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69-525: The Warren region is defined as the coastal sandplain between Cape Naturaliste and Albany. Extending from the ocean to the edge of the Yilgarn craton plateau , for most of its extent it may be adequately approximated as the land within ten kilometres (6 mi) of the coast. North of Point D'Entrecasteaux , however, it extends inland almost as far as Nannup and Manjimup . It has an area of about 8,300 square kilometres (3200 mi²), making it about 2.7% of

138-685: A few of the Western Australian species native to the Stirling Ranges – B. solandri , B. oreophila , B. brownii and B. montana – survive at high elevations. Studies of the south-western species have found the distribution of Banksia species to be primarily constrained by rainfall. With the exception of B. rosserae , no species tolerates annual rainfall of less than 200 millimetres, despite many species surviving in areas that receive less than 400 millimetres. Banksia species are present throughout

207-418: A few of them ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will set no fruit at all. The fruit of Banksia is a woody follicle embedded in the axis of the inflorescence. In many species, the resulting structure is a massive woody structure commonly called a cone. Each follicle consists of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds. The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along

276-501: A few years of infection. In southwest Western Australia, where dieback infestation is widespread, infested areas of Banksia forest typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia Banksia often occurs as an understorey to forests of jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both

345-401: A head; and recently the large genus Dryandra has been found to have arisen from within the ranks of Banksia , and sunk into it as B.  ser. Dryandra . They similarly have capitate flower heads rather than spikes. Banksia flowers are usually a shade of yellow , but orange , red , pink and even violet flowers also occur. The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of

414-653: A moderate Mediterranean climate . It has the highest rainfall in the state, with annual falls of from 650 to 1500 millimetres (25.6–59.1 in), and a short dry season of only three to four months. The characteristic vegetation of the Warren region is the karri ( Eucalyptus diversicolor ) , at 90m the tallest trees in Australia, in association with the three tingle trees, which are endemic to this coast: rates tingle ( E. brevistylis ) , red tingle ( E. jacksonii ) and yellow tingle ( E. guilfoylei ) . Karri has

483-510: A number of processes including land clearing , frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered . Banksias grow as trees or woody shrubs . Trees of the largest species, B. integrifolia (coast banksia) and B. seminuda (river banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, some even grow to standing 30 metres tall. Banksia species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below

552-449: A period of years. In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the fruiting structure a hairy appearance. Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not technically cones according to the botanical definition of the term: cones only occur in conifers and cycads . Despite the large number of flowers per inflorescence, only

621-465: A role in pollination of Banksia . Various studies have shown mammals and birds to be important pollinators. In 1978, Carpenter observed that some banksias had a stronger odour at night, possibly to attract nocturnal mammal pollinators. Other associated fauna include the larvae of moths (such as the Dryandra Moth ) and weevils , which burrow into the "cones" to eat the seeds and pupate in

690-777: A severe problem for banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens. Most of species are shrubs, only few of them can be found as trees and they are very popular because of their size, the tallest species are: B. integrifolia having its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola notable for reaching the biggest size for the genus and it is the most frost tolerant in this genus, B. seminuda , B. littoralis , B. serrata ; species that can grow as small trees or big shrubs: B. grandis , B. prionotes , B. marginata , B. coccinea , B. speciosa and B. menziesii . Due to their size these species are popularly planted in parks, gardens and streets,

759-693: A single subregion. Under the World Wildlife Fund 's biogeographic regionalisation of the world's terrestrial surface into " ecoregions ", the Warren region is equivalent to the Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands ecoregion of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome . Yilgarn craton Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

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828-419: A thick undergrowth of flowers and shrubs such as coral vine ( Kennedia coccinea ) . The most important plant families are Fabaceae (including the colourful wisteria, Hardenbergia comptoniana ), Orchidaceae , Mimosaceae , Myrtaceae and Proteaceae . The karri forest occurs in deep loam, and covers nearly half of the region. Although very moist in winter, it is not considered to be a rainforest because

