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57-664: Historian Charles Francis Adams Jr. referred to the colony as "ill-conceived, ill-executed, ill-fated". It is best remembered for the battle in late March 1623 between Plymouth troops led by Myles Standish and an Indian force led by Pecksuot . This battle scarred relations between the Plymouth colonists and the Indians, and it was fictionalized two centuries later in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's 1858 poem The Courtship of Miles Standish . In September 1623,

114-508: A Boy he would make observations and reflections on every Thing one sayd or did, and censure it to be either well or ill. He was never at the University for the reason alleged." He was educated at the King's School, Worcester , under Henry Bright whose teaching is recorded favourably by Thomas Fuller , a contemporary writer, in his Worthies of England . In early youth he was a servant to

171-476: A History of Worcestershire (1781), and perhaps because the latter date seemed to be a revised account, it has been repeated by many writers and editors. However, The parish register of Strensham records under the year 1612: "Item was christened Samuell Butler the sonne of Samuell Butler the xiiijth of February anno ut supra". Lady Day , 25 March, was New Year's Day in England at the time, so the year of his baptism

228-789: A London merchant and ironmonger. He was associated with the Plymouth Council for New England which had funded the short-lived Popham Colony in Maine 15 years earlier. During the period when the Pilgrims were in the Netherlands, Weston helped to arrange their passage to the New World with help from the Merchant Adventurers . Historian Charles Francis Adams, Jr. glowingly called him a "sixteenth century adventurer" in

285-483: A form of servitude, building canoes and performing other labors for the Indians in exchange for food, and ten colonists died. The Indians caught one Wessagusset man stealing, so the other Wessagusset colonists hanged him in their view as a show of good faith. However, sources disagree whether the man hanged was the culprit or an older, possibly dying man. The legend that the Wessagusset colonists hanged an innocent man

342-629: A grandson of President John Quincy Adams . His father Charles Francis Adams Sr. was a lawyer, politician, diplomat, and writer. His siblings were older sister Louisa Catherine Adams, wife of Charles Kuhn, of Philadelphia; older brother John Quincy Adams II , father of Charles Francis Adams III ; historian Henry Brooks Adams ; Arthur Adams, who died in childhood; Mary Adams, who married Henry Parker Quincy, of Dedham, Massachusetts; and historian Peter Chardon Brooks Adams , of Beverly Farms, Massachusetts, who married Evelyn Davis. Adams graduated from Harvard University in 1856 and then studied law in

399-484: A joint trading mission to the Indians with goods brought by the Wessagusset colonists. That trading mission was somewhat successful and the two colonies split the proceeds. In November, Greene died and John Sanders was made governor of the colony. By January, the colonists continued to trade with the Indians for food, but at a severe disadvantage. This drove up the barter-price of corn and they were forced to trade their clothes and other needed supplies. Some colonists entered

456-545: A leadership council, of which Plymouth's Governor Bradford would be a member. Weston had brought only working men, whereas Gorges brought entire families who would form a permanent settlement. He also brought two Anglican clergymen who would oversee the spiritual health of the region. Gorges arrived in Massachusetts in September 1623, only four months after Weston's colony collapsed. Instead of founding his colony at

513-404: A patent for a settlement covering 300 square miles (780 km) northeast of Boston Harbor . He was an English captain and son of Sir Ferdinando Gorges . This settlement was intended to be a spiritual and civic capital of the council's New England colonies. Gorges was commissioned as Governor-General with authority over Plymouth and presumably future colonies. His government was also to consist of

570-475: A second colony was created on the abandoned site at Wessagusset led by Governor-General Robert Gorges . This colony was rechristened as Weymouth and was also unsuccessful, and Governor Gorges returned to England the following year. Despite that, some settlers remained in the village and it was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The colony was coordinated by Thomas Weston ,

627-403: A set of Theophrastan character sketches which were not printed until 1759. Many other works are dubiously attributed to him. A News-monger is a Retailer of Rumour, that takes up upon Trust, and sells as cheap as he buys. He deals in a perishable Commodity, that will not keep: for if it be not fresh it lies upon his Hands, and will yield nothing. True or false is all one to him; for Novelty being

