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56-576: In 1962 many trees fell due to the Columbus Day Storm of 1962 , Weyerhaeuser Steamship Company charter ships to take the surplus of lumber Japan. Ships are chartered to carry finished forest products to Australia (the first Weyerhaeuser transportation of finished products to a foreign market). In 1964 Weyerhaeuser Steamship Company expands with service to Australia , In 1967 charter "M" ships from Hoegh take lumber products to Europe. Weyerhaeuser Line headquarters moves to Tacoma in 1966. By 1969 all

112-499: A tropical cyclone , though its wind field was significantly larger. All-time record-low land-based pressures (up to 1962) included 969.2 hPa (28.62 inHg) at Astoria, 970.5 hPa (28.66 inHg) at Hoquiam, Washington , and 971.9 hPa (28.70 inHg) at North Bend, Oregon . The Astoria and Hoquiam records were broken by a major storm on December 12, 1995 (which measured 966.1 hPa (28.53 inHg) at Astoria); however, this event did not generate winds as intense as

168-451: A generator and power was cut off. The heavy-duty design of the radio towers on Portland's West Hills today, with extensive and robust guy cables, is a direct result of the lessons learned from the 1962 catastrophe. For northwest Oregon, the entire power distribution system had to be rebuilt from the ground up. Some locations did not have power restored for several weeks. This storm became a lasting memory for local power distributors. Indeed,

224-540: A minimum central pressure of 948 millibars (28.0 inHg). Freda maintained its intensity for another day, before beginning to gradually weaken, later on October 6. On October 9, Freda weakened into a tropical storm, before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on the next day. On October 11, Freda turned eastward and accelerated across the North Pacific, before striking the Pacific Northwest on

280-513: A mobile radar measured winds up to 135 m/s (490 km/h; 300 mph; 262 kn; 440 ft/s) during the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado in Oklahoma on 3 May, although another figure of 142 m/s (510 km/h; 320 mph; 276 kn; 470 ft/s) has also been quoted for the same tornado. Yet another number used by the Center for Severe Weather Research for that measurement

336-519: A number of high wind related studies appeared in the years after the storm in an attempt to assess the return frequency of such potentially damaging winds. The state capitol grounds at Salem, and the state's college campuses, resembled battlefields with heavy losses of trees. The Campbell Hall tower at Oregon College of Education (now Western Oregon University ) in Monmouth crashed to the ground, an event recorded by student photographer Wes Luchau in

392-435: A peak gust of 92 mph (148 km/h) was observed at Pearson Field . Many anemometers, official and unofficial, within the heavily stricken area of northwestern Oregon and southwest Washington were damaged or destroyed before winds attained maximum velocity. For example, the wind gauge atop the downtown Portland studios of KGW radio and TV recorded two gusts of 93 mph (150 km/h), just before flying debris knocked

448-670: A press release, the University announced that the methods used from measuring HD 189733b's wind speeds could be used to measure wind speeds on Earth-like exoplanets. An anemometer is one of the tools used to measure wind speed. A device consisting of a vertical pillar and three or four concave cups, the anemometer captures the horizontal movement of air particles (wind speed). Unlike traditional cup-and-vane anemometers, ultrasonic wind sensors have no moving parts and are therefore used to measure wind speed in applications that require maintenance-free performance, such as atop wind turbines. As

504-400: A small purpose-built cavity. Built into the cavity is an array of ultrasonic transducers , which are used to create the separate standing-wave patterns at ultrasonic frequencies. As wind passes through the cavity, a change in the wave's property occurs (phase shift). By measuring the amount of phase shift in the received signals by each transducer, and then by mathematically processing the data,

560-472: A tropical disturbance over the Northwest Pacific on September 28. On October 3, the system strengthened into a tropical storm and was given the name Freda , before becoming a typhoon later that day, while moving northeastward. The storm quickly intensified, reaching its peak as a Category 3 -equivalent typhoon on October 5, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and

616-426: A tropical storm about 500 miles (800 km) from Wake Island , over the central Pacific Ocean. Now named Freda , the system rapidly intensified as it proceeded northeastward over the open Pacific waters. On that afternoon, Freda intensified into a typhoon , with 1-minute sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). On October 4, the typhoon quickly intensified, reaching its peak of 115 mph (185 km/h) on

