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90-597: Washington Conference may refer to: Washington Peace Conference , a meeting of representatives of all states still in the Union in an attempt to avert the American Civil War, 1861. Washington Naval Conference , a meeting between representatives of nine nations with interests in the Pacific; November 1921 and February 1922. U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) ,

180-500: A new state constitution in 1864 that prohibited slavery, thus emancipating all remaining slaves in the state. Kentucky was critical to Union victory in the Civil War. Lincoln once said: I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including

270-663: A Unionist from Tennessee who would later change sides, summed up the feelings of many shortly before Congress adjourned: Border States (American Civil War) In the American Civil War (1861–65), the border states or the Border South were four, later five, slave states in the Upper South that primarily supported the Union . They were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri , and after 1863,

360-523: A call for troops, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina promptly seceded and joined the Confederacy. A separatist movement began in western Virginia, where most farmers were yeomen and not slaveholders, to break away and remain in the Union. Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri of the Border South, which had many areas with much stronger cultural, geographic, and economic ties to the South than

450-576: A circuit judge, ruled on June 4, 1861, in Ex parte Merryman that Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional, but the president ignored the ruling in order to meet a national emergency. On September 17, 1861, the day the legislature reconvened, federal troops arrested without charge 27 state legislators (one-third of the Maryland General Assembly). They were held temporarily at Fort McHenry , and later released when Maryland

540-551: A few fruitless hours, Lyon declared, "this means war!" Price and Jackson rapidly departed for the capital. Jackson, Price, and the pro-Confederate portions of the state legislature were forced to flee the state capital of Jefferson City on June 14, 1861, in the face of Lyon's rapid advance against the state government. In the absence of most of the now exiled state government, the Missouri Constitutional Convention reconvened in late July. On July 30,

630-461: A fifth of the population in all five border states, specifically Kentucky (19.5%), Maryland (12.7%), Missouri (9.7%), West Virginia (4.9%), and Delaware (1.6%). Some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders for transport to the markets of the Deep South , where the demand was still high for field hands on cotton plantations. In contrast to the near-unanimity of voters in

720-417: A hair-trigger temper. The Union response was to suppress the guerrillas. It achieved that in western Missouri, as Brigadier General Thomas Ewing issued General Order No. 11 on 25 August 1863 in response to Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, Kansas. The order forced the total evacuation of four counties that fall within the area of modern-day Kansas City, Missouri . These had been centers of local support for

810-527: A loyalist "restored" state government of Virginia . Lincoln recognized this government and allowed them to divide the state. Kentucky and Missouri had adopted secession ordinances by their pro-Confederate governments (see Confederate government of Kentucky and Confederate government of Missouri ), but the two states were never fully or officially under Confederate control, though at various points Confederate armies did enter those states and both states' Confederate governments controlled certain parts of them, with

900-423: A majority of both the slave states and the free states, a prohibition on Congress passing any legislation that would affect the status of slavery where it currently existed, a prohibition on state legislatures from passing laws that would restrict the ability of officials to apprehend and return fugitive slaves, a permanent prohibition on the foreign slave trade, and 100% compensation to any master whose fugitive slave

990-585: A meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill in June 1942 that prioritised North African landings. Third Washington Conference (code named TRIDENT), a meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill in May 1943 to plan the Italian Campaign, the extent of military force, a date for invading Europe, and the war in Pacific. See also [ edit ] List of Allied World War II conferences Topics referred to by

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1080-717: A national referendum. Still, the Senate rejected it on January 16 by a 25–23. A modified version of the Crittenden Plan, believed to be more attractive to Republicans, was considered by an ad hoc committee of 14 congressmen from the lower North and the upper South, meeting several times between December 28 and January 4. The committee was chaired again by Crittenden and included other Southern Unionists such as Representatives John A. Gilmer of North Carolina , Robert H. Hatton of Tennessee , J. Morrison Harris of Maryland , and John T. Harris of Virginia. The House rejected

1170-925: A new government in Montgomery, Alabama , and did not attend the peace conference, not believing it would accomplish anything significant. At the same time that Tyler, selected to head the convention, was making his opening remarks in Washington, his granddaughter was ceremonially hoisting the flag for the Confederate convention in Montgomery. No delegates were sent by the Deep South states or by Arkansas , Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , California , or Oregon . Fourteen free states and seven slave states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) were represented. Among