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684-406: A small force under Miles Standish to Wessagusset, and they arrived on March 26. Standish called all of the Wessagusset colonists into the stockade for defense. The following day, several Indians were at Wessagusset, including chief Pecksuot . Historical sources give different accounts of the killings, but four of the Indians were in the same room as Standish and several of his men. One source from

741-499: Is also a memorial plaque to him in the small village church of Strensham, Worcestershire, near the town of Upton upon Severn , his birthplace. Hudibras is directed against religious sectarianism. The poem was very popular in its time, and several of its phrases have passed into the dictionary. It was sufficiently popular to spawn imitators. Hudibras takes some of its characterization from Don Quixote but, unlike that work, it has many more references to personalities and events of

798-634: Is unclear whether this colonist's report was the tipping point or whether Plymouth had already decided to mount a pre-emptive attack. Edward Winslow had saved the life of Wampanoag chief Massasoit , and Massasoit now warned him of a conspiracy among several tribes against Wessagusset and Plymouth. The threatening tribes were led by the Massachusetts but also included the Nauset , Paomet , Succonet , Mattachiest , Capawack, and Agawam tribes from as far away as Martha's Vineyard . Plymouth colony sent

855-765: The Blue Hills Reservation and the Middlesex Fells Reservation . In 1900, he wrote an open letter to the President of the Massachusetts Single Tax League, declaring himself a supporter of the reform Henry George had proposed, which would later be known as Georgism . An excerpt of that letter appeared in The Outlook , December 15, 1900. Adams represented the public on the board of arbitration in

912-466: The Countess of Kent . Through Lady Kent he met her steward, the jurist John Selden who influenced his later writings. He also tried his hand at painting but was reportedly not very good at it; one of his editors reporting that "his pictures served to stop windows and save the tax" ( on window glass ). Conversely, John Aubrey who knew Butler quite well enough to be one of his pallbearers, wrote that "He

969-527: The Gettysburg Campaign , where his company was heavily engaged at the Battle of Aldie . When the regiment's 3-year enlistment ended it was reduced to a battalion, and Adams was mustered out of service on September 1, 1864. On September 8, 1864, he was commissioned as the lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry (officially designated "5th Massachusetts Colored Volunteer Cavalry"). He

1026-456: The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop visited the settlement in 1632. In time, the location of the original settlement was lost to history and development. The location of the original fort was not rediscovered until 1891. Charles Francis Adams Jr. Charles Francis Adams Jr. (May 27, 1835 – March 20, 1915) was an American author, historian, and railroad and park commissioner who served as

1083-595: The mock heroic is shown by another early poem Cynarctomachy , or Battle between Bear and Dogs, which is both a homage to and a parody of a Greek poem ascribed to Homer , Batrachomyomachia . He wrote the poem Upon Philip Nye's Thanksgiving Beard about the Puritan Philip Nye and later also mentioned him in Hudibras . His supposed lack of money later in life is strange as he had numerous unpublished works which could have offered him income including

1140-491: The movement . Adams also wrote an autobiography, completed in 1912 and published posthumously in 1916. At the beginning of the autobiography is a memorial address about Adams written by Henry Cabot Lodge . From 1893 to 1895, he was chairman of the Massachusetts Park Commission, and as such took a prominent part in planning the present park system of the state. He was influential in establishing

1197-447: The 1880s suggests that it was the Indians who arranged to be alone with Standish in order to attack him. Other modern sources claim that Standish had invited them into the situation on peaceful pretenses. Regardless, Standish gave the order to strike, quickly killing Chief Pecksuot with his own knife. Several other Indians in the village were attacked next, and only one escaped to raise the alarm. As many as five colonists were also killed in

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1254-783: The Indians which were supposed to have been used for the defense of the colony. Weston denied the first charge but confessed to the second. After consideration, Gorges released him on his word, and he eventually settled as a politician in Virginia and Maryland . After a winter in Weymouth, Gorges abandoned his new colony in the spring of 1624 due to financial difficulties. Most of his settlers returned to England, but some remained as colonists in Weymouth, Plymouth, or Virginia, and William Blaxton settled in Boston. The remaining Weymouth settlers were supported by Plymouth until they were made part of