897-591: A wide variety of landscapes: sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. Heavy producers of nectar , banksias are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for nectarivorous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums, stingless bees and a host of invertebrates. Further, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries. However, these plants are threatened by

966-427: A woody axis covered in tightly packed pairs of flowers attached at right angles. A single flower spike generally contains hundreds or even thousands of flowers; the most recorded is around 6000 on inflorescences of B. grandis . Not all Banksia have an elongate flower spike, however: the members of the small Isostylis complex have long been recognised as banksias in which the flower spike has been reduced to

1035-894: Is an active subculture of Banksia enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is ASGAP 's Banksia Study Group . With the exception of the nursery industry , Banksia have limited commercial use. Some species, principally B. coccinea (scarlet banksia), B. baxteri , B. hookeriana (Hooker's banksia), B. sceptrum (sceptre banksia), and B. prionotes (acorn banksia), and less commonly B. speciosa (showy banksia), B. menziesii (Menzies' banksia), B. burdettii and B. ashbyi are grown on farms in Western and Southern Australia, as well as Israel and Hawaii, and

1104-436: Is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with phosphite and phosphorous acid , which are currently used to inoculate wild B. brownii populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding phosphorus . Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation. Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be

1173-587: Is now only native to Australia and New Guinea, there are fossils from New Zealand, between 21 and 25 million years old. Evolutionary scientists Marcell Cardillo and Renae Pratt have proposed a southwest Australian origin for banksias despite their closest relatives being north Queensland rainforest species. Banksias are heavy producers of nectar , making them an important source of food for nectivorous animals, including honeyeaters and small mammals such as rodents, antechinus , honey possums , pygmy possums , gliders and bats . Many of these animals play

1242-590: Is rated at 42.5%. Protected areas include: The Warren region first appeared in Ludwig Diels ' 1906 biogeographical regionalisation of Western Australia. Diels' concept of Warren region was effectively all the land south of a line from Albany to Busselton ; thus it included a substantial area east of Margaret River that is now part of the Jarrah Forest region. The region was not recognised as one of Edward de Courcy Clarke 's "natural regions" in 1926, but

1311-579: Is reddish in color with an attractive grain but it is rarely used as it warps badly on drying. It is occasionally used for ornamental purposes in wood turning and cabinet paneling. It has also been used to make keels for small boats . Historically, the wood of certain species such as B. serrata was used for yokes and boat parts. The large "cones" or seed pods of B. grandis are used for woodturning projects. They are also sliced up and sold as drink coasters ; these are generally marketed as souvenirs for international tourists . Woodturners throughout

1380-506: Is the water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi , commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia' s proteoid roots , which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this disease . All Western Australian species are vulnerable, although most eastern species are fairly resistant. Vulnerable plants typically die within

1449-408: Is the main centre of biodiversity ; over 90% of all Banksia species occur only there, from Exmouth in the north, south and east to beyond Esperance on the south coast. Eastern Australia has far fewer species, but these include some of best known and most widely distributed species, including B. integrifolia (coast banksia) and B. spinulosa (hairpin banksia). Here they occur from

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1518-524: The Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook 's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean . Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place". Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including

1587-643: The Eyre Peninsula in South Australia right around the east coast up to Cape York in Queensland . The vast majority of Banksia are found in sandy or gravelly soils, though some populations of B. marginata (silver banksia) and B. spinulosa do occur on soil that is heavier and more clay-like. B. seminuda is exceptional for its preference for rich loams along watercourses. Most occur in heathlands or low woodlands ; of

1656-786: The Leeuwin Complex and Archaean granite of the Albany-Fraser Orogen ; and the dissection of rivers such as the Blackwood , Warren , Shannon and Frankland . The western extent of the region takes in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge , an 80 kilometre (50 mi) long strip of coastal limestone on top of a ridge of granite , with an extensive cave system. There are a number of soil types, including hard setting loamy soil, lateritic soil, leached sandy soil and Holocene marine dunes. Warren has

