In geography , statistics and archaeology , a settlement , locality or populated place is a community of people living in a particular place . The complexity of a settlement can range from a minuscule number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas . Settlements include hamlets , villages , towns and cities . A settlement may have known historical properties such as the date or era in which it was first settled, or first settled by particular people. The process of settlement involves human migration .
33-458: Weka Pass is a locality in the northern Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island between the towns of Waipara and Waikari . The Waipara River cut the Weka Pass by wearing down the soft limestone and mudstone in the area. Erosion has created a number of distinctive limestone formations in the pass, which are known by descriptive names such as Frog Rock and The Seal. The Pass
66-567: A Geographic Names Information System that defines three classes of human settlement: Populated places may be specifically defined in the context of censuses and be different from general-purpose administrative entities, such as "place" as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau or census-designated places . In the field of geospatial predictive modeling , a settlement is "a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work". The Global Human Settlement Layer ( GHSL ) framework produces global spatial information about
99-512: A National Register of Populated places (NRPP). The Canadian government uses the term "populated place" in the Atlas of Canada , but does not define it. Statistics Canada uses the term localities for historically named locations. The Croatian Bureau of Statistics records population in units called settlements ( naselja ) . The Census Commission of India has a special definition of census towns . The Central Statistics Office (CSO) of
132-743: A populated place as "a named settlement with a population of 200 or more persons". The Committee for Geographical Names in Australasia used the term localities for rural areas, while the Australian Bureau of Statistics uses the term "urban centres/localities" for urban areas. The Agency for Statistics in Bosnia and Herzegovina uses the term "populated place" / "settled place" for rural (or urban as an administrative center of some Municipality/City), and "Municipality" and "City" for urban areas. The Bulgarian Government publishes
165-432: A special type of cultural-historical landscape studies. Settlements can be ordered by size, centrality or other factors to define a settlement hierarchy . A settlement hierarchy can be used for classifying settlement all over the world, although a settlement called a "town" in one country might be a "village" in other countries; or a "large town" in some countries might be a "city" in others. Geoscience Australia defines
198-618: Is a related designation used in the United States. The earliest geographical evidence of a human settlement was Jebel Irhoud , where early modern human remains of eight individuals date back to the Middle Paleolithic around 300,000 years ago. The oldest remains that have been found of constructed dwellings are remains of huts that were made of mud and branches around 17,000 BC at the Ohalo site (now underwater) near
231-509: Is an attempt to manipulate these relationships by adding to, subtracting from, or changing the physical geometry of the pattern. The objective of these manipulations is to clarify the structure of urban space in a city or district by establishing a hierarchy of spaces of different sizes that are individually enclosed but ordered directionally in relation to each other. Linkage theory focuses on lines formed by streets, pedestrian ways, linear open spaces or other linking elements that physically connect
264-476: Is home to various species of bird, including the kiwi , New Zealand's national bird and the surrounding area is known for its wine. Māori rock art can be found under a limestone overhang, and it is now the prime attraction of the Weka Pass Historic Park. Māori first explored the area approximately a millennium ago and used the limestone overhang for shelter. Early European explorers utilized
297-454: Is not generally object-centred, in that it emphasises the relationships between components of the city. To make a parallel with linguistics , the focus is placed on an active vocabulary and its syntax . There is thus a tendency to use morphological techniques to examine the ordinary, non-monumental areas of the city and to stress the process and its structures over any given state or object, therefore going beyond architecture and looking at
330-552: Is processed fully automatically and generates analytics and knowledge reporting objectively and systematically about the presence of population and built-up infrastructures. The GHSL operates in an open and free data and methods access policy (open input, open method, open output). The term "Abandoned populated places" is a Feature Designation Name in databases sourced by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and GeoNames . Sometimes
363-638: The Republic of Ireland has had a special definition of census towns . From the 2022 census of Ireland , the CSO introduced an urban geography unit called " Built Up Areas " (BUAs). The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics records population in units of settlements called Tehsil – an administrative unit derived from the Mughal era. There are various types of inhabited localities in Russia . Statistics Sweden uses
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#1732797531457396-720: The Weka Pass Railway . It is now a restored railway which primarily serves tourists. 43°00′25″S 172°42′14″E / 43.007°S 172.704°E / -43.007; 172.704 Human settlement In the field of geospatial predictive modeling , settlements are "a city, town, village or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work". A settlement conventionally includes its constructed facilities such as roads , enclosures , field systems , boundary banks and ditches , ponds , parks and woodlands , wind and water mills , manor houses , moats and churches . An unincorporated area
429-585: The UK and Serge Salat, France, are also central figures. Urban morphology is considered as the study of urban tissue, or fabric, as a means of discerning the environmental level normally associated with urban design. Tissue comprises coherent neighborhood morphology (open spaces, building) and functions (human activity). Neighborhoods exhibit recognizable patterns in the ordering of buildings, spaces and functions (themes), variations within which nevertheless conform to an organizing set of principles. This approach challenges
462-403: The accrual of successive generations of building activity. This leaves traces that serve to structure subsequent building activity and provide opportunities and constraints for city-building processes, such as land subdivision, infrastructure development, or building construction. Articulating and analysing the logic of these traces is the central question of urban morphology. Urban morphology
495-444: The basis for the integration of new architectural works in the syntax of the urban tissue. Stemming from this view are contributions such as Gianfranco Caniggia's, which conceptualise the city as an organic result of a dynamic procedural typology , which see political-economic forces as shaping a built landscape already conditioned by a particular logic, set of elements, and characteristic processes. The British school centres around