1260-565: A permanent Congress. However, as Union occupation dominated the state after the failure of the Confederate Heartland Offensive to take Kentucky firmly from August to October 1862, the Kentucky Confederate government, as of 1863, existed only on paper. Its representation in the permanent Confederate Congress was minimal. It was dissolved when the Civil War ended in the spring of 1865. By the end of

1350-424: A series of secret discussions of American, British and Canadian (ABC) military coordination in the event of U.S. entry into World War II from January 29 to March 27, 1941 First Washington Conference (code named ARCADIA), a meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill from December 1941, to January 1942, to agree on war strategy. Second Washington Conference ,

1440-533: A string of victories in Cole Camp , Carthage , Wilson's Creek , Dry Wood Creek , Liberty and going up as far north as Lexington (located in the Missouri River Valley region of western Missouri), the secessionist forces retreated to southwestern Missouri, as they were under pressure from Union reinforcements. On October 30, 1861, in the town of Neosho , Jackson called the supporting parts of

1530-641: A version of their work on January 7. In the House, on January 14, the Committee of Thirty-Three reported that it had reached a majority agreement on a constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed and the immediate admission of New Mexico Territory as a slave state. This latter proposal would result in a de facto extension of the Missouri Compromise line for all existing territories. A fourth attempt came from Virginia, one of

1620-440: Is 34,677 to 19,121 against secession, with 24 of the 50 counties favoring secession and 26 favoring the Union. The Second Wheeling Convention opened on June 11 with more than 100 delegates from 32 western counties; they represented nearly one-third of Virginia's total voting population. It announced that state offices were vacant and chose Francis H. Pierpont as governor of Virginia (not West Virginia) on June 20. Pierpont headed

1710-435: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Washington Peace Conference Before the 1860 election, Republicans were excitedly predicting the end of slavery even in the south. Republican President Abraham Lincoln 's election in 1860 led many in the South to conclude that now was the time for their long-discussed secession. Many pro-slavery southerners, especially in

1800-480: The Corwin Amendment , a less-encompassing constitutional amendment, which Congress passed. The proposed amendment protected slavery where it currently existed, which Lincoln and most members of both parties already believed was a state right protected by the existing US Constitution. A bill for New Mexico statehood was tabled by a vote of 115–71, with opposition from Southern Democrats and Republicans. With

1890-552: The Crittenden Compromise . The key issue, slavery in the territories, was addressed simply by extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean, with no provision for newly acquired territory. That section passed by a 9–8 vote of the states, each with one vote. Other features of the proposed constitutional amendment were the requirement for the acquisition of all future territories to be approved by

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1980-407: The Deep South states out of the Union. Tyler thought a final collective effort should be made to preserve the Union. In a document published on January 17, 1861, he called for a convention of the six free and six slave border states to resolve the sectional split. Governor John Letcher of Virginia had already made a similar request to the state legislature. He agreed to sponsor the convention while

2070-548: The Jim Crow system of legal segregation and second-class citizenship for blacks. However, in contrast to the Confederate States, where almost all blacks were disenfranchised during the first half to two-thirds of the twentieth century , for varying reasons blacks remained enfranchised in the border states despite movements for disfranchisement during the 1900s. In the border south states whose plantation economy

2160-561: The Missouri Compromise line dividing the territories to the Pacific Ocean , bringing his efforts directly in conflict with the 1860 Republican Platform and the personal views of President-elect Abraham Lincoln , who had made known his objections. The committee rejected the compromise on December 22 by a 7–6 vote. Crittenden later brought the issue to the floor of the Senate as a proposal to make his compromise subject to

2250-733: The Restored Government of Virginia , which granted permission for the formation of a new state on August 20, 1861. The new West Virginia state constitution was passed by the Unionist counties in the spring of 1862, and this was approved by the restored Virginia government in May 1862. The statehood bill for West Virginia was passed by the United States Congress in December and signed by President Lincoln on December 31, 1862. The ultimate decision about West Virginia

2340-613: The 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. Kentucky, along with Missouri, was a state with representatives in both Congresses and had regiments in both the Union and the Confederate Armies. Magoffin, still functioning as official governor in Frankfort , would not recognize the Kentucky Confederates or their attempts to establish a government in his state. He continued to declare Kentucky's official status in