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672-422: A tropical storm on October 9, as it started experiencing the effects of cold air. Moving northeastward at a steady rate of 16 mph (26 km/h), the storm slowly underwent an extratropical transition, becoming extratropical operationally on the morning of October 10, still with winds of 45 mph (65 km/h). The system became an extratropical cyclone as it moved into colder waters and interacted with

728-431: Is 135 ± 9 m/s (486 ± 32 km/h; 302 ± 20 mph; 262 ± 17 kn; 443 ± 30 ft/s). However, speeds measured by Doppler weather radar are not considered official records. Wind speeds can be much higher on exoplanets . Scientists at the University of Warwick in 2015 determined that HD 189733b has winds of 2,400 m/s (8,600 km/h; 4,700 kn). In

784-512: Is joint venture between Weyerhaeuser and Jujo of Tokyo at Longview, British Columbia . In 1982 Weyerhaeuser Steamship Company's name is changed to Westwood Shipping Lines , the Lines also enters in to a joint venture with Hoegh, with transpacific container shipping. Weyerhaeuser sells its Westwood Shipping Lines to J-WeSco for $ 53 million. J-WesCo, is a subsidiary of Sumitomo Warehouse in Japan. At

840-402: Is now commonly measured with an anemometer . Wind speed affects weather forecasting , aviation and maritime operations, construction projects, growth and metabolism rates of many plant species, and countless other implications. Wind direction is usually almost parallel to isobars (and not perpendicular, as one might expect), due to Earth's rotation . The meter per second (m/s)

896-934: Is the SI unit for velocity and the unit recommended by the World Meteorological Organization for reporting wind speeds, and used amongst others in weather forecasts in the Nordic countries . Since 2010 the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) also recommends meters per second for reporting wind speed when approaching runways , replacing their former recommendation of using kilometers per hour (km/h). For historical reasons, other units such as miles per hour (mph), knots (kn), and feet per second (ft/s) are also sometimes used to measure wind speeds. Historically, wind speeds have also been classified using

952-598: The 1962 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees . The low moved northeastward, and then hooked straight north, as it neared southwest Oregon . The storm then raced nearly northward at an average speed of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), with the center situated just 50 miles (80 km) off the Pacific Coast . There was little central pressure change until

1008-479: The Beaufort scale , which is based on visual observations of specifically defined wind effects at sea or on land. Wind speed is affected by a number of factors and situations, operating on varying scales (from micro to macro scales). These include the pressure gradient , Rossby waves , jet streams , and local weather conditions. There are also links to be found between wind speed and wind direction , notably with

1064-610: The Naselle Radar Station in the Willapa Hills of southwest Washington , a wind gust of 160 mph (260 km/h) was observed. In Salem, Oregon , a wind gust of 90 mph (140 km/h) was observed. At Corvallis, Oregon , an inland location in the Willamette Valley , one-minute average winds reached 69 miles per hour (111 km/h), with a gust to 127 mph (204 km/h), before

1120-726: The Olympic Peninsula incurred the worst damage in the state, losing entire stands of trees. The Department of Commerce estimated damage in six western counties at more than $ 20 million. The storm weakened as it traveled north into British Columbia , with peak gusts measured at 90 miles per hour (140 km/h). Five people in British Columbia were killed in the storm, and the area suffered $ 80 million in damages. Stanley Park lost 3,000 trees. A Victoria resident described it as "Just general devastation everywhere you went. There were trees breaking off and flying across

1176-480: The Pacific Northwest and southwest Canada, and was linked to 46 fatalities in the northwest and Northern California resulting from heavy rains and mudslides. On the morning of September 28, a tropical disturbance formed south of Eniwetok Atoll . After moving westward and making a large bend around the island, the new system slowly gained strength, and on the morning of October 3, the system became

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1232-573: The big blow of 1962 , and originally in Canada as Typhoon Freda ) was a Pacific Northwest windstorm that struck the West Coast of Canada and the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States on October 12, 1962. Typhoon Freda was the twenty-eighth tropical depression, the twenty-third tropical storm, and the eighteenth typhoon of the 1962 Pacific typhoon season . Freda originated from

1288-514: The jet stream . However, post-season analysis concluded that the system continued weakening as it continued northeastward, crossing the 180th meridian later that afternoon, before completing the transition that evening. The extratropical low redeveloped intensely off the coast of Northern California , due to favorable upper-level conditions, producing record rainfall across the San Francisco Bay Area that delayed some games in

