43-501: Werrington may refer to any of the following places. United Kingdom [ edit ] Werrington, Cornwall , England Werrington, Peterborough in Cambridgeshire, England Werrington Dive Under , railway junction near Werrington. Werrington, Staffordshire , England Australia [ edit ] Werrington, New South Wales [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
86-617: A peerage on such basis, meaning a right to sit in the House of Lords , were not to be revived, nor any right of succession based on them. In the Berkeley Case in 1861, an attempt was made to claim a seat in the House of Lords by right of a barony by tenure, but the House of Lords ruled that whatever might have been the case in the past, baronies by tenure no longer existed, meaning that a barony could not be held "by tenure", and confirmed
129-628: A Manchester merchant, briefly Member of Parliament for Launceston, who was succeeded in that seat by his son James Henry Deakin II (1851–1881). During this period much of the peripheral lands and properties of the estate were sold off. The estate was acquired in 1882 by John Charles Williams (1861–1939) of Caerhays Castle , who renovated the house, including a re-modelling of the East Range. The churches of Werrington and St Giles , both in Devon, had
172-465: A barony generally paid £100 in baronial relief for his inheritance. The term "relief" implies "elevation", both words being derived from the Latin levo , to raise up, into a position of honour. Where a barony was split into two, for example on the death of a baron leaving two co-heiresses, each daughter's husband would become a baron in respect of his moiety (mediaeval French for "half"), paying half of
215-459: A largely standard feudal contract of tenure, common to all his barons. Such barons were not necessarily always from the greater Norman nobles, but were selected often on account of their personal abilities and usefulness. Thus, for instance, Turstin FitzRolf , the relatively humble and obscure knight who had stepped in at the last minute to accept the position of Duke William's standard-bearer at
258-412: A thousand acres each, into each of which he would sub-enfeoff one knight, by the tenure of knight-service . This tenure gave the knight use of the fief and all its revenues, on condition that he should provide to the baron, now his overlord, 40 days of military service, complete with retinue of esquires, horses and armour. The fief so allotted is known as a knight's fee . Alternatively the baron could keep
301-462: Is "on the demesne". This does not mean they were resident within the baron's demesne, but that they had to be hired with the revenue arising from it. Conversely, a barony was "over-enfeoffed" where more knights had been enfeoffed than was required by the servitium debitum , and this indicated that the barony had been obtained on overly-favourable terms. The Cartae Baronum ("Charters of the Barons")
344-513: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Werrington, Cornwall Werrington ( Cornish : Trewolvredow ) is a civil parish and former manor now in Cornwall , England, United Kingdom. Prior to boundary changes it straddled the Tamar and lay within the county of Devon . The portion on the west side was transferred to Cornwall by
387-736: Is to say under a "free" (hereditable) contract requiring payment of monetary rents. Thus baronies could no longer be held by military service. Parliamentary titles of honour had been limited since the 15th century by the Modus Tenenda Parliamenta act , and could thenceforth only be created by writ of summons or letters patent . Tenure by knight-service was abolished and discharged and the lands covered by such tenures, including once-feudal baronies, were henceforth held by socage (i.e. in exchange for monetary rents). The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to
430-529: The Barony of Kendal , the Barony of Arundel and the Barony of Abergavenny. The first two terms now describe areas of the historic county of Westmorland , in the same way that the word "county" itself has lost its feudal meaning of a land area under the control of a count or earl . Ivor J. Sanders searched the archives, for example Exchequer documents such as fine rolls and pipe rolls , for entries recording
473-522: The Battle of Hastings , was granted a barony which comprised well over twenty manors. Lands forming a barony were often located in several different counties, not necessarily adjoining. The name of such a barony is generally deemed to be the name of the chief manor within it, known as the Caput , Latin for "head", generally assumed to have been the seat or chief residence of the first baron. So, for instance,
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#1732780437154516-682: The Dissolution of the Monasteries Werrington was granted by King Henry VIII in 1540, together with most of the other vast possessions of Tavistock Abbey, to John Russell, 1st Baron Russell (1485–1555)(later 1st Earl of Bedford ). In 1810 the manor of Werrington was said to include three parishes: Werrington, St Giles-in-the-Heath and North Petherwin, and was still owned by the Russell family, namely by John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford (1766–1839), whose steward held courts for
559-583: The Domesday Book of 1086 it is recorded as Ulvredintone . Containing 186 households it was far and away the largest settlement in the far west. In about 1066-8 she gave it to Tavistock Abbey , which held it until the Dissolution of the Monasteries . According to Risdon (d.1640) Werrington continued to be the "principal manor" of the honour of the Abbots of Tavistock until Dissolution. At
602-417: The kingdom of England , a feudal barony or barony by tenure was the highest degree of feudal land tenure , namely per baroniam (Latin for "by barony"), under which the land-holder owed the service of being one of the king's barons . The duties owed by and the privileges granted to feudal barons are not exactly defined, but they involved the duty of providing soldiers to the royal feudal army on demand by
645-535: The Cinque Ports were also deemed feudal barons by virtue of their military service at sea, and were thus entitled to attend Parliament. Baronial relief was payable by an heir so that he might lawfully take possession of his inheritance. It was a form of one-off taxation, or more accurately a variety of "feudal incident", levyable by the King on his tenants-in-chief for a variety of reasons. A prospective heir to