528-557: The common perception of unplanned environments as chaotic or vaguely organic through understanding the structures and processes embedded in urbanisation . Complexity science has provided further explanations showing how urban structures emerge from the uncoordinated action of multiple individuals in highly regular ways. Amongst other things this is associated with permanent energy and material flows to maintain these structures. Urban morphology approaches human settlements as generally unconscious products that emerge over long periods, through
561-577: The edge of the Sea of Galilee . The Natufians built houses, also in the Levant , around 10,000 BC. Remains of settlements such as villages become much more common after the invention of agriculture, The oldest of them is Jarmo , located in Iraq. Landscape history studies the form (morphology) of settlements – for example whether they are dispersed or nucleated . Urban morphology can thus be considered
594-434: The entire built landscape and its internal logic. Roger Trancik discusses three major theories of urban spatial design and urban morphology which can guide analysis: Figure and Ground theory is founded on the study of the relationship of land coverage of buildings as solid mass (figure) to open voids (ground) Each urban environment has an existing pattern of solid and voids, and figure and ground approach to spatial design
627-400: The human presence on the planet over time. This in the form of built up maps, population density maps and settlement maps. This information is generated with evidence-based analytics and knowledge using new spatial data mining technologies. The framework uses heterogeneous data including global archives of fine-scale satellite imagery, census data, and volunteered geographic information. The data
660-436: The idea of morphology was initially expressed in the writings of the great poet and philosopher Goethe (1790). However, the term as such was first used in bioscience. Recently it is being increasingly used in geography , geology , philology and other subject areas. In geography, urban morphology as a particular field of study owes its origins to Lewis Mumford , James Vance and Sam Bass Warner. Peter Hall and Michael Batty of
693-473: The management of historic and contemporary townscapes. The French school, based principally at the Versailles School of Architecture, has generated extensive methodological knowledge for the analysis of urbanisation processes and related architectural models. Much emphasis is placed upon the importance of built space for sustaining social practices; the relationship between the built landscape and
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#1732797531457726-413: The mathematician Nikos Salingaros have created a new school of urban morphology based on morphogenesis and emergence . In The Nature of Order Alexander proposes that urban development is a computational process similar to that of cell growth in an organism, and that the unfolding of these processes produces the urban landscape and its typologies. Some urbanists have sought to transform this theory into
759-544: The overhang for the same purpose. The art cave can be visited via a 2.25 km hike, but the ancient art was painted over in 1930, with the intention of preserving the markings for future generations. Images and reproductions of the original, untouched cave paintings can be seen at the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch . State Highway 7 runs through the Weka Pass, and so does a railway line. This railway
792-417: The parts of the city. Place theory operates upon structured systems of human needs and usage. In a broad sense there are three schools of urban morphology: Italian, British, and French. The Italian school centres around the work of Saverio Muratori and dates from the 1940s. Muratori attempted to develop an 'operational history' for the cities he studied (in particular Venice and Rome), which then provided
825-438: The process of development is deduced from comparison of historic maps. Special attention is given to how the physical form of a city changes over time and to how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this subfield deals with the study of the social forms which are expressed in the physical layout of a city, and, conversely, how physical form produces or reproduces various social forms. The essence of
858-418: The relationship between organisms and their environment. He used similar biological factors used in explaining plant distribution and established a concentric-zonal theory which included a Central Business District (CBD), an area of transition (invaded by business and migrants), and area of upper class apartments and several commuter zones and suburbs on the edge of the city. The scientist Maitri Singhai and
891-513: The social world is dialectical , with both shaping the other. As an urban-industrial city, Chicago's socio-economic problems were obvious and crying out to be studied in depth. Therefore, several urban sociologists and geographers belonging to the so-called Chicago School , such as W.I. Thomas (concerned with migration), Robert E Park and Ernest Burgess , attempted to analyse the morphology of Chicago in order to solve these problems. Burgess employed an ecological approach in placing emphasis on
924-446: The spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area , city , town or village by examining the patterns of its component parts and the ownership or control and occupation. Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, lot (or, in the UK, plot) pattern and building pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as urban grain. Analysis of specific settlements is usually undertaken using cartographic sources and
957-408: The structures are still easily accessible, such as in a ghost town , and these may become tourist attractions. Some places that have the appearance of a ghost town, however, may still be defined as populated places by government entities. A town may become a ghost town because the economic activity that supported it has failed, because of a government action, such as the building of a dam that floods
990-598: The term localities ( tätort ) for various densely populated places. The common English-language translation is urban areas . The UK Department for Communities and Local Government uses the term "urban settlement" to denote an urban area when analysing census information. The Registrar General for Scotland defines settlements as groups of one or more contiguous localities, which are determined according to population density and postcode areas. The Scottish settlements are used as one of several factors defining urban areas. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has
1023-438: The town, or because of natural or human-caused disasters such as floods, uncontrolled lawlessness, or war. The term is sometimes used to refer to cities, towns, and neighborhoods that are still populated, but significantly less so than in years past. Urban morphology Urban morphology is the study of the formation of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand
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1056-447: The work of M.R.G. Conzen , who developed a technique called 'town-plan analysis.' The key aspects for analysis according to Conzen are: The town plan in turn contains three complexes of plan element: For Conzen, understanding the layering of these aspects and elements through history is the key to comprehending urban form. Followers of Conzen such as J.W.R. Whitehand have examined the ways in which such knowledge can be put to use in
1089-533: Was established in 1882 and although originally intended to be part of the Main North Line from Christchurch to Nelson and Blenheim , the main line ultimately took a coastal route northwards from Waipara and the line through the Weka Pass became part of the Waiau Branch . This branch line operated until 15 January 1978, and the section through the Weka Pass has been saved by a preservation group,
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