2430-463: The Confederacy controlling more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war. Besides combat between regular armies, the border region saw large-scale guerrilla warfare and numerous violent raids, feuds, and assassinations. Violence was especially severe in West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and western Missouri. The single bloodiest episode of guerrilla warfare

2520-569: The Confederacy, East Tennessee in contrast was strongly pro-Union and had mostly voted against secession. The state even went as far as sending delegates for the East Tennessee Convention attempting to secede from the Confederacy and join the Union; however, the Confederate legislature of Tennessee rejected the convention and blocked its secession attempt. Jefferson Davis arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to

2610-421: The Confederacy. While the number of Marylanders in Confederate service is often reported as 20,000–25,000 based on an oral statement of General Cooper to General Trimble, other contemporary reports refute this number and offer more detailed estimates in the range of 3,500 (Livermore) to just under 4,700 (McKim). West Virginia was unique among the Union leaning states in that it did not give most of its soldiers to

2700-530: The Confederate forces, requesting the governor to call out the militia, and appointing Union General Thomas L. Crittenden in command of Kentucky forces, incensed the Southerners. Magoffin vetoed the resolutions but was overridden each time. In 1862, the legislature passed an act to disenfranchise citizens who enlisted in the Confederate Army and so Kentucky's neutral status evolved into backing

2790-486: The Lower South, were convinced that the new Republican government was determined to abolish slavery where it already existed. In much of the South, elections were held to select delegates to special conventions to consider secession from the Union. In Congress, efforts were made in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to compromise over the issues relating to slavery dividing the nation. In December 1860,

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2880-657: The North and South, the border states were critical to the outcome of the war. They are still considered to delineate the cultural border between the North and South, with the Ohio River being an important boundary between them. President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate President Jefferson Davis were both born in the border southern state of Kentucky, with Lincoln residing in Illinois and Davis residing in Mississippi on

2970-519: The North than on cotton. Their main concern in 1861 was federal coercion; some residents viewed Lincoln's call to arms as a repudiation of the American traditions of states' rights, democracy, liberty, and a republican form of government. Secessionists insisted that Washington had usurped illegitimate powers in defiance of the Constitution, and thereby had lost its legitimacy. After Lincoln issued

3060-434: The North, were deeply divided; Kentucky tried to maintain neutrality, but eventually became split between a Unionist and Confederate state governments and bitterly divided area of warfare, falling under Union occupation after 1862. Union military forces were used to guarantee that these states remained in the Union. The western counties of Virginia rejected secession, set up a loyal government of Virginia (with representation in

3150-628: The Tennessee line. Confederate Governor Johnson fled Bowling Green with the Confederate state records, headed south, and joined Confederate forces in Tennessee. After Johnson was killed fighting in the Battle of Shiloh , Richard Hawes was soon named Confederate governor of Kentucky. Shortly afterwards, and the Provisional Confederate States Congress was adjourned on February 17, 1862, on the eve of inauguration of

3240-401: The U.S. Congress), and created the new state of West Virginia (although it included many counties which had voted for secession). Though every slave state except South Carolina contributed white battalions to both the Union and Confederate armies (South Carolina Unionists fought in units from other Union states), the split was most severe in these border southern states. Sometimes men from

3330-402: The U.S. Constitution in December 1865, without Kentucky's support. After the secession of Southern states began, the newly elected governor of Missouri, Claiborne F. Jackson , called upon the legislature to authorize a state constitutional convention on secession. A special election approved of the convention, and delegates to it. This Missouri Constitutional Convention voted to remain within

3420-462: The Union army, however, Magoffin, who was a Southern sympathizer, countered, "Kentucky had no troops to furnish for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States." The Kentucky legislature did not vote on any bill to secede but passed two resolutions of neutrality, issuing a neutrality proclamation May 20, 1861, asking both sides to keep out of the state. In elections on June 20 and August 5, 1861, Unionists won enough additional seats in

3510-762: The Union, but rejected coercion of the Southern states by the United States. Jackson, who was pro-Confederate, was disappointed with the outcome. He called up the state militia to their districts for annual training. Jackson had designs on the St. Louis Arsenal , and had been in secret correspondence with Confederate President Jefferson Davis to obtain artillery for the militia in St. Louis. Aware of these developments, Union Captain Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling

