Warfalla ( Arabic : ورفلة ) is a tribal confederation of mixed Arab and Arabized Berber origin that resides in Tripolitania , western Libya , mainly in their stronghold of Bani Walid . Warfalla historically inhabited the area bounded by the cities of Bani Walid and Sirte , as well as the town of Sabha . The Warfalla tribe, along with the Qadhadhfa and Magarha , were the backbone of Muammar Gaddafi 's regime. The Warfalla tribe is considered a confederacy of 52 sub-tribes that consist of individual bayt s or clans.
30-618: The Warfalla tribal confederation is of mixed origin. It includes Arabized Berber tribes descended from Hawwara , as well as Arab Bedouin tribes descended from Banu Hilal . As a result of the Arab migrations to the Maghreb , the Berbers of Warfalla had become completely Arabized by the sixteenth century. Arab tribes have then joined the tribal confederation in a sort of tribal brotherhood ( muwakhah ), until 52 sub-tribes emerged, establishing
60-511: A brother, we tell him to leave the country,” he told Al-Jazeera. On the 28-29 of May, over 100 tribal leaders, most of them Warfalla, met to call for an end to the fighting in Libya and the removal of Mu'ammar Qaddafi and his sons from the Libyan government. Arabized Berber Arabized Berbers are Berbers whose language is a local dialect of Arabic and whose culture is Arab culture , as
90-1268: A major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara . The varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum . The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya), but lower between dialects that are further apart, e.g. between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija. Conversely, Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers (from Egypt, Sudan, Levant, Iraq, and Arabian peninsula) in general. Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially
120-571: A result of Arabization . The widespread language shift from Berber to Arabic happened, at least partially, due to the privileged status that the Arabic language has generally been given in the states of North Africa, from the Arab conquest in 652 up until the French colonialism in the twentieth century, as well as the migration of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes from Arabia to North Africa . The centuries-long Arab migration to
150-557: A result of their rivalry with the Magarha for top positions within the government, the failure of the coup attempt to overthrow Gaddafi resulted in a temporary decline of Warfalla influence in the Libyan power structure, as many leading members were purged and a number of Warfalla leaders and civilians were either imprisoned or executed. In the early weeks of February 2011 Libyan Civil War the Warfalla tribe leaders gave their support to
180-528: A triangle encompassing Roman towns and cities such as Tangier , Salé and Walili , Moroccan Arabic began to take form. Arabization was widespread in cities where both Arabs and Berbers lived, as well as Arab centers and surrounding rural areas. Nevertheless, the Arabization process in the countryside remained gradual until the Hilalian invasions of the 11th century. Maghrebi Arabic originates from
210-566: Is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb . It includes the Moroccan , Algerian , Tunisian , Libyan , Hassaniya and Saharan Arabic dialects. Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly Semitic and Arabic vocabulary, although it contains a significant number of Berber loanwords, which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic. Maghrebi Arabic
240-535: Is mainly a spoken and vernacular dialect , although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the dialect exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities. Maghrebi Arabic has a mostly Semitic Arabic vocabulary. It contains Berber loanwords, which represent 2–3% of
270-531: The Bedouin Arabic varieties brought in by the Bedouin Arab tribes of Banu Hilal , Banu Sulaym and Ma'qil in the 11th and 12th centuries, termed as Hilalian Arabic . The Pre-Hilalian varieties were largely bedouinized by the Hilalian migrations in the 11th century, producing hybrid varieties that combined both pre-Hilalian and Hilalian features. This led to the choice of Banu Hilal's Arabic as
300-525: The Bedouin Arabic varieties that were introduced to the Maghreb in the 11th century by Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym , who effectively accelerated the Arabization of a great part of the Berbers . Sources estimate that around 1 million Arabs migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century. Their impact was profound and reshaped the demographic situation and living conditions across the Maghreb. They played
330-528: The Kabyles were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized. Maghrebi Arabic Maghrebi Arabic ( Arabic : اللَّهْجَة الْمَغارِبِيَّة , romanized : al-lahja l-maghāribiyya , lit. 'Western Arabic' as opposed to Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic ), often known as ad-Dārija (Arabic: الدارجة , meaning 'common/everyday [dialect]') to differentiate it from Literary Arabic ,
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#1732773141189360-403: The i'rāb , with the exception of the adverbial accusative, which was unproductive. An n- prefix is added to the first person singular in some verb forms, which distinguishes maghrebi Arabic from all other varieties of Arabic. Darija , Derija or Delja ( Arabic : الدارجة ) means "everyday/colloquial dialect"; it is also rendered as ed-dārija , derija or darja . It refers to any of
390-496: The lingua franca of the Maghreb. This variety, with influences from Berber languages and Punic , gave rise to the modern Arabic varieties in the Maghreb spoken by the vast majority of Maghrebis. The Arabic language was spread across North Africa throughout the Rashidun and Umayyad conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries, during which about 150,000 Arabs settled in the Maghreb. As Arab-led forces established settlements in
420-514: The 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of Arab culture . Furthermore, the Arabic language spread during this period and drove Latin into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centers through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them. The migration of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym in the 11th century had a much greater influence on
450-405: The Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually assimilated by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized. As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The Zenata were pushed to the west and
