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62-416: The lake receives water from the water table and from nearby streams . These flow from Beaver Pond, Norwood Pond and Longham Reservoir through the fields and woods to the east of the lake. The streams are controlled waterways. Drainage into the lake is through a pipe running beneath Route 1A in the vicinity of the golf course to the north of the lake. To the west, near Beverly Regional Airport water enters

124-704: A Corps of Scouts for special reconnaissance from units of loyal residents of the south in the 1st Tennessee Cavalry and ex-slaves of the First Alabama Cavalry . He also employed more technical intelligence gathering disciplines such as signals intelligence and counterintelligence by tapping telegraph wires while enciphering the Union Army's own dispatches. He was infamously obsessed with operational security and corresponded by courier rather than telegraph. His agents were trained to avoid exaggerations by innovative methods such as measuring

186-656: A court of inquiry for his aggressive recruitment of black soldiers , the President was instead interested in Dodge's railroad expertise, and asked him to divine a location along the Missouri River where the Union Pacific Railroad 's transcontinental railroad should have its initial point. The location provided by Dodge was later established by Executive Order as the starting point in 1864. Following

248-700: A degree in civil engineering, then moved to Peru, Illinois . He started working as a surveyor and then an ax man for the Illinois Central surveying team, then switched to working for the Peoria division of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad . He settled in the Missouri River city of Council Bluffs . For the next decade, he was involved in surveying for railroads, including the Union Pacific . He married Ruth Anne Browne of Peru on May 29, 1854. He

310-549: A descendant of the Rev. George Phillips who settled Watertown, Massachusetts in 1630. From the time of his birth until he was 13 years old, Dodge moved frequently while his father tried various occupations. In 1844, Sylvanus Dodge became postmaster of the South Danvers office and opened a bookstore. While working at a neighboring farm, the 14-year-old Grenville met the owner's son, Frederick W. Lander , and helped him survey

372-581: A given vicinity. The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone. At increasing depths, water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the phreatic zone (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers . In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits,

434-564: A mile to the north, now rest and feed in larger numbers in the lake. Even though it is a non-trespassing area, most locals see it as one of the most consistent fishing places in northern Massachusetts. In 2001, the Wenham Lake Watershed Association discovered significant contamination of the lake with large deposits of fly ash dating from the 1950s and 1960s. These deposits totalled about 7,800 cubic yards and were more than 3 feet deep in some places. The origin of

496-441: A permanent change in the water table in such regions. Most crops need a water table at a minimum depth. For some important food and fiber crops a classification was made because at shallower depths the crop suffers a yield decline. A water table close to the surface affects excavation, drainage, foundations, wells and leach fields (in areas without municipal water and sanitation), and more. When excavation occurs near enough to

558-610: A process of about ten days. Dodge would later report directly to Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, where he even had agents open Confederate General Joseph Johnston 's mail. Dodge's agents would report solely to him and him alone, but on May 16, 1863, when intelligence indicated Grant could turn his forces away from Johnston and concentrate on John C. Pemberton 's force at Vicksburg, "to achieve timely delivery of information, Dodge violated his own rules of communications security and had his agents report directly to Grant," resulting in

620-581: A railroad spur for ice transport. One of its builders of the railroad was Grenville Mullen Dodge . He became a Major General in the Union Army and a central figure in the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869. The railroad spur became the Beverly-Newburyport commuter rail line. The roadbed of the railroad spur is visible directly behind the fifth hole of the Lakeview Golf Course. A crew of 100 men and 30 to 40 horses

682-741: A railroad. Lander was to become "one [of] the ablest surveyors of the exploration of the West," according to Charles Edgar Ames in Pioneering the Union Pacific . Lander was impressed with Dodge and encouraged him to go to his alma mater, Norwich University (in Vermont ) where he was a member of Theta Chi fraternity. Dodge prepared for college by attending Durham Academy in New Hampshire . In 1851, he graduated from Norwich University with

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744-630: A skirmish near Rawhide, twelve miles north of Florence , Alabama that resulted in the capture of 20 prisoners. He was promoted to major general in June 1864 and commanded the XVI Corps during William T. Sherman 's Atlanta campaign . At the Battle of Atlanta , the XVI Corps was held in reserve, but it happened to be placed in a position which directly intercepted John B. Hood 's flank attack. During

