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46-740: Early in his career as an ensign , Chambers distinguished himself as one of six officers attached to USS  Thetis under Captain Winfield Scott Schley , who led the four-ship Greely Relief Expedition in 1884 that located and rescued U.S. Army First Lieutenant Adolphus Greely and the six other survivors of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition five miles off Cape Sabine in Smith Sound , an uninhabited Arctic sea passage between Greenland and Canada 's northernmost island, Ellesmere on June 22, 1884. Over

92-783: A cadet midshipman to the US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland from New York's 13th congressional district . He completed the four year academic course in June 1876 when he was 20 years old and graduated as a Passed Midshipman, required to spend two years at sea before commissioning as an ensign. In November 1892, Chambers was sent to study and teach at the Naval War College . After graduating, he remained on staff until November 1893. On December 3, 1892, Chambers married Isabella Reynolds (1863–1945) at Kingston, NY. They had one child, Irving Reynolds Chambers (1893-1979), who

138-540: A company and in their absence, have their authority. "Ensign" is enseigne in French, and chorąży in Polish, each of which derives from a term for a flag. The Spanish alférez and Portuguese alferes is a junior officer rank below lieutenant associated with carrying the flag, and so is often translated as "ensign". Unlike the rank in other languages, its etymology has nothing to do with flags, but instead comes from

184-541: A formal finding that the project will produce public benefit. This procedure was established by the law on expropriation enacted on 7 July 1833, which extended an earlier law enacted in 1810. A number of historically important public inquiries have taken place in South Africa since the advent of full democracy in 1994. A number of which have looked into national scale events such as systematic human rights abuses during apartheid or wide scale corruption . In

230-435: A government, and tend to lose credibility when they find no fault on the part of the government. In France, any major project which requires the compulsory acquisition of private property must, before being approved, be the subject of a public inquiry (usually by the prefect of the region or department in which the project will take place); the favourable outcome of such an inquiry is a déclaration d'utilité publique ,

276-530: A group of petty officers and enlisted men in one of the ship's, squadrons, team's or other organization's branches and divisions (for example, engineering, navigation, communications, sensors or weapons aboard a warship, or similar functions in the operations, aircraft maintenance, administrative or safety/NATOPS departments in a flying squadron) while at the same time receiving on-the-job training in leadership, naval systems, programs, and policies from higher-ranking officers and from senior enlisted men and women in

322-611: A host of other specialties. Still others may become staff corps officers in the Supply Corps, Civil Engineering Corps, Nurse Corps, Medical Service Corps, or be law school students or medical or dental school students in the Judge Advocate General's Corps, Medical Corps or Dental Corps, respectively. While the Coast Guard does not categorize its officers as unrestricted line, restricted line or staff corps,

368-808: A letter from Nuku Hiva , the largest of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia , to Chambers, as the ship's commanding officer, commending him and his crew "for the courage and efficiency" displayed following the explosion that made Byrd "feel proud to be an American. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded." [REDACTED] United States Naval Academy Midshipman – Class of 1876 Ensign (rank) Ensign ( / ˈ ɛ n s ən / ; Late Middle English , from Old French enseigne ( transl.  mark, symbol, signal; flag, standard, pennant ), from Latin insignia (plural))

414-807: A savvy navigator of the Navy's labyrinthine bureaucracy, which put him in good stead to advocate for naval air against early skepticism and resistance. On January 8, 1914, he was detached from Bureau of Navigation, and to the Division of Operations, Navy Department, for special duty. During this period of service, recommendations to the Navy Department caused the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to be set up (1915) and Captain Chambers continued to serve under

460-492: A similar career sorting and training process also takes place, ranging from those in operational fields such as cuttermen aboard Coast Guard cutters, Naval Aviators in Coast Guard Aviation, specialists in maritime safety and inspections, and a host of other Coast Guard officer career fields. All ensigns will become branch officers or division officers in their first operational assignments, responsible for leading

506-472: A six to nine-month training track in a Fleet Replacement Squadron before being assigned to fly combat aircraft in a deployable Fleet aviation squadron. Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) Special Warfare Officers attend a 6-month Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) course followed by a 4-month SEAL Qualification Training (SQT) course before assignment to a SEAL Team. Finally, Special Operations Officers, primarily Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) / Diver officers will have