1311-528: The Indians, and there was at least one instance where an Indian was caught stealing from Plymouth. Near the end of the winter, the Indians near Wessagusset moved some of their huts to a swamp near the colony, and the colonists felt that they were under siege. One colonist at Wessagusset saw these signs and other indications of hostility, and fled to Plymouth to bring word of an imminent attack, pursued by Indians during his flight. He arrived at Plymouth on March 24 and met with Governor Bradford and town councilmen. It

1368-568: The Massachusetts Railroad Commission. There he attempted to persuade (rather than coerce) railroads into compliance with accepted business norms. Thomas McCraw called Adams's approach to regulation "the Sunshine Commission," because the purpose of the commission was to expose the corrupt business practices in the hope that, once out in the open, the businessmen would be shamed into mending their ways. It

1425-722: The Pillaster of the Dore (by his desire) 6 feet deep" at the expense of a Mr. Longueville, although he was not in debt when he died. Aubrey in Brief Lives describes his grave as "being in the north part next to the church at the east end ... 2 yards distant from the pillaster of the dore". Also, a monument to him was placed in Westminster Abbey in 1732 by a printer, John Barber, and the Lord Mayor of London . There

1482-651: The Plymouth Colony in May 1622 aboard the Sparrow , an English fishing vessel which was sailing to the coast of Maine . The team traveled the final 150 miles (240 km) down the New England coast in a shallop with three members of the Sparrow' s crew. These colonists stayed only briefly in Plymouth before scouting the coast in their shallop to find a site for their colony. After finding one, they negotiated for

1539-736: The battles of Secessionville , South Carolina and South Mountain and Antietam , Maryland, and for meritorious services during the war" to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U. S. Senate confirmed the award on July 23, 1866. Adams was a Veteran Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). Following the Civil War, he was appointed to

1596-405: The boast, the taunt, and the insult, the hot blood of his race, of Sir Hugh and of Thurston de Standish, Boiled and beat in his heart, and swelled in the veins of his temples. Headlong he leaped on the boaster, and, snatching his knife from its scabbard, Plunged it into his heart, and, reeling backward, the savage Fell with his face to the sky, and a fiendlike fierceness upon it. Following

1653-586: The brief battle; one Indian's head was cut off and displayed in Plymouth as a warning to others, which was a common practice in Europe at the time. In 1858, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow included a fictionalized depiction of the killings in his poem The Courtship of Miles Standish . In his version, the Indians are depicted as begging for weapons to use against other tribes, and Standish responds by offering them Bibles. The Indians begin to boast and taunt him, so Standish attacks first: But when he heard their defiance,

1710-532: The brief conflict, Standish offered to leave several soldiers to defend the colony, but the colonists declined. Instead, they divided, some returning to England in the Swan , including John Sanders, others remaining behind to join the Plymouth colony. By spring of 1623, the village was empty and the colony was dissolved. Thomas Weston arrived in Maine several months later, seeking to join his colony, only to discover that it

1767-420: The colonists. Historians differ on whether the conflict could have been avoided or the colony saved. Some historians see the preemptive strike as a necessary one, "saving the lives of hundreds", while others see it as a sad misunderstanding. Historian Charles Francis Adams summarizes the Wessagusset experience as "ill-conceived, ill-executed, ill-fated". The Plymouth Council for New England gave Robert Gorges

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1824-427: The colony would be assembled. Weston believed that families were a detriment to a well-run plantation, so he selected able-bodied men only—but not men experienced in colonial life. In total, there were several advance scouts and 50 or 60 other colonists. The final complement also included one surgeon and one lawyer. The party was outfitted with enough supplies to last the winter. An advance team of 60 settlers arrived at

1881-601: The conclusion that the regiment's black soldiers were ill-suited for combat duty. He led his regiment into Richmond shortly after it was captured in April 1865. Adams returned to Massachusetts in May due to illness (probably dysentery) and resigned from the Army on August 1, 1865. On July 9, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Colonel Adams for the award of the rank of brevet (honorary) brigadier general , United States Volunteers , "for distinguished gallantry and efficiency at

1938-399: The day. Butler was also influenced by satirists such as John Skelton and Paul Scarron 's Virgile travesti ; a satire on classical literature, particularly Virgil . Hudibras was reprinted many times in the centuries following Butler's death. Two of the more noteworthy editions are those edited by Zachery Grey (1744) and Treadway Russell Nash (1793). The standard edition of the work