806-475: A substantial profit, but when the scandal of Durant's dealings emerged, Dodge removed himself to Texas to avoid testifying in the inquiry. In 1866, Dodge defeated incumbent Republican John A. Kasson in the nominating convention to represent Iowa's 5th congressional district in Congress . In the general election, he won, defeating former Union general James M. Tuttle . His election brought problems since he

868-481: Is an aquifer that occurs above the regional water table. This occurs when there is an impermeable layer of rock or sediment ( aquiclude ) or relatively impermeable layer ( aquitard ) above the main water table/aquifer but below the land surface. If a perched aquifer's flow intersects the surface, at a valley wall, for example, the water is discharged as a spring . On low-lying oceanic islands with porous soil, freshwater tends to collect in lenticular pools on top of

930-443: Is referred to as the potentiometric surface , not the water table. The water table may vary due to seasonal changes such as precipitation and evapotranspiration . In undeveloped regions with permeable soils that receive sufficient amounts of precipitation, the water table typically slopes toward rivers that act to drain the groundwater away and release the pressure in the aquifer. Springs , rivers , lakes and oases occur when

992-727: The Bozeman Trail and overland mail routes. Dodge ordered a punitive campaign to quell these raids, which came to be known as the Powder River Expedition . Field command of the expedition was given to Brig. Gen. Patrick Edward Connor , who commanded the District of Utah. Connor's men inflicted a decisive defeat on the Arapaho Indians at the Battle of the Tongue River , but the expedition in general

1054-544: The General Court of Massachusetts on November 5, 1639. On May 10, 1643, Enon was incorporated and renamed Wenham . The lake was then named Wenham Lake. In 1846, Benjamin Barker wrote Mornilva, or the outlaw of the forest: a romance of Lake Wenham . He described the lake's "clear, calm and placid waters, the beautiful and picturesque hills upon its borders, the beautiful evergreen of its dusky pine woods, and above all,

1116-513: The Puritan minister of the First Church of Salem , delivered a sermon to a small group of settlers on the shore of Wenham Lake. His sermon turned upon "Enon, near Salem, because there was much water there", a biblical reference to John 3:23 . A small settlement nearby was thus named "Enon". The site of the sermon is marked by a stone with an engraved plaque. Enon was officially recognized by

1178-494: The fly ash was the nearby Vitale dump. The dump was an abandoned gravel and sand quarry that had illegally stored refuse from coal burned at the Salem Harbor Power Generating Station. In subsequent years the lake has been dredged and is monitored for its long-term health. Water table The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation . The zone of saturation is where

1240-695: The "Dodge Commission". Dodge returned home to Iowa and died in Council Bluffs in 1916. He is buried there in Walnut Hill Cemetery. His home, the Grenville M. Dodge House , is a National Historic Landmark . Fort Dodge in Kansas, an important army base during the settlement of the western frontier, was named in his honor, as was Dodge City . Although Dodge Street in Omaha, Nebraska ,

1302-577: The Ipswich River and other streams ended the trade. The water of the lake was used to supply a mill via a dam. The outlet was later filled by the roadbed of Route 1A and the land used for the Lakeview Golf Course. Similarly, all the ponds have been protected as part of the drinking water supply. The transatlantic ice trade began in the 1840s. In 1844, the first ice cargo arrived in England from Wenham Lake. The ice of Wenham Lake became famous around

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1364-653: The Tennessee; and finally as the 2nd Division (XVI Corps). Following Confederate General Van Dorn's repulse at the Second Battle of Corinth in October 1862, Dodge's command fought successful engagements near the Hatchie River and then turned to West Tennessee where they captured a band of Confederate guerrillas near Dyersburg . On February 22, 1863, troops from Dodge's command attacked Tuscumbia and

1426-661: The Union Bureau of Military Information , helped Dodge in short order defeat General John Bordenave Villepigue near the Hatchie River , capture Colonel W.W. Faulkner's command of partisan rangers near Island Number Ten and defeat General Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Tuscumbia during his service with the Army of the Mississippi , and was later vital in the capture of Vicksburg under Grant. Dodge's network also led to

1488-584: The Union Pacific's chief engineer and thus a leading figure in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad . Dodge's job was to plan the route and devise solutions to any obstacles encountered. Dodge had been hired by Herbert M. "Hub" Hoxie , a former Lincoln appointee and winner of the contract to build the first 250 miles of the Union Pacific Railroad. Hoxie assigned the contract to investor Thomas C. Durant who