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552-528: A training track similar in length to that of SEAL officers, to include schools for EOD, SCUBA, hard hat diving, airborne (parachutists) and combat arms skills training before assignment to their first operational assignment. Restricted Line officers, depending on designator, may train, qualify and be assigned as naval intelligence officers, naval cryptographic officers, aircraft maintenance duty officers, meteorologists/oceanographers, information professionals, human resources professionals, public affairs officers, or

598-418: A warship for qualification as a SWO. Prospective Submarine Warfare Officers will attend Naval Nuclear Power School for 26 weeks, followed by Nuclear Power Training Unit (Prototype) for 24 weeks and Submarine Officer Basic Course for 12 weeks before reporting to their first submarine. Prospective Naval Aviators and Naval Flight Officers have a 12 to 18 month flight training track to earn their wings, followed by

644-408: Is a junior rank of a commissioned officer in the armed forces of some countries, normally in the infantry or navy . As the junior officer in an infantry regiment was traditionally the carrier of the regimental colours , the rank acquired the name. This rank has generally been replaced in army ranks by second lieutenant . Ensigns were generally the lowest-ranking commissioned officer, except where

690-510: Is an official review of events or actions ordered by a government body. In many common law countries, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and Canada, such an inquiry differs from a royal commission in that a public inquiry accepts evidence and conducts its hearings in a more public forum and focuses on a more specific occurrence. Interested members of the public and organisations may make (written) evidential submissions, as

736-794: Is the case with most inquiries, and also listen to oral evidence given by other parties. Typical events for a public inquiry are those that cause multiple deaths, such as public transport crashes or mass murders . In addition, in the UK, the Planning Inspectorate , an agency of the Department for Communities and Local Government , routinely holds public inquiries into a range of major and lesser land use developments, including highways and other transport proposals. Advocacy groups and opposition political parties are likely to ask for public inquiries for all manner of issues. The government of

782-519: The Ancien Régime in France, as in other countries, the ensign ( enseigne ) was the banner of an infantry regiment. As in other countries, the name began to be used for the officers who carried the ensign. It was renamed sub-lieutenant ( sous-lieutenant ) at the end of the 18th century. The Navy used a rank of ship-of-the-line ensign ( enseigne de vaisseau ), which was the first officer rank. It

828-578: The Arabic for "cavalier" or "knight". Fähnrich in German comes from an older German military title, Fahnenträger (flag bearer); however, it is an officer cadet rank, not a junior officer – the same applies to the Dutch vaandrig , which has a parallel etymology. The Finnish vänrikki is derived from the same Germanic root word through Swedish fänrik' , but denotes the lowest rank of reserve officer in

874-652: The Hasbrouck family . Chambers was named after the prominent 19th Century New York author Washington Irving , often called "the Father of American Literature", himself named after George Washington , the American Revolutionary War general and first President of the United States , who is historically regarded as "the Father of his Country." In June 1871, Washington Chambers was appointed

920-524: The Marine Corps , and the Air Force . Where a newly commissioned ensign is assigned in the Navy is dependent on status as either an unrestricted line, restricted line, or staff corps officer. For unrestricted line officers, depending on assignment to which warfare community , prospective Surface Warfare Officers (SWO) will spend 22 weeks at Surface Warfare Officer School followed by assignment to

966-643: The Royal Navy – whose uniforms, insignia, and traditions it inherited – created the ensign grade to equal the lowest commissioned RNZAF grade of pilot officer and the New Zealand Army grade of second lieutenant . It ranks above the grade of midshipman . Like the grade of pilot officer, it uses a single thin strip of braid. The fact that the Royal Navy has no real equivalent to the lowest commissioned Royal Air Force and British Army grades

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1012-738: The United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps . This rank is also used in the U.S. Maritime Service and the U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps . Ensign ranks below lieutenant junior grade , and it is equivalent to a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army ,

1058-594: The British Army (except fusilier and rifle regiments, and the Marines, which always used second lieutenant ). It was the duty of officers of this rank to carry the colours of the regiment . In the 16th century, "ensign" was corrupted into "ancient", and was used in the two senses of a banner and the bearer of the banner. Today, the term "ensign" is still used by the Foot Guards regiments, for instance during