1344-527: The Bay area. Heavy rain forced Game 6 of the 1962 World Series at San Francisco's Candlestick Park to be postponed from its originally scheduled date of October 11 to Monday, October 15. In the Willamette Valley, it is said the undamaged home was the exception. Livestock suffered greatly due to the barn failures: the animals were crushed under the weight of the collapsed structures, a story that

1400-510: The Columbus Day Storm of 1962. The peak winds were felt as the storm passed close by on October 12. At Cape Blanco on the southern Oregon coast, an anemometer that lost one of its cups registered wind gusts in excess of 145 miles per hour (233 kilometers per hour); some reports put the peak velocity at 179 mph (288 km/h). The north Oregon coast Mt. Hebo radar station reported winds of 170 mph (270 km/h). At

1456-559: The Columbus Day Storm the nation's worst natural disaster of 1962. In Central and Northern California, all-time record rains associated with the atmospheric river along the cold front caused major flooding and mudslides, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. Oakland set an all time calendar day record with 4.52 inches (115 mm) of rain on the 13th, as did Sacramento with 3.77 inches (96 mm). More than 7 inches (180 mm) of rainfall were recorded in

1512-539: The US on 12 April 1934, using a hot-wire anemometer . The anemometer, specifically designed for use on Mount Washington, was later tested by the US National Weather Bureau and confirmed to be accurate. Wind speeds within certain atmospheric phenomena (such as tornadoes ) may greatly exceed these values but have never been accurately measured. Directly measuring these tornadic winds is rarely done, as

1568-463: The anemometer was mechanically sound and that the gust was within statistical probability and ratified the measurement in 2010. The anemometer was mounted 10 m above ground level (and thus 64 m above sea level). During the cyclone, several extreme gusts of greater than 83 m/s (300 km/h; 190 mph; 161 kn; 270 ft/s) were recorded, with a maximum 5-minute mean speed of 49 m/s (180 km/h; 110 mph; 95 kn; 160 ft/s);

1624-599: The city of Seattle , a peak wind speed of 65 mph (105 km/h) was recorded; this suggests gusts of at least 80 mph (130 km/h). Damaging winds reached as far inland as Spokane . Wind gusts of 58 mph (93 km/h), the National Weather Service minimum for "High Wind Criteria," or higher were reported from San Francisco , to Vancouver , British Columbia . At least 46 fatalities were attributed to this storm, more than for any other Pacific Northwest weather event. Injuries went into

1680-454: The cyclone passed the latitude of Astoria , Oregon , at which time the low began to degrade. On October 13, the center passed over Tatoosh Island , Washington , before making landfall on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , where it weakened rapidly. The cyclone then curved northwestward, before turning back eastward and moving into Canada. As the cyclone moved through Canada, another cyclone formed on its southern periphery, which absorbed

1736-478: The dollar damage at approximately $ 230 million to $ 280 million for California, Oregon, and Washington combined. Those figures in 1962 US dollars translate to $ 1.8 to $ 2.2 billion in 2014 US dollars. Oregon's share exceeded $ 200 million in 1962 US dollars. This is comparable to land-falling hurricanes that occurred within the same time frame (for example, Audrey, Donna, and Carla from 1957 to 1961). The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. (now MetLife) named

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1792-542: The extreme gust factor was on the order of 2.27–2.75 times the mean wind speed. The pattern and scales of the gusts suggest that a mesovortex was embedded in the already-strong eyewall of the cyclone. Currently , the second-highest surface wind speed ever officially recorded is 103.266 m/s (371.76 km/h; 231.00 mph; 200.733 kn; 338.80 ft/s) at the Mount Washington (New Hampshire) Observatory 1,917 m (6,288 ft) above sea level in

1848-488: The flow velocity of the wind. The fastest wind speed not related to tornadoes ever recorded was during the passage of Tropical Cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996: an automatic weather station on Barrow Island , Australia , registered a maximum wind gust of 113.3 m/s (408 km/h; 253 mph; 220.2 kn; 372 ft/s) The wind gust was evaluated by the WMO Evaluation Panel, who found that

1904-593: The gauge off-line shortly after 5 p.m. For the Willamette Valley, the lowest peak gust officially measured was 86 mph (138 km/h) at Eugene . This value, however, is higher than the maximum peak gust generated by any other Willamette Valley windstorm in the 1948–2010 period. In the interior of western Washington, officially measured wind gusts included 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) at Olympia , 88 mph (142 km/h) at McChord Air Force Base , 100 mph (160 km/h) at Renton at 64 feet (20 m) and 98 mph (158 km/h) at Bellingham . In

