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26-551: In 1845, Sir John Franklin wintered at Beechey Island at the channel's southeast end. In winter 1848, Franklin's ships got trapped in sea ice further south in Victoria Strait , leading to the tragic end of what became known as Franklin's lost expedition . The First Grinnell expedition , an American effort to determine the fate of Franklin's lost expedition, covered the Wellington Channel. They identified there

52-595: A fouled anchor (as for leading hands ) but surmounted by a crown, while the insignia of a PO1 was a pair of crossed fouled anchors with a crown. The rank of Petty Officer Second Class was abolished in 1907 and the rank simply being titled as Petty Officer from then, with the uniform and insignia formerly used by PO1s. There are two petty officer ranks in the Royal Canadian Navy . Petty officer, 2nd class (PO2) ( maître de deuxième classe or m2 in French )

78-559: A superior petty officer with a more general authority, but they remained no more than ratings. However, it was quite possible for a warrant officer (such as the armourer), in his role as a superior officer, to be court-martialed for striking a midshipman. This is because the midshipman was regarded as future sea officer, with the all-important social distinction of having the right to walk the quarterdeck . Midshipmen wore distinctive uniforms, master's mates dressed respectably, and both behaved like officers. The master's mate rating evolved into

104-579: Is superior in rank to a leading rate and subordinate to a chief petty officer , as is the case in the majority of Commonwealth navies. A petty officer has the ability to work as a leader, capable of taking charge of a group of personnel, and taking roles in the training and recruitment of new members of the Indian Navy. In the Royal Navy , the rate of petty officer comes above that of leading rating and below that of chief petty officer . It

130-645: Is OR-6 (petty officers, 2nd class with less than 3 years seniority are considered OR-5). The NATO rank denotion for "petty officer, 1st class" is OR-7. A petty officer is a non-commissioned officer in the Indian Navy , equivalent to the NATO rank enlisted grade of OR-6 . They are equal in rank to a sub inspector of police in the Police, or sergeant in the Indian Army and Indian Air Force . A petty officer

156-427: Is a non-commissioned officer in many navies . Often they may be superior to a seaman , and subordinate to more senior non-commissioned officers, such as chief petty officers . Petty officers are usually sailors that have served at least several years in their respective navies. Petty officers represent the junior and mid-grade non-commissioned officer ranks of many naval services, and are generally responsible for

182-446: Is best known for containing three graves of Franklin expedition members, which were first discovered in 1850 by searchers for the lost Franklin expedition . The searchers found a large stone cairn, along with the graves of three of Franklin's crewmen – Petty Officer John Torrington , Royal Marine Private William Braine , and Able Seaman John Hartnell  – but no written record nor indication of where Franklin planned to sail

208-574: Is equivalent in paygrade to staff sergeant in the United States Army and Marine Corps, and technical sergeant in the United States Air Force and United States Space Force. Petty officer, second class is equivalent in paygrade to sergeant in the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Space Force, and staff sergeant in the United States Air Force. Petty officer, third class is equivalent in paygrade to corporal in

234-519: Is equivalent to a sergeant and petty officer, 1st class (PO1) ( maître de première classe or m1 ) is equivalent to a warrant officer . Petty officers are normally addressed as "Petty Officer Bloggins" or "PO Bloggins", thereafter as "PO". The "1st class" and "2nd class" designations are normally only used when such a distinction needs to be made, such as on a promotion parade or to distinguish two petty officers with similar names but different ranks. The NATO rank denotion for "petty officer, 2nd class"

260-663: Is the equivalent of sergeant in the Royal Marines , British Army and Royal Air Force . Petty officer is the lowest of the senior rating grades . Petty officers, like all senior rates, wear "fore and aft" rig . The title of petty officer in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard has three separate "classes" (in order from junior to senior: 3rd class, 2nd class, 1st class) and three senior grades (chief petty officer, senior chief petty officer, master chief petty officer). Petty officer, first class

286-584: The British explorer Sir John Franklin , commanding a new but ill-fated search for the Northwest Passage aboard HMS Erebus and HMS Terror , chose the protected harbour of Beechey Island for his first winter encampment. The site was not rediscovered until 1850, when British and United States search vessels anchored nearby. In 1850, Edward Belcher used the island as a base. There are memorials to Franklin and other polar explorers and sailors on

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312-534: The Terror Bay south of King William Island ). The first European visit to the island was in 1819, by Captain William Edward Parry . The island was named after the artist William Beechey (1753–1839) by his son Frederick William Beechey (1796–1856), who was then serving as Parry's lieutenant . It is the site of several very significant events in the history of Arctic exploration. In 1845,

338-865: The United States Army , corporal in the United States Marine Corps , senior airman in the United States Air Force , and specialist 4 in the United States Space Force . In the Navy, Petty Officer, Third Class is the juniormost of the Non-Commissioned Officer ranks, and thus a sailor must demonstrate satisfactory performance in the previous rank (E-3) in the form of a favorable performance review(s) by his/her superiors, and