3600-486: The Union, they were about equally divided, and it was the only state to contain many counties that had formally voted to secede from the Union. Kentucky and Missouri had both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments. West Virginia was formed in 1862–63 after Virginia Unionists from the northwestern counties of the state, then occupied by the Union Army consisting of many newly formed West Virginia regiments, had set up

3690-460: The Union. Maryland's wish for neutrality within the Union was a major obstacle given Lincoln's desire to force the South back into the Union militarily. To protect the national capital, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and imprisoned without charges or trials, including one sitting U.S. congressman , as well as the mayor , police chief , and the entire Board of Police and city council of Baltimore . Chief Justice Roger Taney , acting only as

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3780-514: The Union. Most of those who had originally sought neutrality turned to the Union cause. During the war, a faction known as the Russellville Convention formed a Confederate government of Kentucky , which was recognized by the Confederate States as a member state. Kentucky was represented by the central star on the Confederate battle flag . When Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston occupied Bowling Green, Kentucky , in

3870-469: The Upper South, in contrast to the Deep South . A new border state was created during the war, West Virginia , which was formed from 50 counties of Virginia and became a new slave state in the Union in 1863 (with, initially, gradual abolition law). Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states, because they were not in rebellion. Of the states that were exempted from

3960-417: The adjournment of Congress and the inauguration of Lincoln as president, the only avenue for compromise involved informal negotiations between Unionist Southerners and representatives of the incoming Republican government, and Congress was no longer a factor. A final convention of only the slave states in the Union scheduled for June 1861 never occurred because of the events at Fort Sumter . Robert H. Hatton ,

4050-596: The camp and forcing the state militia to surrender. While his troops were marching the prisoners to the arsenal, a deadly riot erupted (the Camp Jackson Affair ). These events resulted in greater Confederate support within the state among some factions. The already pro-Southern Missouri State Legislature passed the governor's military bill creating the Missouri State Guard . Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price , who had been president of

4140-533: The convention declared the state offices vacant, and appointed a new provisional government with Hamilton Gamble as governor. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized the legitimacy of Gamble's government, which provided both pro-Union militia forces for service within the state, and volunteer regiments for the Union Army. Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from Arkansas and Texas , under General Ben McCulloch . After

4230-550: The convention, as major general of this reformed militia. Price, and Union district commander Harney, came to an agreement known as the Price–Harney Truce , which calmed tensions in the state for several weeks. After Harney was removed, and Lyon placed in charge, a meeting was held in St. Louis at the Planters' House among Lyon, his political ally Francis P. Blair Jr. , Price, and Jackson. The negotiations went nowhere. After

4320-632: The end of the war in 1865, nearly 110,000 Missourians had served in the Union Army and at least 30,000 in the Confederate Army . Some 50,000 citizens of Maryland signed up for the military, with most joining the United States Army . Approximately a tenth as many enlisted to "go South" and fight for the Confederacy . It has been estimated that, of the state's 1860 population of 687,000, about 4,000 Marylanders traveled south to fight for

4410-467: The end of the war. The unique conditions attendant to the creation of the state led the Federal government to sometimes regard West Virginia as differing from the other border states in the post-war and Reconstruction Era . The terms of surrender granted to the Confederate army at Appomattox applied to the soldiers of the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia only. Returning Confederate soldiers from

4500-418: The eve of the Civil War. Reconstruction , as directed by Congress, did not apply to the border states because they never seceded. They did undergo their own process of readjustment and political realignment after passage of amendments abolishing slavery and granting citizenship and the right to vote to freedmen. After 1880 most of these jurisdictions were dominated by white Democrats, who passed laws to impose

4590-518: The exiled state legislature into session, where they enacted a secession ordinance . It was recognized by the Confederate Congress, and Missouri was admitted into the Confederacy on November 28. The exiled state government was forced to withdraw into Arkansas. For the rest of the war, it consisted of several wagonloads of civilian politicians attached to various Confederate armies. In 1865, it vanished. Missouri abolished slavery during

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4680-665: The fall 1864 elections on the basis of Union victories and Confederate ineptness. Quantrill's Raiders , after raiding Kansas in the Lawrence Massacre on August 21, 1863, killing 150 civilians, broke up in confusion. Quantrill and a handful of followers moved on to Kentucky, where he was ambushed and killed. The serious divisions between the western and eastern sections of Virginia had been simmering for decades, related to class and social differences. The western Appalachian areas were growing and were based on subsistence farms by yeomen; its residents held few slaves, as shown by