1725-583: The South West Province , 0.3% of the state, and 0.1% of Australia. It is bounded to the north and east by the Jarrah Forest region. Much of the region is unpopulated, but there are a number of towns with substantial populations, most notably Margaret River , Augusta , Pemberton , Walpole , Denmark and Albany . Warren has a hilly topography, caused by two factors: the underlying geology, which consists of infolded metamorphic rock of

1794-712: The cultivar Banksia 'Giant Candles' . Banksia species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However, commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting). Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50 cm high of B. spinulosa and B. media , as well as prostrate species such as B. petiolaris and B. blechnifolia . Banksias possibly require more maintenance than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if

1863-463: The perianth parts and often the style . The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts. These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top. When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in B. prionotes (acorn banksia) and related species, as

1932-469: The western bristlebird ( Dasyornis longirostris ), western whipbird ( Psophodes nigrogularis nigrogularis ) and western ground parrot ( Pezoporus wallicus flaviventris ), all of which inhabit the region's heath vegetation; and the noisy scrub-bird ( Atrichornis clamosus ), which inhabits densely vegetated gullies. Other forest birds include the purple-crowned lorikeet . Insects include an endemic spider Moggridgea tingle . The freshwater streams of

2001-522: The "Warren Botanical District" became the "Karri Forest Region". When the IBRA was published in the 1990s, Beard's regionalisation was used as the baseline for Western Australia. The Warren region was accepted as defined by Beard, but reverted to the name "Warren". It has since survived a number of revisions. When the IBRA subregions were introduced in IBRA Version 6.1, the whole of Warren was defined as

2070-476: The Forsters had collected during Cook's second voyage. However Linnaeus incorrectly attributed the Forsters' specimens to the genus Passerina , and therefore considered the name Banksia available for use. By the time Joseph Gaertner corrected Banks' error in 1788, Banksia L.f. was widely known and accepted, so Gaertner renamed Banksia J.R.Forst, & G.Forst to Pimelea , a name previously chosen for

2139-604: The South West. As well as the three tingle trees other species endemic to the region include Corymbia ficifolia (red flowering gum). The area around Albany is especially rich in endemics such as Cephalotus follicularis . The Warren region supports a rich diversity of fauna, much of which is apparently Gondwanan in origin. Mammal species include the western ringtail possum ( Pseudocheirus occidentalis ), chuditch ( Dasyurus geoffroii ) (particularly found in Jarrah forest),

Warren bioregion - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-626: The Walpole-Nornalup National Park's Valley of the Giants , which includes a "Tree Top Walk". The main threat to the biodiversity of the Warren region is the South West's epidemic of dieback, a disease caused by the introduced plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi . Introduced animals such as feral cats , foxes and rats prey on native wildlife and occupy ecological niches to the detriment of native species. Populations are controlled through 1080 baiting as part of

2277-484: The Warren is known to contain 1865 indigenous vascular plant species, and a further 419 naturalised alien species. The endangered flora of the Warren region consists of 28 species, with a further 160 species having been declared Priority Flora under the Department of Environment and Conservation 's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List . The region is considered one of the most important centres of plant endemism in

2346-401: The Warren region support only a low diversity of fauna, but much of it is highly endemic. A number of frog species are endemic or nearly so, including the orange-bellied frog ( Geocrinia vitellina ), the white-bellied frog ( Geocrinia alba ), and the sunset frog ( Spicospina flammocaerulea ). Endemic freshwater invertebrates include worms of the family Phreodrilidea , and crayfish of

2415-493: The appearance of aged Banksia "cones", with follicles for eyes and other facial features. There is some contention over which species actually provided the inspiration for the "Banksia men": the drawings most resemble the old cones of B. aemula or B. serrata , but B. attenuata (slender banksia) has also been cited, as this was the species that Gibbs saw as a child in Western Australia. In 1989,