1550-660: The Union breastworks a Confederate sharpshooter spotted him and shot him in the head. After, he was to complete the war as commander of the Department of the Missouri . Also during the war, he provided information to Thomas Clark Durant who consequently made a fortune smuggling contraband cotton from the Confederate States to fund his intelligence efforts. He would later come into conflict with Durant. After

1612-501: The Vicksburg campaign, his own troops joined General Grant and Iowa Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood in petitioning for Dodge's promotion. Dodge led an expedition to Northern Alabama from April 18, 1863, to May 8, 1863, that screened the advance of Streight's Raid . While Dodge's portion of the expedition was successful, Streight's incursion was disastrous. His command performed various engagements thereafter in northwestern Mississippi and West Tennessee. In December, his forces engaged in

1674-558: The blocks free from the strip. Another crew with ice hooks drew the ice along ramps onto platforms. Full platforms were slid onto sledges for transport to ice houses on the shore. An ice house was built of pine walls filled with sawdust to a thickness of 2 feet (61 cm). The blocks were packed in sawdust for transport, moved to a train in a special wagon and brought directly to a wharf in Boston . The blocks arrived in Boston within an hour of

1736-465: The blue canopy of heaven, which overshadows it." In 1877, the Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier wrote " The Witch of Wenham " which was set on the shores of Wenham Lake. In the early 1900s, the ornithologist and hunter John Charles Phillips published, "Wenham Great Pond" recounting his time over ten years at Wenham Lake. In the early colonial times, alewife fishing was an important part of

1798-665: The capture of Confederate spy Sam Davis , who was known as the " Nathan Hale of the Confederacy " and also as the "Boy Hero of the Confederacy." Efforts were led from his "war room" in Corinth , and one of the unit's major successes was the discovery and disruption of Coleman's Scouts, the elite secret service unit of rebel General Braxton Bragg . Dodge would utilize human intelligence from female spies, runaway slaves and unionists living in Confederate territory. He created

1860-479: The capture of one of his agents and the death of two others. In 1863, Grant wrote to Dodge that "you have a much more important command than that of a division in the field." As the Civil War was coming to a close, Dodge's Department of the Missouri was expanded to include the departments of Kansas , Nebraska and Utah . During the summer of 1865, Sioux , Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians had been raiding

1922-705: The completion of the First transcontinental railroad . He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Chicago in 1868 and again at the 1876 convention in Cincinnati . After his term in office expired, he returned to railroad engineering. During the 1880s and 1890s, he served as president or chief engineer of dozens of railroad companies. Dodge went to New York City to manage the growing number of businesses he had developed. Dodge

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1984-567: The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad . Historian Stanley P. Hirshon suggested that Dodge, "by virtue of the range of his abilities and activities," could be considered "more important in the national life after the Civil War than his more famous colleagues and friends, Grant , Sherman , and Sheridan ." Dodge was born in the Putnamville section of Danvers in Massachusetts , to Sylvanus Dodge and Julia Theresa Phillips,

2046-525: The cutting with no loss. Transport to Britain by ship lost about a third of the ice. The ice business continued until at least 1912 when John C. Kelleher founded the Beverly Ice Company to harvest the lake's ice but its end came shortly afterwards. Wenham Lake was set aside as a water reservoir for the Salem and Beverly Water Supply Board (established 1913). Wenham Lake has been integrated into

2108-399: The denser seawater intruding from the sides of the islands. Such an island's freshwater lens, and thus the water table, rises and falls with the tides. In some regions, for example, Great Britain or California , winter precipitation is often higher than summer precipitation and so the groundwater storage is not fully recharged in summer. Consequently, the water table is lower during

2170-482: The direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the “hydraulic gradient”, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock). A perched water table (or perched aquifer)

2232-432: The fighting Dodge rode to the front and personally led Thomas W. Sweeny 's division into battle. This action outraged the one-armed Sweeny so much that he got in a fistfight with Dodge and fellow division commander John W. Fuller . Sweeny received a court-martial for this action while Dodge continued to lead the corps at the Battle of Ezra Church . During the ensuing siege of Atlanta, while looking through an eyehole in

2294-562: The lake through deeply cut ravines in glacial features forested with hemlock and pine . Wenham Lake lies in the traditional lands of the Agawam people. The Agwam people recognised tribal ownership of the eastern part of what is now Essex County, Massachusetts . Those lands were ceded to the English in a quitclaim deed made by Chief Masconomet to John Winthrop the Younger . The deed