4770-572: The final session of the Thirty-sixth Congress met. In the House, the Committee of Thirty-Three , with one member from each state, led by Ohio Republican Thomas Corwin , was formed to reach a compromise to preserve the Union. In the Senate, former Kentucky Whig John J. Crittenden , elected as a Unionist candidate, submitted the Crittenden Compromise , six proposed constitutional amendments and four resolutions that would guarantee

4860-465: The first map. The planters of the eastern section were wealthy slaveholders who dominated state government. By December 1860 secession was being publicly debated throughout Virginia. Leading eastern spokesmen called for secession, while westerners warned they would not be legislated into treason . A statewide convention first met on February 13; after the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call to arms, it voted for secession on April 17, 1861. The decision

4950-631: The grounds that the Confederacy voided the original pledge by entering Kentucky first. The General Assembly soon ordered for the Union flag be raised over the state capitol in Frankfort and declared its allegiance with the Union. Southern sympathizers were outraged at the legislature's decisions and stated that Polk's troops in Kentucky had been en route to counter Grant's forces. Later legislative resolutions passed by Unionists, such as inviting Union General Robert Anderson to enroll volunteers to expel

5040-454: The guerrillas, but was nearly trapped, escaping to Arkansas with only half his force after a decisive Union victory at the Battle of Westport . The battle, which took place in the modern-day Westport neighborhood of Kansas City, is identified as the "Gettysburg of the West"; it marked a definitive end to organized Confederate incursions inside Missouri's borders. The Republicans made major gains in

5130-679: The guerrillas. Lincoln approved Ewing's plan beforehand. About 20,000 civilians (chiefly women, children, and old men) had to leave their homes. Many never returned, and the counties were economically devastated for years. According to Glatthaar (2001), Union forces established "free-fire zones". Union cavalry units would identify and track down scattered Confederate remnants, who had no places to hide and no secret supply bases. To gain recruits, and to threaten St. Louis, Confederate General Sterling Price raided Missouri with 12,000 men in September/October 1864. Price coordinated his moves with

5220-413: The legislature to overcome any veto by the governor. After the elections, the strongest supporters of neutrality were the Southern sympathizers. While both sides had already been openly enlisting troops from the state, after the elections the Union army established recruitment camps within Kentucky. Kentuckian neutrality was broken when Confederate General Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, Kentucky , in

5310-488: The list of attendees to all states was expanded. Corwin agreed to hold off any final vote on his House plan pending the final actions of the peace conference. The conference convened on February 4, 1861, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C.; all seven Deep South states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) had already passed ordinances of secession, were preparing to form

5400-505: The meeting was frequently referred to derisively as the Old Gentleman's Convention . On February 6, a committee was formed, charged with drafting a proposal for the entire convention to consider. The committee consisted of one representative from each state and was headed by James Guthrie of Kentucky. The convention met for three weeks, and its final product was a proposed seven-point constitutional amendment that differed little from

5490-406: The new state of West Virginia . To their north they bordered free states of the Union, and all but Delaware bordered slave states of the Confederacy to their south. Of the 34 U.S. states in 1861, nineteen were free states and fifteen were slave including the four border states; each of the latter held a comparatively low percentage of slaves. Delaware never declared for secession. Maryland

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5580-502: The only member of the state's congressional delegation not to resign his seat, did participate in the conference. Many of the delegates came in the belief that they could be successful, but many others, from both sides of the spectrum, came simply as "watchdogs" for their sectional interests. The 131 delegates included "six former cabinet members, nineteen ex-governors, fourteen former senators, fifty former representatives, twelve state supreme court justices, and one former president", and

5670-549: The other border states were required to obtain special permits from the War Department. Similarly, the Southern Claims Commission was originally designed to apply only to the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia, though claims from other states were sometimes honored. Though Tennessee had officially seceded and West Tennessee and Middle Tennessee had voted overwhelmingly in favor of joining

5760-443: The permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and that Crittenden hoped would address all the outstanding issues. Hopes were high, especially in the border states , that the lame duck Congress could reach a successful resolution before the new Republican administration took office. Crittenden's proposals were debated by a specially selected Committee of Thirteen. The proposals provided for, among other things, an extension of