688-454: The Drake family the manor of Launceston. The present mansion, today known as Werrington Park was built by one of his descendants in the 1730s, possibly to the design of William Kent , which involved the demolition and re-siting of the parish church of St Martin. The manor with 11,000 acres was purchased in 1775 by Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1714–1786), who further embellished
731-600: The English, Lambert of Etocquigny, greeting. Know that I hold from you by your favour 16 carucates of land and 2 bovates [ about 2,000 acres ] by the service of 10 knights. In these 16 carucates of land I have 5 knights enfeoffed by the old enfeoffment: And from my demesne I provide the balance of the service I owe you, to wit, that of 5 knights. And from that demesne I have given Robert de Portemort 3 ⁄ 4 of 1 knight's fee. Therefore I pray you that you will send me your judgement concerning Richard de Haia who holds back
774-557: The Tenures Abolition Act 1660. Three Redesdale Committee Reports in the early 19th century reached the same conclusion. There has been at least one legal opinion which asserts the continuing legal existence of the feudal barony in England and Wales, namely that from 1996 of A W & C Barsby, Barristers of Grays's Inn. Survivals of feudal baronies, in their geographical form, are the Barony of Westmorland or Appleby,
817-742: The abolition of Broadwoodwidger Rural District by the Local Government Commission for England in 1966. It is situated 1 mile (1.6 km) to the west of the Tamar, the traditional boundary between Devon and Cornwall, and 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Launceston . White's Devonshire Directory (1850) described the parish of Werrington as being near the River Tamar and the Bude Canal and having an area of c. 5,000 acres. Yeolmbridge , Druxton and Eggbeer were then within
860-402: The barony of Turstin FitzRolf became known as the barony of North Cadbury , Somerset. The exact date of creation of most feudal baronies cannot be determined, as their founding charters have been lost. Many of them are first recorded in the Domesday Book survey of 1086. The feudal obligation imposed by the grant of a barony was termed in Latin the servitium debitum or "service owed" and
903-654: The development of an extensive peerage hierarchy. This type of barony is different from the type of feudal barony which existed within a county palatine . A county palatine was an independent franchise so its baronies were considered the highest rank of feudal tenure in the county and not the kingdom, such as the barony of Halton within the Palatinate of Chester . William the Conqueror established his favoured followers as barons by enfeoffing them as tenants-in-chief with great fiefdoms to be held per baroniam ,
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#1732780437154946-527: The early kings almost continually travelled around the kingdom, taking their court (i.e. administration) with them. A king only called a parliament, or council, when the need arose for either advice or funding. This lack of a parliamentary schedule meant that the barons needed to be informed when and where to attend. As baronies became fragmented over time due to failure of male heirs and descent via co-heiresses (see below), many of those who held per baroniam became holders of relatively small fiefdoms. Eventually,
989-417: The entire barony, or a part of it, in demesne , that is to say "in-hand" or under his own management, using the revenues it produced to buy the services of mercenary knights known as "stipendiary knights". Where a baron had sub-enfeoffed fewer knights than required by the servitium debitum , the barony was said to be "under-enfeoffed", and the balance of knights owing had to be produced super dominium , that
1032-460: The full baronial relief. A tenant-in-chief could be the lord of fractions of several different baronies, if he or his ancestors had married co-heiresses. The tenure of even the smallest fraction of a barony conferred baronial status on the lord of these lands. This natural fragmentation of the baronies led to great difficulties within the royal administration as the king relied on an ever-increasing number of men responsible for supplying soldiers for
1075-529: The interior. He also purchased all the outlying tenements in Newport and much property in the borough of Launceston. Between 1864 and 1882 Werrington passed through a succession of brief ownerships. In 1864 Werrington was purchased by Alexander Hey Campbell, a Manchester merchant, MP for Launceston from 1865 to 1868. In 1868 he sold it to William Wentworth Fitzwilliam Dick, of County Wicklow, Ireland, who sold it in 1871 to Col. James Henry Deakin I (1823–1880),
1118-446: The king refused to summon such minor nobles to Parliament by personal writ, sending instead a general writ of summons to the sheriff of each shire, who was to summon only representatives of these so-called lesser barons. The greater barons, who retained sufficient power to insist upon it, continued to receive personal summonses. The king came to realise, from the complacency of the lesser barons with this new procedure, that in practice it
1161-530: The king, and the privilege of attendance at the king's feudal court, the Magnum Concilium , the precursor of parliament . If the estate-in-land held by barony contained a significant castle as its caput baroniae and if it was especially large – consisting of more than about 20 knight's fees (each loosely equivalent to a manor ) – then it was termed an honour . The typical honour had properties scattered over several shires , intermingled with
1204-408: The manor house. In 1649 Sir Francis Drake, 2nd Baronet (1617–1662) purchased the nearby manor of Launceston and the borough of Newport in the parish of St. Stephen, and moved his main residence to Buckland Monachorum, whereupon he sold Werrington to Sir William Morice. The estate was sold in 1651 to Sir William Morice (1602–1676), Secretary of State to King Charles II, who also purchased from