2356-471: The left leg, near Rolla, Missouri , when a pistol in his coat pocket discharged accidentally. He commanded the 1st Brigade, 4th Division in the Army of the Southwest at the Battle of Pea Ridge , where he was wounded in the side and hand. For his services at the battle, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers and placed in command of forces based in Corinth , where his intelligence operation

2418-592: The length of a column along a road. When General Stephen Hurlbut threatened to cease funding for Dodge's spy operations if Dodge did not turn over the names of his agents, Grant backed Dodge. Even Grant himself did not have this information. At its peak, his network ran from Georgia (Atlanta and Dalton), to Alabama (Florence, Selma, Decatur, Mobile), to Tennessee (Chattanooga and Columbia) to Mississippi, where information would be reported to Dodge, to Maj. Gen. Richard Oglesby , to Hurlbut in Memphis, to Grant himself,

2480-543: The local economy of Wenham. All the ponds in the region were interconnected through swamps and streams. Wenham Lake was a major alewife spawning ground. The alewife entered the lake via an outlet that emptied into the Miles River. The Miles river joins the Ipswich River giving a drop in elevation of about 34 feet (10 m). Alewife harvests continued to be important until the 19th century when dam construction on

2542-494: The local water distribution system. The lake and its shores are not accessible to the general public. Facilities at the southern end are restricted by high fences and kept under surveillance by cameras. The shores of the lake are posted against trespassing. Stands of evergreens left on the knolls surrounding the lake are privately owned. Due to the isolation of the lake bed, migratory birds that were only seen in Wenham Swamp,

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2604-674: The location of Union Pacific Headquarters, is often reputed to have been named after him, the street was actually named for influential (and unrelated) Iowa Senator Augustus C. Dodge . The Interstate 480 bridge over the Missouri River is named the Grenville Dodge Memorial Bridge in his honor. Camp Dodge —the Iowa Army National Guard Center in Johnston, Iowa —is named after him. Dodge Hall at his alma mater, Norwich University ,

2666-460: The pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with groundwater , which may be fresh, saline, or brackish, depending on the locality. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated. The water table is the surface where the water pressure head is equal to the atmospheric pressure (where gauge pressure = 0). It may be visualized as the "surface" of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in

2728-470: The railroads, bridges, and telegraph lines destroyed by the Confederates," and defeating or capturing the Confederate guerrillas, who had been ripping up the track and destroying railroad bridges, by employing techniques such as building two-story blockhouses near the bridges. In 1863, he was summoned to Washington DC by President Abraham Lincoln , and although Dodge thought he was being called before

2790-464: The rear column of Van Dorn's column, capturing a piece of artillery, 100 bales of cotton, 100 prisoners and Van Dorn's supply train. He then served as Grant's intelligence Chief through the Vicksburg campaign . Dodge was later appointed by General Grant as commander of a Division in the Army of the Tennessee , where his troops aided Grant and William T. Sherman by "rapidly repairing and rebuilding

2852-433: The summer. This disparity between the level of the winter and summer water table is known as the "zone of intermittent saturation", wherein the water table will fluctuate in response to climatic conditions. Fossil water is groundwater that has remained in an aquifer for several millennia and occurs mainly in deserts . It is non-renewable by present-day rainfall due to its depth below the surface, and any extraction causes

2914-608: The war, Dodge joined the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and was assigned insignia number 484. His first experience with intelligence gathering came when general John C. Fremont sent Dodge's cavalry regiments on useless raids near Rolla, Missouri based solely on rumors. He set out to rectify this situation and provide accurate intelligence to his superior Samuel Curtis after Fremont

2976-413: The water table may be more difficult to define. “Water table” and “ water level ” are not synonymous. If a deeper aquifer has a lower permeable unit that confines the upward flow, then the water level in this aquifer may rise to a level that is greater or less than the elevation of the actual water table. The elevation of the water in this deeper well is dependent upon the pressure in the deeper aquifer and

3038-420: The water table reaches the surface. Groundwater entering rivers and lakes accounts for the base-flow water levels in water bodies. Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect ( capillary fringe ) in soils , sediments and other porous media . In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and

3100-551: The water table to reach its capillary action, groundwater must be removed during construction. This is conspicuous in Berlin , which is built on sandy, marshy ground, and the water table is generally 2 meters below the surface. Pink and blue pipes can often be seen carrying groundwater from construction sites into the Spree river (or canals). Grenville Mullen Dodge Grenville Mellen Dodge (April 12, 1831 – January 3, 1916)