5850-538: The proclamation, Maryland (1864), Missouri and Tennessee (January 1865), and West Virginia (February 1865) abolished slavery before the war ended. However, Delaware and Kentucky, while they saw a substantial reduction in slavery, did not see the abolition of slavery until December 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified. With these border southern states of the Upper South having geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both

5940-548: The representatives to the conference were James A. Seddon and William Cabell Rives from Virginia, David Wilmot from Pennsylvania, Francis Granger from New York, Reverdy Johnson from Maryland, William P. Fessenden and Lot M. Morrill from Maine , James Guthrie and William O. Butler from Kentucky, David S. Reid from North Carolina , Stephen T. Logan from Illinois , Alvan Cullom from Tennessee , and Thomas Ewing and Salmon P. Chase from Ohio. Although Louisiana did not send delegates, Rep. John Edward Bouligny ,

6030-472: The same family fought on opposite sides. About 170,000 border state men (including African Americans) fought in the Union Army and 86,000 in the Confederate Army. Approximately 35,000–40,000 Kentuckians served as Confederate soldiers, while an estimated 80,000–125,000 Kentuckians served as Union soldiers, including over 20,000 freed or runaway Kentucky slaves and soldiers subject to Union drafts. By

6120-439: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Washington Conference . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Conference&oldid=1248702067 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

6210-493: The seven cotton states in the lower South, which held the highest number of slaves, the border slave states of the upland South were bitterly divided about secession and were not eager to leave the Union. Border Unionists hoped that a compromise would be reached, and they assumed that Lincoln would not send troops to attack the South. Border secessionists paid less attention to the slavery issue in 1861, since their states' economies were based more on tobacco plantations, and trade with

6300-471: The slave states that had not yet seceded. Former President John Tyler , now a private citizen of Virginia who was still interested in the fate of the nation, had been appointed as a special Virginia envoy to President James Buchanan to urge him to maintain the status quo regarding the seceded states. Later, Tyler was an elected delegate to the Virginia convention called to consider whether or not to follow

6390-498: The summer of 1861, the pro-Confederates in western and central Kentucky moved to establish a Confederate state government in that area. The Russellville Convention met in Logan County on November 18, 1861. The 116 delegates from 68 counties elected to depose the current government and create a provisional government loyal to Kentucky's new unofficial Confederate governor, George W. Johnson . On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became

6480-474: The summer of 1861. In response, the Kentucky legislature passed a resolution on September 7 that directed the governor to demand the evacuation of the Confederate forces from Kentucky soil. Magoffin vetoed the proclamation, but the legislature overrode his veto, and Magoffin issued the proclamation. The legislature decided to back General Ulysses S. Grant and his Union troops stationed in Paducah, Kentucky , on

6570-489: The surrender of this capitol [Washington, which was surrounded by slave states: Confederate Virginia and Union-controlled Maryland]. Lincoln reportedly also declared, "I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky." Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin proposed that slave states such as Kentucky should conform to the US Constitution and remain in the Union. When Lincoln requested 1,000,000 men to serve in

6660-475: The territories, the compromise failed to address the issue that had divided the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions in the 1860 presidential elections. The convention's work was completed with only a few days left in the final session of Congress. The proposal was rejected in the Senate in a 28–7 vote and never came to a vote in the House. The Committee of Thirty-Three finally submitted

6750-483: The violence. Small-unit tactics pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers were used in occupied portions of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The James' brothers outlawry after the war has been seen as a continuation of guerrilla warfare. Stiles (2002) argues that Jesse James was an intensely political postwar neo-Confederate terrorist, rather than a social bandit or a plain bank robber with

6840-526: The war as a neutral state even though the legislature backed the Union. Fed up with the party divisions within the population and legislature, Magoffin announced a special session of the legislature and resigned his office in 1862. Bowling Green as the Confederate state capital of Kentucky, along with half of Kentucky itself, was controlled and administered by the Confederates until February 1862, when General Grant moved from Missouri through Kentucky along

6930-509: The war in January 1865. Regular Confederate troops staged several large-scale raids into Missouri, but most of the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted of guerrilla warfare . The guerrillas were primarily Southern partisans, including William Quantrill , Frank and Jesse James , the Younger brothers , and William T. Anderson , and many personal feuds were played out in