1104-568: The Chief Petty Officer rates. Navy and Coast Guard ensigns wear collar insignia of a single gold bar and because of this share the nickname "butterbars" with Army, Air Force, Space Force, and Marine Corps second lieutenants, who wear the same insignia. In the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps – a uniformed service in the United States Public Health Service — those wearing

1150-732: The Finnish ground forces, and is distinct from cadet ranks. In the Swedish armed forces, fänrik is the lowest commissioned rank. In the German Landsknecht armies (c. 1480), the equivalent rank of cornet existed for those men who carried the troop standard (known as a "cornet"). It is still used in the artillery and cavalry units of the Netherlands ( kornet ). In the Royal Canadian Navy , as explained below,

1196-551: The United Kingdom, the term public inquiry, also known as a tribunal of inquiry, refers to either statutory or non-statutory inquiries that have been established either previously by the monarch or by government ministers of the United Kingdom , Scottish , Northern Irish and Welsh governments to investigate either specific, controversial events or policy proposals. Non-statutory public inquiries are often used in order to investigate controversial events of national concern,

1242-876: The advantage being that they are more flexible than the statutory inquiry as they do not need to follow the requirements of the Inquiries Act 2005 , The Inquiry Rules 2006 (UK, excluding Scotland) and The Inquiries (Scotland) Rules 2007. Statutory inquiries can be held as subject-specific public inquiries, however most are now held under the Inquiries Act 2005 which repealed the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 . Statutory public inquiries, unlike non-statutory inquiries, have legal powers to compel witnesses. This list excludes Public Local Inquiries (which encompasses Planning Inquiries, Compulsory Purchase Order Inquiries, Listed Building Inquiries etc.) In Hong Kong,

1288-471: The ceremony of trooping the colour . The equivalent cavalry rank was cornet , also being derived from the name of a banner. The rank of ensign was established in the U.S. Army by the act of September 29, 1789, (the first act of legislation after the adoption of the U.S. Constitution ); each of the eight companies in the Regiment of Infantry was authorized one captain, one lieutenant and one ensign. With

1334-558: The companies of infantry and were included in the authorized strength of companies of rifles; in addition, cornets were added to the companies of dragoons. The ranks of ensign and cornet were abolished in the United States Army in the Army Organization Act of 1815. In the United States Navy , the rank of ensign superseded passed midshipman in 1862. Ensign is the junior commissioned officer rank in

1380-446: The day typically only accedes to a fraction of these requests. The political decision whether to appoint a public inquiry into an event was found to be dependent on several factors. The first is the extent of media coverage of the event; those that receive more media interest are more likely to be inquired. Second, since the appointment of a public inquiry is typically made by government ministers, events that involve allegations of blame on

1426-559: The first Chief, William S. Benson , throughout the World War, and until relieved of active duty on November 8, 1919. Washington Irving Chambers was born in Kingston, New York in 1856, the only child of a boot maker, Jacob Chambers (1812-1882), and his wife, Margaret Ann (nee Ayres) (1817-1903), both native New Yorkers. Through his father, he was a descendant of Louis DuBois , a Huguenot settler who helped found New Paltz, New York and

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1472-412: The lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. Caused by ignition of gasoline fumes at the stern of the ship, the explosion threw some men overboard, while others were killed from concussion, burns, fractured skulls, and broken necks. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. The dead were buried at sea on October 8. On October 23, 1943, Byrd wrote

1518-546: The next twenty-five years, in shore duty that alternated with his sea duty, to include teaching at the Naval War College , the Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island, and Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance (1907-09), Chambers contributed to the design of torpedoes and the Navy's first all-big-gun battleships, cementing his reputation as one of the Navy's leading intellects and technology innovators, as well as

1564-488: The part of the relevant minister are less likely to be investigated by a public inquiry. Third, a public inquiry generally takes longer to report and costs more on account of its public nature. When a government refuses a public inquiry on some topic, it is usually on at least one of these grounds. The conclusions of the inquiry are delivered in the form of a written report, given first to the government, and soon after made public. Reports usually make recommendations to improve