480-462: The Gaddafi regime, but while the tribe has often been identified with the Gaddafi regime, there were many Warfalla who actively opposed his rule, including Mahmoud Jibril (el-Warfally), the titular head of the opposition National Transitional Council (NTC). Akram al-Warfelli, a leading figure of the tribe, called for Gaddafi to stand down in late February 2011. “We tell the brother, he’s no longer
510-585: The Italian government that we are protecting our independence and if Italy decides to attack us, we will be forced to fight her. Rival of 'Abd al-Nabi from the Misurata tribe, Ramadan, began to collect taxes from around the Warfalla, which 'Abd al-Nabi saw as a threat to his influence. On August 20, 1920, Ramadan planned a surprise attack on the Warfalla with a force of 2,000 men. Due to the lack of water resources, Ramadan's attack failed and many of his men died of
540-682: The Italians. In 1915, the shaykhs of Warfalla wrote a letter to the British consul in Tripoli , stating their opinion towards the Italian colonial state : We are the notables of the district of Warfalla, still keeping our independence which was given to us by our lord the Sultan. And in case any power attacks us, we are obliged to defend our dear homeland to the last soul. Thus we urge you to inform
570-484: The Maghreb from the 7th to the 17th century played a significant role in Arabizing the native Berber population in addition to changing the population's demographic breakdown. The Arabization of the native Berber population was a result of the centuries-long Arab migration to the Maghreb which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to
600-521: The Warfalla tribe, and placed certain Warfalla leaders in his " revolutionary committees " (besides members of the Maqarha and his own Qadhafa tribe), a paramilitary force entrusted with securing loyalty to the Qaddafis, by force if necessary. However, this support has been inconsistent, most notably in the mounting of the 1993 Libyan coup attempt by Warfalla members of Gaddafi’s government in 1993, as
630-589: The colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries, such as Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, are usually known as al-‘āmmīya ( العامية ), though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as el-logha d-darga . Maghrebi Arabic can be divided into two lineages in North Africa. One originates from the urban Arabs and dates back to the Arab Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th and 8th centuries, referred to as Pre-Hilalian Arabic . The other stems from
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#1732773141189660-409: The latter came from the time of al-Andalus . Maghrebi dialects all use n- as the first-person singular prefix on verbs , distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic ( Arabic : الفصحى , romanized : al-fuṣḥá ) is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic
690-884: The plural noun morphemes -əsh / -osh that are common in northern Moroccan dialects, and probably the loss of gender in the second person singular of personal pronouns verbs, for example in Andalusian Arabic. The lexicon contains many loanwords from Latin, e.g. Moroccan/Algerian/Tunisian شَاقُور , shāqūr , 'hatchet' from secūris (this could also be borrowed from Spanish segur ); ببوش , 'snail' from babōsus and فلوس , 'chick' from pullus through Berber afullus . Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French (in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spanish (in northern Morocco and northwestern Algerian) and Italian (in Libya and Tunisia) and conjugate them according to
720-406: The process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara . It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread Bedouin nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened
750-469: The same phonology as Modern Standard Arabic , with a few key differences. * From Old Hijazi diphthongs /ay/ and /aw/. * Old Hijazi /ɮˤ/ and /ðˤ/ merged with each other in all varieties of Arabic. Maghrebi regionalisms are mostly reduced forms of Arabic phrases. * ذَرْوَكْت (*ḏarwakt) < ذَا اَلوَقْت (ḏā al-waqt) * أشكون (*ʔaškōn) < أَيُّ شَيْء كَوْن (*ʔēš *kōn < ʔayy šayʔ kawn) Proto-Maghrebi had already lost all nunation and most of
780-690: The summer heat, including Ramadan himself. This led to a civil war between the tribes and peasants of the Jabal al Gharbi District from 1920 to 1922 competing for political offices in the Tripolitanian Republic . The Warfalla, together with the Qadhafa and the Magarha , were traditionally considered the pillars of Gaddafi’s rule, dominating the security services and the ranks of the military. Gaddafi drew many of his security personnel from
810-482: The tribal confederation of Warfalla. During the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911, the Warfalla tribe, under the leadership of 'Abd al-Nabi Bel Khayre , fought against the invaders until the fall of Bani Walid, the Warfalla tribe's territory in December 1923. The Warfalla remained neutral under Bel Khayre's leadership during the war against the Italians. It was until the Italians reached the Warfalla that they fought
840-751: The varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic. Although it is also common in Algeria and Tunisia to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages, similarly it is also common in Egypt and Lebanon to refer to the Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages. For instance, Algerian Arabic would be referred as Dzayri (Algerian) and Tunisian Arabic as Tounsi (Tunisian), and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as Masri (Egyptian) and Lebanese Arabic as Lubnani (Lebanese). In contrast,
870-541: The vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic. The dialect may also possess a substratum of Punic . Additionally, Maghrebi Arabic has a Latin substratum, which may have been derived from the African Romance that was used as an urban lingua franca during the Byzantine Empire period. in morphology, this substratum is considered the origin of
900-529: Was formerly spoken in Al-Andalus and Sicily until the 17th and 13th centuries, respectively, in the extinct forms of Andalusi Arabic and Siculo-Arabic . The Maltese language is believed to have its source in a language spoken in Muslim Sicily that ultimately originates from Tunisia, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics. The common ancestor of Maghrebi Arabic had
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