7020-607: The war more than 70% of the pre-war slaves in Kentucky had been freed by Union military measures or escape to Union lines. After the Emancipation Proclamation made the enrollment and freeing of slaves Union Army policy, commanders extended freedom to the Army recruit's entire family and granted liberty passes to freed slaves. When the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

7110-531: The war. Current estimates of soldiers from West Virginia are 20,000-22,000 men each to the Union and the Confederacy. West Virginia was required as part of its admission as a state in 1863 to have a gradual emancipation clause in the new state's constitution. Children were born free or as they came of age, and no new slaves could be brought into the state. About 6,000 would remain enslaved. West Virginia later completely abolished slavery in February 1865, before

7200-472: Was almost fully integrated into the Northern economy. Slavery was rare, except in the southern districts of the state; less than two percent of the state's population was enslaved. Both houses of the state General Assembly rejected secession overwhelmingly; the House of Representatives was unanimous. There was quiet sympathy for the Confederacy by some state leaders, but it was tempered by distance; Delaware

7290-580: Was based around tobacco and hemp, slavery was already dying out in certain urban areas and the regions without cotton, especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing, such as Baltimore and St. Louis . By 1860, more than half of the African Americans in Delaware were free, as were a high proportion in Maryland. According to the 1860 United States census , slaves comprised less than

7380-495: Was dependent on ratification by a statewide referendum. Western leaders held mass rallies and prepared to separate, so that this area could remain in the Union. Unionists met at the Wheeling Convention with four hundred delegates from twenty-seven counties. The statewide vote in favor of secession was 132,201 to 37,451. An estimated vote on Virginia's ordinance of secession for the 50 counties that became West Virginia

7470-409: Was entirely bordered by Union territory. Historian John Munroe concluded that the average citizen of Delaware opposed secession and was "strongly Unionist" but hoped for a peaceful solution even if it meant Confederate independence. Union troops had to go through Maryland to reach the national capital at Washington, D.C. If Maryland joined the Confederacy, Washington would have been surrounded. There

7560-467: Was freed by illegal mob action or intimidation of officials required to administer the Fugitive Slave Act . Key sections of this amendment could be further amended only with the unanimous concurrence of all states. Since it did not pledge to limit the expansion of slavery in new territories, the compromise failed to satisfy most Republicans. In not committing to permit and protect slavery in

7650-402: Was largely prevented from seceding by local unionists and federal troops. Two others, Kentucky and Missouri , saw rival governments, though their territory mostly stayed in Union control after 1862. Four others did not declare for secession until after the Battle of Fort Sumter and were briefly considered border states: Arkansas , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . They are called

7740-474: Was made by the armies in the field. The Confederates were defeated, the Union was triumphant, so West Virginia was born. In late spring 1861 Union troops from Ohio moved into western Virginia with the primary strategic goal of protecting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . General George B. McClellan destroyed Confederate defenses in western Virginia. Raids and recruitment by the Confederacy took place throughout

7830-701: Was popular support for the Confederacy in Baltimore as well as in Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore , where there were numerous slaveholders and slaves. Baltimore was strongly tied to the cotton trade and related businesses of the South. The Maryland Legislature rejected secession in the spring of 1861, though it refused to reopen rail links with the North. It requested that Union troops be removed from Maryland. The state legislature did not want to secede, but it also did not want to aid in killing southern neighbors in order to force them back into

7920-430: Was secured for the Union. Because a large part of the legislature was now imprisoned, the session was canceled and representatives did not consider any additional anti-war measures. The song " Maryland, My Maryland " was written to attack Lincoln's action in blocking pro-Confederate elements. Maryland contributed troops to both the Union (60,000) and the Confederate (25,000) armies. During the war, Maryland narrowly adopted

8010-421: Was sent to the states for ratification in February 1865, Kentucky's governor in presenting it to the legislature admitted that the continuation of slavery in the state was hopeless. While notices of slave sales continued, prices fell dramatically. But the legislature refused to ratify, leaving the last approximately 65,000 slaves out of a pre-war total 225,483 slaves to await freedom when the amendment became part of

8100-457: Was the 1863 Lawrence Massacre in Kansas , in which at least 150 civilian men and boys were killed. It was launched in retaliation for an earlier, smaller raid into Missouri by Union men from Kansas. Each of these five states shared a border with the free states and were aligned with the Union . All but Delaware also share borders with states that joined the Confederacy . By 1860, Delaware

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