1610-527: The passage of the act of April 30, 1790, the number of companies in the regiment of infantry was increased to 12 and each of the companies was authorized the same number of officers. The act of March 3, 1791 added a second regiment to the Army strength, doubling the total number of ensigns. With the organization of the Legion of the United States authorized by the act of March 5, 1792, ensigns were retained in

1656-444: The quality of government or management of public organisations in the future. A 2016 study found that the reports of public inquiries are not effective in changing public opinion regarding the event in question. Empirical studies do not find support for the claim that appointing a public inquiry leads to a decline in media attention to the inquired issue. Public inquiry reports appear to enjoy public trust only when they are critical of

1702-525: The rank of subaltern existed. In contrast, the Arab rank of ensign, لواء, liwa' , derives from the command of units with an ensign, not the carrier of such a unit's ensign, and is today the equivalent of a major general . In Thomas Venn's 1672 Military and Maritime Discipline in Three Books , the duties of ensigns are to include not only carrying the colour but assisting the captain and lieutenant of

1748-411: The rank of ensign are part of a commissioned officer student training, and extern program (COSTEP), either junior, for those with more than a year remaining of education in a commissionable degree (JRCOSTEP), or senior, for those within one year of graduating with a commissionable degree (SRCOSTEP). Some officers may hold a permanent rank of ensign based on their experience and education, but then can hold

1794-549: The ranks Enseigne de vaisseau de 1re classe and Enseigne de vaisseau de 2e classe are the French translation for Sub-Lieutenant and Acting Sub-Lieutenant, respectively. In the Canadian Army , Ensign (Enseigne) is the distinctive rank for Second-Lieutenant in the Guards Regiments. In Estonian Defence Forces the equivalent of “ensign” is lipnik . It is used mainly as a rank for reserve officers. During

1840-457: The temporary rank of lieutenant, junior grade. In the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps) – a uniformed service in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration — ensign is the most junior rank. All NOAA Corps officers become ensigns via direct commissions . Board of inquiry A public inquiry , also known as a tribunal of inquiry , government inquiry , or simply inquiry ,

1886-689: The water to assist some of his men who were struggling. Following a board of inquiry , he was cleared of any culpability for the accident, which claimed two sailors' lives. The submarine was refloated two weeks later, on October 13, and returned to service until its decommissioning 24-years later in October 1945. Promoted to captain in 1940, Irving Chambers's last sea command was the light cruiser USS  Concord  (CL-10) from July 13, 1942 to December 16, 1943. From August 27 to December 5, 1943, famed polar explorer and retired Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and his team embarked on Concord from Balboa ,

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1932-628: The western terminus of the Panama Canal , for a special mission to conduct a highly secret survey of 33 South Pacific islands to identify potential sites for refueling bases for military use and for post-World War II commercial flights. Byrd had been recalled to active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. King and on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943, took

1978-630: Was also a career naval officer. Following Captain Chambers's retirement from active duty in the Navy, he and his wife resided in Washington, D.C. At the time of his death on September 23, 1934, in Chillicothe, Ohio , he was returning by train to Washington from a trip to San Diego, California . He was survived by his wife and son. Both Chambers men and their wives are buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Irving Chambers

2024-436: Was briefly renamed ship-of-the-line sub-lieutenant ( sous-lieutenant de vaisseau ) in the end of the 18th century, but its original name was soon restored. Within many French speaking countries, the rank is still used in the naval forces. The ranks are usually split into a first and second class ( Enseigne de vaisseau de 1 classe and Enseigne de vaisseau de 2 classe respectively). The Royal New Zealand Navy , unlike

2070-546: Was given the nickname "Skipper" by his father and graduated from the Naval Academy in 1915. He served 31 years in the Navy, attaining the rank of captain. Irving Chambers qualified as a submarine officer, and as a lieutenant in 1921 commanding the submarine USS  R-6  (SS-83) , he was the last man off the boat when it sank at San Pedro Bay (California) due to a malfunctioning torpedo tube door on September 26 that year. Chambers, an excellent swimmer, remained in

2116-548: Was one of the driving factors behind the RNZN's decision to create the ensign grade. Another was that, at the time, New Zealand was actively involved with the United States Armed Forces, so it made sense to balance the rank system out with that used by the United States Navy . Until 1871, when it was replaced by second lieutenant , ensign was the lowest rank of commissioned officer in infantry regiments of

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