1247-537: The manor. However, it appears that while the manor was retained by the Russells, the estate of Werrington within the manor was sold to Edward Woodward and Henry and Bartholomew Lucas. The "steward of the court of the Earl of Bedford" at Werrington in about 1600 was John Twiggs, whose family pedigree is included in the 1620 Heraldic Visitation of Devon. John Twiggs's grandson was Richard Twiggs "of Werrington", whose son
1290-541: The parish which was included in Black Torrington Hundred . Druxton Bridge is a Grade II* listed 16th century road bridge. The descent of the manor of Werrington was as follows: Before the Norman Conquest of 1066, the manor of Werrington, in the hundred of Black Torrington , was the sole possession of Gytha of Wessex (died 1098 or 1107), the daughter of King Harold (d.1066). In
1333-467: The payment of baronial relief and published his results in English Baronies, a Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327 (Oxford, 1960). He identified a number of certain baronies where evidence was found of payment of baronial relief, and a further group which he termed "probable baronies" where the evidence was less clear. Where he could not identify a caput , Sanders named the barony after
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1376-493: The properties of others. This was a specific policy of the Norman kings, to avoid establishing any one area under the control of a single lord. Usually, though, a more concentrated cluster existed somewhere. Here would lie the caput (head) of the honour, with a castle that gave its name to the honour and served as its administrative headquarters. The term honour is particularly useful for the eleventh and twelfth centuries, before
1419-407: The royal army, and the records of the identities of these fractional barons became more complex and unreliable. The early English jurist Henry de Bracton (died 1268) was one of the first writers to examine the concept of the feudal barony. The power of the feudal barons to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of Quia Emptores . This prohibited land from being
1462-427: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werrington&oldid=999901134 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1505-423: The service of his fee, because I cannot obtain that service except by your order. This is the total service in the aforesaid 16 carucates of land. Farewell. The privilege which balanced the burden of the servitium debitum was the baron's right to attend the king's council. Originally all barons who held per baroniam received individual writs of summons to attend Parliament. This was a practical measure because
1548-526: The start of the decline of feudalism, eventually evolving into summons by public proclamation in the form of letters patent . The higher prelates such as archbishops and bishops were deemed to hold per baroniam , and were thus members of the baronage entitled to attend Parliament, indeed they formed the greatest grouping of all. Marcher lords in Wales often held their lordships by right of conquest and appear to have been deemed feudal barons. The Barons of
1591-533: The status of chapelries in the Middle Ages; the impropriators of the churches of North Petherwin (Tavistock Abbey) and St Stephen's by Launceston (Launceston Priory). A settlement of the dispute was made in 1500 in favour of the priory which undertook the cost of a resident chaplain to serve both Werrington and St Giles. The original site of the parish church of St Martin was in Werrington Park but it
1634-734: The subject of a feudal grant, and allowed its transfer without the feudal lord's permission. Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete (but not extinct) on the abolition of feudal tenure during the Civil War , as confirmed by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 passed under the Restoration which took away knights service and other legal rights. Under the Tenures Abolition Act 1660, many baronies by tenure were converted into baronies by writ . The rest ceased to exist as feudal baronies by tenure, becoming baronies in free socage , that
1677-536: Was Benjamin Twiggs (1616-c.1678/9) "of Werrington", who both described themselves as "of Werrington" in their wills. The estate of Werrington was acquired in 1620 by Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet (1588–1637), of Buckland Monachorum in Devon, nephew of the famous Admiral Sir Francis Drake (d.1596). In 1631 he obtained a royal licence to empark lands in Werrington and St. Stephen by Launceston and later rebuilt
1720-479: Was a survey commissioned by the Treasury in 1166. It required each baron to declare how many knights he had enfeoffed and how many were super dominium , with the names of all. It appears that the survey was designed to identify baronies from which a greater servitium debitum could in future be obtained by the king. An example is given from the return of Lambert of Etocquigny: To his reverend lord, Henry, king of
1763-528: Was not tenure per baroniam which determined attendance at Parliament, but receipt of a writ of summons originated by himself. The next logical development was that the king started issuing writs to persons who did not hold per baroniam and who were not therefore feudal barons, but "barons by writ". The reason for summoning by writ was based on personal characteristics, for example the man summoned might be one of exceptional judgement or have valuable military skills. The arbitrary summons by personal writ signalled
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1806-514: Was re-built in 1742 on a new site in the Gothic style; the tower is from the old church. The front in the earliest Gothic Revival style suggests that the architect could have been William Kent. There are two fonts: one is plain and Norman and the other contemporary with the rebuilding. There is a peal of eight bells. 50°39′54″N 4°21′58″W / 50.665°N 4.366°W / 50.665; -4.366 Honour (feudal barony) In
1849-400: Was set as a quota of knights to be provided for the king's service. It bore no constant relation to the amount of land comprised by the barony, but was fixed by a bargain between the king and the baron. It was at the discretion of the baron as to how these knights were found. The commonest method was for him to split his barony into several fiefs of between a few hundred acres possibly up to
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