3162-550: The world. It was especially popular in Britain because of its purity and it is even said that Queen Victoria used the ice. Ice from Wenham Lake was so popular that Norwegian ice exporters even renamed the Norwegian Lake Oppegård for a short while into Wenham Lake so that they could trade ice from this Norwegian lake as ice from Wenham Lake. The Landers family, owners of the lake's first ice house, constructed

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3224-638: Was a Union Army officer on the frontier and a pioneering figure in military intelligence during the Civil War , who served as Ulysses S. Grant 's intelligence chief in the Western Theater . He served in several notable assignments, including command of the XVI Corps during the Atlanta Campaign . He later commanded troops against Native Americans and served as a US Congressman , businessman, and railroad executive who helped direct

3286-500: Was a precursor to the modern Intelligence Corps of the United States Army . It was one of the largest of the war, funded by the proceeds of captured Confederate cotton, with over 100 agents, and so effective that their identities remain a mystery even in modern times. It was perhaps the most accurate and comprehensive intelligence gathering network in history up to that time. His organization, which later became part of

3348-652: Was also a partner in the Baldwin & Dodge banking firm, and in 1860 served on the Bluffs City Council. Dodge joined the Union Army in the Civil War. At the beginning of the war, Dodge was sent by the Governor of Iowa to Washington, D.C., where he secured 6,000 muskets to supply Iowa volunteers. In July 1861, he was appointed Colonel of the 4th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment . He was wounded in

3410-415: Was also away much of the time building the railroad. His time in Washington (during the Fortieth United States Congress ), was often spent lobbying on behalf of the Union Pacific, although he supported internal improvements to the West . He served in the House from March 4, 1867, to March 3, 1869. In April he would complete negotiations with Collis Huntington , on behalf of Union Pacific Railroad regarding

3472-402: Was appointed to head a commission investigating the conduct of the Army during the Spanish–American War . The commission traveled to several cities in Dodge's personal railroad car. The report was published as a Senate document titled "Report of the Commission appointed by the President to investigate the Conduct of the War Department during the war with Spain." This commission came to be known as

3534-415: Was based. His commands were known variously as the Central District (Department of the Mississippi); 4th Division (District of West Tennessee); District of Mississippi (Department of Mississippi); 4th Division (District of Jackson, Army of the Tennessee ); 4th Division ( XIII Corps , Army of the Tennessee); District of Corinth ( XVII Corps , Army of the Tennessee); District of Corinth ( XVI Corps ), Army of

3596-400: Was inconclusive and eventually escalated into Red Cloud's War . During the 1865 campaign in the Laramie Mountains in Wyoming (known then as the Black Hills), while escaping from a war-party, Dodge realized he had found a pass for the Union Pacific Railroad, west of the Platte River . In May 1866, he resigned from the military and, with the endorsement of Generals Grant and Sherman, became

3658-416: Was later prosecuted for attempts to manipulate the route to suit his land-holdings. This brought him into vicious conflict with Dodge and Hoxie. Eventually Durant imposed a consulting engineer named Silas Seymour to spy and interfere with Dodge's decisions. Seeing that Durant was making a fortune, Dodge bought shares in Durant's company, Crédit Mobilier , which was the main contractor on the project. He made

3720-434: Was part of an amalgamation arrangement between remaining Agawam (whose numbers had markedly declined in the 1600s due to disease) and the English colonists of Charlestown, Massachusetts . Wenham Lake is first found under the name "Great Pond", in the records of Salem, Massachusetts .The lake was the site of the murder of John Hoddy by John Williams . Hoddy's dog detained Williams until his arrest. In 1638, Hugh Peters ,

3782-496: Was relieved. The initial group, known as the "Corps of Scouts" was formed from men of the 24th and 25th Missouri Infantry Regiments , who were often assigned to their own neighborhoods and were paid for their expenses, although most refused payment due to their Union loyalties. They are credited with providing the intelligence necessary to achieve victory at Pea Ridge. Dodge created a highly effective intelligence gathering network which later proved vital to Grant's operations and

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3844-400: Was required to harvest the ice. The crew waited for a foot of black ice to form in the lake. Snow was swept off and snow-ice was scraped off by horse-drawn vehicles if necessary. Then, a horse-drawn cutting tool, the marker, scored a grid 2-3 inches deep forming 21-inch squares over two to three acres of ice. Men with saws cut along a line in one direction while men with ice spades knocked

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