1995-595: The following month. By the end of September, the colony was established, the Swan was moored in Weymouth Fore River , and the Charity returned to England. Relations were initially cordial between the two colonies, and the men of the Wessagusset assisted Plymouth with their harvest, but the people of Plymouth accused them of stealing. Indians soon complained to Plymouth that the Wessagusset colonists were stealing their corn, but Plymouth had no authority over

2052-490: The form of a grant from King Charles II . During the latter part of his life, Butler lived in a house in the now partially demolished Rose Street, to the west of Covent Garden . Butler died of consumption on 25 September 1680, and was buried on 27 September in the Church-yard of St. Paul's, Covent Garden ; in the north part next to the church at the east end. "His feet touch the wall. His grave 2 yards distant from

2109-795: The industrial department of the National Civic Confederation in New York city, December 17, 1901. On November 8, 1865, he married Mary Hone Ogden (1843–1934), daughter of Edward and Caroline Callender Ogden. The couple had three daughters and twin sons, both of whom graduated from Harvard in 1898. The five children were: Adams died May 20, 1915. He is buried in Mount Wollaston Cemetery in Quincy, Massachusetts . Samuel Butler (poet) Samuel Butler (baptized 14 February 1613 – 25 September 1680)

2166-400: The land with Chief Aberdecest and returned to Plymouth, sending the shallop back to the Sparrow and awaiting the remainder of the colonists. The main body of colonists set off from London in April 1622 aboard the Charity and the Swan . Richard Greene , Thomas Weston's brother-in-law, was the initial leader of the group. They arrived in Plymouth in late June and moved into their settlement

2223-439: The location described in the patent, he chose the abandoned settlement at Wessagusset. It was rechristened Weymouth after Weymouth, Dorset , the town where the expedition began. Over the following weeks, he visited Plymouth and ordered the arrest of Thomas Weston who had arrived in that colony in the Swan . This was his only official act as Governor-General. Weston was charged with neglect of his colony and with selling weapons to

2280-493: The mold of John Smith and Walter Raleigh , adding that his "brain teemed with schemes for deriving sudden gain from the settlement of the new continent". In later years, Plymouth Governor William Bradford called him "a bitter enemy unto Plymouth upon all occasions". Turning a profit was the primary purpose of Weston's new colony, rather than the religious reasons of the Pilgrims who established Plymouth, and this dictated how

2337-493: The new colony and could only send them a "rebuke". Wessagusset was consuming food too quickly because of the disorder of the colony, as reported by Plymouth's Governor Bradford, and it became apparent that they would run out before the end of the winter. In addition, Plymouth was also low on supplies due to spending additional time during the growing season building fortifications rather than growing crops. To prevent hunger for both colonies, Plymouth and Wessagusset colonists organized

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2394-507: The new president. Adams had long promoted various reform ideas, as in his book Railroads, Their Origin and Problems (1878), but he had little practical experience in management. As railroad president, he was successful in getting a good press for the UP, and he set up libraries along the route to allow his employees to better themselves. He had poor results dealing with the Knights of Labor . When

2451-528: The office of Richard Henry Dana Jr. and was admitted to the bar in 1858. In 1895, he received an LL.D. degree from Harvard University. Adams served in the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry on December 28, 1861. He was promoted to captain on December 1, 1862. He fought with distinction during

2508-777: The president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890. He served as a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War . After the war, he was a railroad regulator and executive, an author of historical works, and a member of the Massachusetts Park Commission. Adams was born in Boston , May 27, 1835, into a family with a long legacy in American public life. He was a great-grandson of United States President John Adams and

2565-529: The union refused extra work in Wyoming in 1885, Adams hired Chinese workers. The result was the Rock Springs massacre , which killed scores of Chinese and drove all the rest out of Wyoming. He tried to build a complex network of alliances with other businesses, but they provided little help to the UP. He had great difficulty in making decisions and in coordinating his subordinates. Adams was unable to stanch

2622-680: The worsening financial condition of the UP, and in 1890 the railroad's owner Jay Gould forced him to resign. Adams was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1871 and a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1891. After 1874, he devoted much of his time to the study of American history. In recognition of his work, Adams became vice-president of the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1890, he