2484-403: The branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in whorls . Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g., Banksia integrifolia has large serrated juvenile leaves). The flowers are arranged in flower spikes or capitate flower heads. The character most commonly associated with Banksia is the flower spike, an elongated inflorescence consisting of

2553-591: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 870378493 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:47:46 GMT Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 170 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae . These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes, and woody fruiting "cones" and heads. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. They are found in

2622-798: The dry season precludes the establishment of a characteristic rainforest understory of epiphytes , liverworts , ferns and mosses . Some rainforest relict species do occur, however, such as Anthocercis sylvicola , Albany pitcher plant ( Cephalotus follicularis ) and wild plum ( Podocarpus drouynianus ) . The poorer, lateritic soils, about a quarter of the region, are vegetated by medium forest of jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ) , which can grow up to 40m tall, and marri ( Corymbia calophylla ) (up to 60m). Other significant vegetation forms include low woodland of E. marginata and Banksia species (8%); Agonis flexuosa woodlands or scrub on Holocene marine dunes (5%); and swamps supporting sedges (5%) or low woodlands of Melaleuca (4%). As of 2007,

2691-402: The eastern species, B. integrifolia and B. marginata occur in forests; many south-western species such as B. grandis , B. sphaerocarpa , B. sessilis , B. nobilis and B. dallanneyi grow as understorey plants in jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ), wandoo ( E. wandoo ) and karri ( E. diversicolor ) forests , with B. seminuda being one of

2760-439: The first group are known as 'seeders' and the second group as 'sprouters'. Infrequent bushfires at expected intervals pose no threat, and are in fact beneficial for regeneration of banksia populations. However, too frequent bushfires can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations from certain areas, by killing seedlings and young plants before they reach fruiting age. Many fires near urban areas are caused by arson, and thus

2829-453: The first specimens of Dryandra ( now Banksia) sessilis (Parrotbush) and D. ( now Banksia) pellaeifolia . Upon Menzies' return to England, he turned his specimens over to Banks; as with most other specimens in Banks' library, they remained undescribed for many years. Robert Brown gave a lecture, naming the new genus Dryandra in 1809, however Joseph Knight published

Warren bioregion - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-452: The first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour. Four species were present in this first collection: B. serrata (Saw Banksia), B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia), B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and B. robur (Swamp Banksia). In June the ship was careened at Endeavour River , where specimens of B. dentata (Tropical Banksia) were collected. The genus Banksia

2967-422: The flower heads harvested for the cut flower trade . Eastern species, such as B. ericifolia , B. robur and B. plagiocarpa , are sometimes cultivated for this purpose. The nectar is also sought by beekeepers , not for the quality of the dark-coloured honey , which is often poor, but because the trees provide an abundant and reliable source of nectar at times when other sources provide little. Banksia wood

3036-495: The follicles; and birds such as cockatoos , who break off the "cones" to eat both the seeds and the insect larvae. A number of Banksia species are considered rare or endangered. These include B. brownii (feather-leaved banksia), B. cuneata (matchstick banksia), B. goodii (Good's banksia), B. oligantha (Wagin banksia), B. tricuspis (pine banksia), and B. verticillata (granite banksia). Banksia plants are naturally adapted to

3105-413: The forest trees in suitable habitat. Most species do not grow well near the coast , notable exceptions being the southern Western Australian species B. speciosa , B. praemorsa and B. repens . Only a few species, such as B. rosserae and B. elderiana (swordfish banksia), occur in arid areas. Most of the eastern Australian species survive in uplands , but only

3174-426: The frequency is often much higher than fires would have been prior to human habitation. Furthermore, residents who live in areas near bushland may pressure local councils to burn areas near homes more frequently, to reduce fuel-load in the bush and thus reduce ferocity of future fires. Unfortunately there are often discrepancies in agreed frequency between these groups and conservation groups. Another threat to Banksia