1960-670: The grandstand and playing field right up to kickoff. Most of the electricity, including the scoreboard and clock, was still out and players dressed by candlelight in the locker rooms. The Huskies came from behind to beat the Beavers 14–13, despite a strong performance by quarterback Terry Baker , who would win the Heisman Trophy later that year. The storm caused 9 fatalities in Washington, some from falling trees or downed power lines. The Willapa Hills and southern portion of

2016-603: The hundreds. In terms of natural disaster-related fatalities for the 20th century, only Oregon's Heppner Flood of 1903 (247 deaths), Washington's Wellington avalanche of 1910 (96 deaths), the Great Fire of 1910 (87 deaths), and Eruption of Mount St. Helens of 1980 (57 deaths) caused more. For Pacific Northwest windstorms in the 20th century, the runner up was the infamous October 21, 1934, gale, which caused 22 fatalities, mostly in Washington. In less than 12 hours, more than 11 billion board feet (26,000,000 m ) of timber

2072-415: The lateral design of buildings and structures. In Canada, reference wind pressures are used in design and are based on the "mean hourly" wind speed having a probability of being exceeded per year of 1 in 50. The reference wind pressure q is calculated using the equation q = ρv / 2 , where ρ is the air density and v is the wind speed. Historically, wind speeds have been reported with

2128-562: The most prominent picture-symbol of the storm. East of Salem, the wind destroyed a historic barn that served as a clandestine meeting place by pro-slavery Democratic members of the state Legislature in 1860. The Oregon State Beavers – Washington Huskies college football game went on as scheduled Saturday, October 13 in Portland, in a heavily damaged Multnomah Stadium . Much of the roof was damaged and seats damaged by falling debris were replaced by portable chairs. Crews cleared debris from

2184-407: The name suggests, ultrasonic wind sensors measure the wind speed using high-frequency sound. An ultrasonic anemometer has two or three pairs of sound transmitters and receivers. Each transmitter constantly beams high-frequency sound to its receiver. Electronic circuits inside measure the time it takes for the sound to make its journey from each transmitter to the corresponding receiver. Depending on how

2240-527: The next day, with a minimum central pressure of 948 millibars (27.99 inHg), making the storm the equivalent of a Category 3 typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson scale . After stabilizing to the north, Freda maintained its strength through the Pacific, before beginning to weaken slowly on October 6. Making a turn to the northeast, Freda maintained typhoon-status winds for several more days, before weakening into

2296-404: The next day. On October 13, the cyclone made landfall on Washington and Vancouver Island , and then curved northwestward. Afterward, the system moved into Canada and weakened, before being absorbed by another developing storm to the south on October 17. The Columbus Day storm of 1962 is considered to be the benchmark of extratropical wind storms. The storm ranks among the most intense to strike

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2352-419: The original cyclone by October 17. The extratropical cyclone deepened to a minimum central pressure of at least 960 hPa (28 inHg), and perhaps as low as 958 hPa (28.3 inHg), a pressure which would be equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS). Since the system was an extratropical cyclone , its wind field was neither as compact nor as strong as

2408-416: The post Liberty ships purchased by Weyerhaeuser Steamship Company were sold and some shipping moved to charter ships. In 1975 Weyerhaeuser contracted with Leif Höegh & Co to have built six new second generation of Container "M" ships with open-hatch and gantry-crane transport lumber to Europe, ships are delivered in 1977. Weyerhaeuser added two new "J" ships to transport newsprint from the new mill that

2464-602: The pressure gradient and terrain conditions. The Pressure gradient describes the difference in air pressure between two points in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth. It is vital to wind speed, because the greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind flows (from the high to low pressure) to balance out the variation. The pressure gradient, when combined with the Coriolis effect and friction , also influences wind direction . Rossby waves are strong winds in

2520-514: The region since at least 1948, likely since the January 9, 1880 " Great Gale " and snowstorm. The storm is a contender for the title of the most powerful extratropical cyclone recorded in the U.S. in the 20th century; with respect to wind velocity , it is unmatched by the March 1993 " storm of the century " and the " 1991 Halloween Nor'easter " ("the perfect storm"). The system brought strong winds to

2576-465: The required lateral strength of a structure's design. In the United States, the wind speed used in design is often referred to as a "3-second gust", which is the highest sustained gust over a 3-second period having a probability of being exceeded per year of 1 in 50 (ASCE 7-05, updated to ASCE 7-16). This design wind speed is accepted by most building codes in the United States and often governs