2679-535: Was 1613 according to the change of the start of the year with the Calendar Act of 1750 (see Old Style and New Style dates ). Nash also claims in his 1793 edition of Hudibras that Butler's father entered his son's baptism into the register, an error that was also repeated in later publications; however, the entry was clearly written by a different hand. Butler was brought up in the household of Sir William Russell of Strensham and became his clerk. "When just

2736-590: Was already failed. Some of his former settlers apparently had gone north to Maine and were living on House Island in Casco Bay in a home built by explorer Capt. Christopher Levett , who had been granted land to found an English colony. Levett's settlement also failed, and the fate of Weston's men is uncertain. Due to the fighting at Wessagusset, Plymouth's trade with the Indians was devastated for years. Local tribes which had previously been favorable to Plymouth began to forge bonds with other tribes in defense against

2793-572: Was an English poet and satirist. He is remembered now chiefly for a long satirical poem titled Hudibras . Samuel Butler was born in Strensham , Worcestershire, and was the son of a farmer and churchwarden , also named Samuel. His date of birth is unknown, but there is documentary evidence for the date of his baptism of 14 February. The date of Butler's baptism is given as 8 February by Treadway Russell Nash in his 1793 edition of Hudibras . Nash had already mentioned Butler in his Collections for

2850-558: Was chosen president of this society in 1895 and the American Historical Association in 1901. His writings and addresses on problems of railway management and other historical subjects frequently gave rise to widespread controversy. In 1875, he published an essay on "The Granger Movement" in the North American Review. It exposed the railroad rate rigging and monopoly practices that prompted

2907-534: Was edited by John Wilders (1967). Most of his other writings never saw print until they were collected and published by Robert Thyer in 1759. Butler wrote many short biographies , epigrams and verses, the earliest surviving from 1644. Of his verses, the best known is "The Elephant on the Moon", about a mouse trapped in a telescope , a satire on Sir Paul Neale of the Royal Society . Butler's taste for

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2964-518: Was found to be so witty. Despite the popularity of Hudibras , Butler was not offered a place at Court. "Satyrical Witts disoblige whom they converse with; and consequently make to themselves many Enemies and few Friends; and this was his manner and case." However, Butler is thought to have been in the employment of the Duke of Buckingham in the summer of 1670, and accompanied him on a diplomatic mission to France. Butler also received financial support in

3021-436: Was in this vein that he wrote Chapters of Erie . However, true to his regulatory philosophy, he favored the protection of businessmen over that of the consumers. He saw regulation as necessary to protect investors and other businessmen from the capriciousness of a hostile public or the machinations of other unscrupulous stock jobbers . Congress distrusted the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) and in 1884 forced it to hire Adams as

3078-467: Was later popularized by a satirical depiction of this event in Samuel Butler 's 1660s poem Hudibras . In February, Sanders petitioned Plymouth for a joint attack on the Indians, but Governor Bradford refused. Much of the story of the first Wessagusset colony is detailed in a 1662 account by company member Phineas Pratt . Tensions continued to build throughout the winter between the settlers and

3135-490: Was paying craftsmen working on repairing the castle there. In late 1662 the first part of Hudibras , which he began writing when lodging at Holborn , London, in 1658 and continued to work on while in Ludlow, was published, and the other two in 1664 and 1678 respectively. One early purchaser of the first two parts was Samuel Pepys . While the diarist acknowledged that the book was the "greatest fashion" he could not see why it

3192-521: Was promoted to colonel and assumed command of the regiment on March 14, 1865, shortly before the end of the war. When he assumed command, the regiment was assigned guarding Confederate prisoners of war at Point Lookout, Maryland . Adams, who wished to lead his regiment in combat, was able to get horses for his regiment and had it reassigned to front-line duty during the closing days of the campaign against Richmond. Adams wrote in his autobiography that he regretted having his unit reassigned since he came to

3249-554: Was thinking once to have made painting his Profession. His love to and skill in painting made a great friendship between him and Mr. Samuel Cowper (The Prince of Limners of this Age)." He studied law but did not practice. After the Restoration he became secretary, or steward, to Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery , Lord President of Wales , which entailed living at least a year in Ludlow , Shropshire, until January 1662 while he

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