3243-460: The genera Cherax and Engaewa . The Warren region falls entirely within what the Department of Agriculture and Food calls the "Intensive Land-use Zone" (ILZ), the area of Western Australia that has been largely cleared and developed for intensive agriculture such as cropping and livestock production. Despite this, only a small amount of the region's natural vegetation has been cleared and given over to agriculture. The proportion of cleared land

3312-493: The genus by Banks and Solander. The first specimens of a Dryandra were collected by Archibald Menzies , surgeon and naturalist to the Vancouver Expedition . At the request of Joseph Banks , Menzies collected natural history specimens wherever possible during the voyage. During September and October 1791, while the expedition were anchored at King George Sound , he collected numerous plant specimens, including

3381-655: The genus into subgenus Banksia and subgenus Spathulatae . All but one of the living Banksia species are endemic to Australia. The exception is B. dentata (tropical banksia), which occurs throughout northern Australia, and on islands to the north including New Guinea and the Aru Islands . An extinct species, B. novae-zelandiae , was found in New Zealand . The other species occur in two distinct geographical regions: southwest Western Australia and eastern Australia. Southwest Western Australia

3450-676: The genus into two subgenera—subgenus Isostylis (containing B. ilicifolia , B. oligantha and B. cuneata ) and subgenus Banksia (containing all other species except those he considered dryandras)—in his 1981 monograph and 1999 treatment for the Flora of Australia series. He held that flower morphology was the key to relationships in the genus. Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele published the official merging of Dryandra within Banksia in 2007, recalibrating

3519-442: The highly successful Western Shield program. Other threats include human activities related to infrastructure and silviculture , such as roads changing surface runoff patterns, and changes to the fire regime . Because so much of the Warren region is already protected, it has low priority under Australia's National Reserve System . 45.47% of the ecoregion is classified as a terrestrial protected area. Terrestrial connectivity

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3588-577: The jarrah overstorey and the original Banksia understorey, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstorey of the resistant marri ( Corymbia calophylla ), and an understorey of the somewhat resistant Banksia sessilis (parrot bush). A number of species of Banksia are threatened by dieback. Nearly every known wild population of B. brownii shows some signs of dieback infection, which could possibly wipe it out within years. Other vulnerable species include B. cuneata , and B. verticillata . Dieback

3657-401: The name Josephia before Brown published his paper with the description of Dryandra . Brown ignored Knight's name, as did subsequent botanists. In 1891, Otto Kuntze , strictly applying the principle of priority , argued that Pimelea should revert to the name Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst. He proposed the new genus Sirmuellera to replaced Banksia L.f. and transferred its species to

3726-509: The new genus. This arrangement was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries. Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Banksia belongs to the family Proteaceae , subfamily Grevilleoideae , and tribe Banksieae . There are around 170 species. The closest relatives of Banksia are two genera of rainforest trees in North Queensland ( Musgravea and Austromuellera ). Alex George arranged

3795-473: The presence of regular bushfires in the Australian landscape. About half of Banksia species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground. The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either by resprouting from a woody base known as a lignotuber or, more rarely, epicormic buds protected by thick bark. In Western Australia , banksias of

3864-691: The region of suitable rainfall, with greatest speciation in cooler, wetter areas. Hotter, drier regions around the edges of its range tend to have fewer species with larger distributions. The greatest species richness occurs in association with uplands, especially the Stirling Range. There are many fossils of Banksia . The oldest of these are fossil pollen between 65 and 59 million years old. There are fossil leaves between 59 and 56 million years old found in southern New South Wales. The oldest fossil cones are between 47.8 and 41.2 million years old, found in Western Australia. Although Banksia