2632-551: The roads. Wind was just blowing the rain horizontal and trees were weaving all over the place. You didn't know if you were going to get hit or not." At Victoria airport, a Martin Mars waterbomber ("Caroline Mars") was hurled 200 yards (180 m) and irreparably damaged. Wind velocity In meteorology , wind speed , or wind flow speed , is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure , usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed

2688-471: The sensor is able to provide an accurate horizontal measurement of wind speed and direction. Another tool used to measure wind velocity includes a GPS combined with pitot tube . A fluid flow velocity tool, the Pitot tube is primarily used to determine the air velocity of an aircraft. Wind speed is a common factor in the design of structures and buildings around the world. It is often the governing factor in

2744-486: The station was abandoned due to "power failure and instruments demolished". Observations at the weather station resumed the next day. About 80 miles (130 km) to the north, at Portland, Oregon 's major metropolitan area, measured wind gusts reached 116 mph (187 km/h) at the Morrison Street Bridge in downtown Portland. In Vancouver, Washington around 9 miles north of downtown Portland,

2800-1071: The time of the sale Westwood Shipping Lines had a fleet of seven ships, with ports of call in North America, Japan, Korea and China. Westwood Shipping Lines main cargo to Aisa is newsprint, lumber, pulp and agricultural products. Returning to the US the fleet transports automotive parts, motorcycles, parts for Boeing airplanes, outboard engines, tires and heavy cargo like generators. Leif Hoegh charter from 1967 to 1981 44,000-ton, 660-ft-long built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, open-hatch general cargo ships: Weyerhaeuser's Westwood Shipping Lines ships: Westwood are 656-foot “con-bulker” can carry both bulk products and containers. Can displaces 59,531 tons when fully loaded. Liberty ships operated under charter during and after World War II: Victory ships operated under charter during and after World War II: See also, similar role:- Empire ship , Fort ship , Park ship , Ocean ship . Columbus Day Storm of 1962 The Columbus Day storm of 1962 (also known as

2856-409: The upper troposphere . These operate on a global scale and move from west to east (hence being known as westerlies ). The Rossby waves are themselves a different wind speed from that experienced in the lower troposphere . Local weather conditions play a key role in influencing wind speed, as the formation of hurricanes , monsoons , and cyclones as freak weather conditions can drastically affect

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2912-512: The violent wind would destroy the instruments. A method of estimating speed is to use Doppler on Wheels or mobile Doppler weather radars to measure the wind speeds remotely. Using this method, a mobile radar ( RaXPol ) owned and operated by the University of Oklahoma recorded winds up to 150 metres per second (340 mph; 540 km/h) inside the 2013 El Reno tornado , marking the fastest winds ever observed by radar in history. In 1999,

2968-426: The wind blows, some of the sound beams will be affected more than the others, slowing it down or speeding it up very slightly. The circuits measure the difference in speeds of the beams and use that to calculate how fast the wind is blowing. Acoustic resonance wind sensors are a variant of the ultrasonic sensor. Instead of using time of flight measurement, acoustic resonance sensors use resonating acoustic waves within

3024-466: Was blown down in northern California, Oregon and Washington combined; some estimates put it at 15 billion board feet (35,000,000 m ). This exceeded the annual timber harvest for Oregon and Washington at the time. This value is above any blowdown measured for East Coast storms, including hurricanes; even the often-cited 1938 New England hurricane , which toppled 2.65 billion board feet (6,300,000 m ), falls short by nearly an order of magnitude. Estimates put

3080-435: Was left partially standing at Mount Scott . KPOJ-FM was so badly damaged it wouldn't return to the air until February 9, 1963. KWJJ-AM lost one of its towers and a portion of its transmitter building at Smith Lake. KISN-AM also lost a tower at Smith Lake. Seven-month-old TV station KATU did not receive any damage at its Livingston Mountain site, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Camas, Washington . However, KATU didn't have

3136-512: Was repeated many times throughout the afflicted region. At the north end of the Valley, two 500-foot (150 m) high voltage transmission towers were toppled. Radio and TV broadcasting were affected in the Portland area. KGW-TV lost its tower at Skyline and replaced the temporary tower with a new one on January 28, 1963. KOIN radio lost one of two AM towers at Sylvan . KPOJ -AM/-FM lost much of its transmitting equipment, plus one of two towers

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