characters, unlike

600-600: The following rulers by their temple names: Chinese monarchs from the Tang to the Yuan dynasties, Korean rulers of the Goryeo (until AD 1274) and Joseon dynasties, and Vietnamese rulers of the Lý , Trần , and Later Lê dynasties (with the Hồ and Later Trần dynasties as exceptions). Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to

630-604: The grand temple. Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their death. The temple name system established during the Shang period utilized only four adjectives: Chinese monarchs of the Zhou dynasty were given posthumous names but not temple names. During the Qin dynasty , the practices both of assigning temple names and posthumous names

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660-615: The massacre of the descendants of Emperor Taizong, so as to secure the position of the lineage of Emperor Taizu, to which he belonged. Digunai capitalised on the Jin dynasty's "superior status" vis-à-vis the Song dynasty after its victory over the latter in 1141, and sought to make the Jin dynasty the sole Chinese empire. To legitimise himself as a sinicised ruler, in 1150 he lifted Emperor Taizong 's prohibition of wearing Han Chinese dress, and adopted an array of Han Chinese practices and institutions, such as holding of sacrificial ceremonies in

690-458: The more elaborate posthumous names. In extremely rare cases, temple names could consist of three characters. The first character is an adjective, chosen to reflect the circumstances of the monarch's reign. The vocabulary may overlap with that of the posthumous names' adjectives; however, for one sovereign, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in his posthumous name. The last character

720-519: The northern and southern suburbs of his capital in 1149 ( cf. ceremonies conducted at the Temple of Earth and Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties), the use of the imperial carriage in 1151, a system of feudal rights in 1156, and the Song dynasty's shan-hu (山呼) style of court ceremonies in 1157. Digunai also introduced the imperial examination system in 1150 and set up

750-462: The position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example, Cao Cao was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name Taizu by Cao Pi of the Cao Wei dynasty . Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as was the case for Emperor Huan , whose temple name, Weizong , was abolished by Emperor Xian of

780-504: The sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for Möngke of the Mongol Empire , who was later honored as Xianzong by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan dynasty . The "temple" in "temple name" (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for the purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within

810-504: Was abandoned. The Han dynasty reintroduced both titles, although temple names were assigned sporadically and remained more exclusive than posthumous names. It was also during the Han era that other adjectives aside from the four listed above began appearing in temple names. Numerous Han emperors had their temple names removed by Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, in AD 190. Initially, in deciding whether

840-691: Was buried in the Rui Mausoleum ( 睿陵 ) at Dafangshan ( 大房山 ) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing ). Mounted statues of Aguda and his chief commander, Wanyan Zonghan , have been erected on the grounds of the Jin Dynasty History Museum ( 金上京歷史博物馆 ) at the former location of the old Jin capital, Shangjing ( 上京 ), which is near present-day Acheng District , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province . Parents: Consort and their ewspective issue(s): Temple name Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of

870-405: Was described as the most influential man in the Jin imperial court. Digunai, who was an army marshal under Emperor Xizong, overthrew the emperor in a coup d'état in 1150 and replaced him. Having seized the throne through illegitimate means, Digunai was suspicious of other members of the Jurchen aristocracy, and, immediately upon taking the throne, started eliminating potential rivals. He ordered

900-533: Was proclaimed the new emperor. Emperor Taizu of Jin Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123), personal name Aguda , sinicised name Min ( Chinese : 旻 ; pinyin : Mín ), was the founder and first emperor of the Jurchen -led Jin dynasty of China. He was originally the chieftain of the Wanyan tribe, the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which were subjects of

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