3933-643: The region, and some clearfelling . There has also previously been some bauxite mining in the area, but this has now ceased, and the mining areas are at least partially reforested. Dams have also been constructed in high-rainfall forest areas. The most important land uses for the region are now biodiversity conservation and tourism. More than half of the remaining vegetation is now in protected areas , including Shannon National Park , D'Entrecasteaux National Park , Mount Frankland National Park , Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park and Walpole-Nornalup National Park . These contain numerous tourist attractions, most notably

4002-435: The remaining species in this genus are only shrubs. Banksias are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of nectar they produce attracts birds and small mammals . Popular garden species include B. spinulosa , B. ericifolia , B. aemula (Wallum Banksia ), B. serrata (Saw Banksia), Banksia media (Southern Plains Banksia) and

4071-407: The rest of southwest Australia, in contrast to comparable forest of the south east, there is a low diversity of bird species. Endemism is similarly low, as most South West bird species are habitat generalists with wide distributions. Exceptions include the red-eared firetail ( Stagonopleura oculata ) and the white-breasted robin ( Eopsaltria georgiana ), both of which occur only in the karri forest;

4140-427: The right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil). They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years. If fertilised, only slow-release, low- phosphorus fertilizer should be used, as the proteoid roots may be damaged by high nutrient levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning. Within the Australian horticultural community there

4209-441: The soil. The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1– 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 centimetre long needle-like leaves of B. ericifolia (heath-leaved banksia), to the very large leaves of B. grandis (bull banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as B. integrifolia , do not. Leaves are usually arranged along

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4278-428: The squirrel-like brush-tailed phascogale ( Phascogale tapoatafa ), quokka ( Setonix brachyurus ), yellow-footed antechinus ( Antechinus flavipes leucogaster ), southern brown bandicoot ( Isoodon obesulus ), and woylie ( Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ). The first four of these are endangered species and numbers of many of the indigenous marsupials have declined as their habitats are removed and altered. As with

4347-453: The suture. In some species, each valve splits too. In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by bushfire . Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground. Specimens of Banksia were first collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander , naturalists on

4416-519: The western district of Victoria used the spent flower cones to strain water by placing the cones in their mouths and using them like a straw. Banksia trees are a reliable source of insect larvae which are extracted as food. A number of field guides and other semi-technical books on the genus have been published. These include: Perhaps the best known cultural reference to Banksia is the "big bad Banksia men" of May Gibbs ' children's book Snugglepot and Cuddlepie . Gibb's "Banksia men" are modelled on

4485-483: The white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most cases, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape. Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in Banksia marginata and B. ericifolia (pictured right) . As the flower spikes or heads age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over

4554-399: The world value Banksia pods for making ornamental objects. The Indigenous people of south-western Australia would suck on the flower spikes to obtain the nectar, they also soaked the flower spikes in water to make a sweet drink. The Noongar people of southwest Western Australia also used infusions of the flower spikes to relieve coughs and sore throats. The Girai wurrung peoples of

4623-460: Was calculated as 13.2% in 2002, although Beard gave a much larger figure of 31% in 1984. The remaining land is considered to be native vegetation, but this need not be pristine; a substantial proportion of the remaining native vegetation has been degraded by selective logging and other human activities. Historically, logging was the primary land use in the region, and this remains a significant industry. There has been substantial selective logging in

4692-515: Was finally described and named by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his April 1782 publication Supplementum Plantarum ; hence the full name for the genus is " Banksia L.f.". Linnaeus placed the genus in class Tetrandra , order Monogynia of his father's classification, and named it in honour of Banks. The name Banksia had in fact already been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst , referring to some New Zealand species that

4761-648: Was resurrected in Charles Gardner 's regionalisations of the 1940s and 1950s. In 1980, John Stanley Beard published a phytogeographical regionalisation of the state based on data from the Vegetation Survey of Western Australia . This new regionalisation included a "Warren Botanical District" that is essentially identical with the present-day Warren. By 1984, Beard's phytogeographic regions were being presented more generally as "natural regions", and as such were given more widely recognisable names. Thus

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