364-527: The 1980s, during two separate expeditions to Beechey, Canadian forensic anthropologist Dr. Owen Beattie examined the three bodies and found them (externally) remarkably well-preserved. Autopsies determined that lung disease and lead poisoning were among the probable causes of death; the lead appeared to come from the thousands of lead-soldered tins of provisions with which the Franklin expedition had been supplied (although later studies would suggest that

390-734: The Beechey grave markers, all markers were replaced with bronze memorials. The explorers in Jules Verne 's novel The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( French : Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras ) visit Beechey Island. In addition, Clive Cussler 's novel, Arctic Drift (2008), featured characters who would visit this island in the quest for Franklin's ships. The island is also mentioned in Dan Simmons ' novel, The Terror . Petty Officer A petty officer ( PO )

416-519: The day-to-day supervision of ranks junior to them. They may also serve as technical specialists within their rating (military occupation). The modern petty officer dates back to the Age of Sail in the Royal Navy . Petty officers rank between naval officers (both commissioned and warrant ) and most enlisted sailors . These were men with some claim to officer rank, sufficient to distinguish them from ordinary ratings , without raising them so high as

442-808: The government of the Northwest Territories . Since 1999, it has been part of the newly created Canadian territory of Nunavut. In 1993, five archaeological sites on Beechey Island and nearby Devon Island (the Franklin wintering camp of 1845–46, Northumberland House, the Devon Island site at Cape Riley, two message cairns, and the HMS Breadalbane National Historic Site) were designated as the Beechey Island Sites National Historic Site of Canada . Beechey Island

468-640: The ice in the Wellington Channel. This Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Beechey Island Beechey Island ( Inuktitut : Iluvialuit ) is an island located in the Arctic Archipelago of Nunavut , Canada, in Wellington Channel . It is separated from the southwest corner of Devon Island by Barrow Strait . Other features include Wellington Channel, Erebus Harbour, and Terror Bay (not to be confused with

494-452: The island, including to the French naval officer Joseph René Bellot , who died aged 27 falling into the Wellington Channel , northwest of Beechey Island. In 1903, paying respect to Franklin, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen stopped at the island at the beginning of his successful voyage through the Northwest Passage . In 1975, Beechey Island was declared a Territorial Historic Site by

520-400: The lead in the three men's remains, while indeed present at high levels now recognized as deleterious, was no higher than Goodsir's, and thus evidently mostly the result of exposure prior to the expedition (due to high everyday lead exposure common in the 19th century), and consequently was unlikely to be solely responsible for their deaths. In the 1990s, due to the deteriorating condition of

546-426: The next season. In 1852, Commander Edward A. Inglefield arrived at Beechey, along with a physician Dr Peter Sutherland. John Hartnell's grave was opened, damaging his coffin, and Hartnell's memorial plaque on the coffin lid was removed. During a later expedition, a searcher named Thomas Morgan died aboard the vessel North Star on May 22, 1854, and was buried alongside the three original Franklin crew members. In

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572-419: The passing of an exam, in order to be promoted to PO3. Enlisted rank has two components: rate (pay grade) and rating (job specialty). Both components are reflected in the title. A sailor in the rate of petty officer first class with a rating of Aviation Machinist's Mate, would be an Aviation Machinist's Mate 1st Class (abbreviated "AD1"). In the Navy, it is acceptable to refer to a Petty Officer as such, while in

598-573: The rank of sub-lieutenant , and midshipman evolved into naval cadet . In the same administrative reforms of the 1860s that created the rank of Sub-lieutenant, two grades of Petty Officer were established for senior ratings — Petty Officer Second Class and Petty Officer First Class, the latter usually being achieved by men who had served as a PO 2nd Class with good conduct for six years. PO2s wore 'square rig' (the traditional sailor suit worn by junior ratings) while PO1s wore 'fore and aft' rig like chief petty officers and above. PO2s wore insignia of

624-429: The remains of Franklin's Beechey Island winter camp, providing the first solid clues to Franklin's activities before becoming icebound themselves. In spring 1851, the channel was explored by William Penny , who went by sledge to the northwest tip of Devon Island. Edward Belcher explored the channel in 1852. In 1853, the French naval officer and explorer Joseph René Bellot died aged twenty-seven after falling through

650-583: The sea officers. Several were warrant officers, in the literal sense of being appointed by warrant , and like the warrant sea officers, their superiors, they were usually among the specialists of the ship's company. The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the title derives from the Anglo-Norman and Middle French " petit ", meaning "of small size, small, little". Two of the Royal Navy petty officer's rates, midshipman and master's mate , were

676-408: The unique water distillation system used by the ships was the major source of lead poisoning). Later research, however, found through hair sample comparisons between the Beechey remains and those of expedition assistant surgeon and naturalist Harry Goodsir (who died on the expedition a year later, and would therefore be expected to have yet further exposure, under the lead poisoning hypothesis) that

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