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32-500: The Angas languages are: Note that in the language names, orthographic oe stands for the mid central vowel ə , a practice that had been adopted by missionaries in the Shendam area during the 1930s, such as Father E. Sirlinger. Unlike many other West Chadic languages , Angas languages do not have complex nominal and verbal morphology. Ywom is the most divergent language. Some phonological characteristics that are typical of

64-589: A phonemic status ; that is, the presence or absence of creaky voice can change the meaning of a word. In the International Phonetic Alphabet , creaky voice of a phone is represented by a diacritical tilde U+ 0330 ◌̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW , for example [d̰] . The Danish prosodic feature stød is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a phonemic function. A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring in some Korean language consonants for example,

96-527: A broad and a slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic , it represents /a/ or /ɛ/ between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant ⟨ll, m, nn⟩ (e.g. cainnt /kʰaiɲtʲ/ , or pre-consonant ⟨bh, mh⟩ (e.g. aimhreit /ˈaivɾʲɪtʲ/ . In the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish , it represents /eː/ , mostly in loanwords from English such as paint . ⟨ aí ⟩

128-534: A consonant or finally); or /bm/ (before a vowel); examples are mabm ('mother') or hebma ('this'). ⟨ bp ⟩ is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for /p/ . ⟨bp⟩ (capital ⟨bP⟩ ) is used in Irish , as the eclipsis of ⟨p⟩ , to represent /bˠ/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩ ) and /bʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩ ). ⟨ bv ⟩

160-424: A geminated /tʃ/ , as in lacci /ˈlat.tʃi/ . In Piedmontese and Lombard , ⟨cc⟩ represents the /tʃ/ sound at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click /ᵑǀˀ/ . In English crip slang, ⟨cc⟩ can sometimes replace the letters ⟨ck⟩ or ⟨ct⟩ at the ends of words, such as with thicc , protecc , succ and fucc . ⟨ cg ⟩

192-538: Is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets . In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. ⟨ å ⟩ is alphabetised with ⟨a⟩ , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish , Norwegian and Swedish . Substantially-modified letters, such as ⟨ ſ ⟩ (a variant of ⟨s⟩ ) and ⟨ɔ⟩ (based on ⟨o⟩ ), are placed at

224-460: Is called " stiff voice ". Use of creaky voice across general speech and in singing is termed "vocal fry". Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, with researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa finding that college-age Americans perceived female creaky voice as "hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile." It

256-806: Is found in a few words such as paon representing /ɑ̃/ and as paonne representing /a/ . In Malagasy , it represents /o/ . In Wymysorys , it represents /œʏ̯/ . ⟨ ão ⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ũ̯/ . ⟨ aq ⟩ is used in Taa , for the pharyngealized vowel /aˤ/ . ⟨ au ⟩ is used in English for /ɔː/ . It occasionally represents /aʊ/ , as in flautist . Other pronunciations are /æ/ or /ɑː/ (depending on dialect) in aunt and laugh , /eɪ/ in gauge , /oʊ/ in gauche and chauffeur , and /ə/ as in meerschaum and restaurant . ⟨ äu ⟩

288-490: Is in some proper names) for [ɔ] or [ʌ] (in Danish), until it was replaced with ⟨ å ⟩ . There is a ligature ⟨ Ꜳ ⟩ . In Cantonese romanisations such as Jyutping or Yale , it is used for /aː/ , contrasting with ⟨a⟩ /ɐ/ . ⟨ ae ⟩ is used in Irish for /eː/ between two "broad" ( velarized ) consonants, e.g. Gael /ɡeːlˠ/ "a Gael ". ⟨ ãe ⟩

320-459: Is much more morphologically complex. This is because Hausa originated from outside the Plateau area and had thus not undergone intensive long-term contact with Plateau languages to the extent that West Chadic A3 had. Plurals are marked with an *mV- affix throughout West Chadic A3 languages. The West Chadic A3 languages are lexically innovative, having lost many common Chadic lexical roots as with

352-611: Is used for /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. In French it represents /ɑ̃/ ( /an/ before a vowel). In Breton it represents /ɑ̃n/ . ⟨ aⁿ ⟩ is used in Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī for /ã/ . ⟨ ân ⟩ is used in Portuguese for a stressed /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. ⟨ än ⟩ is used in Tibetan Pinyin for /ɛ̃/ . It is alternately written ⟨ ain ⟩ . ⟨ ån ⟩

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384-416: Is used for the fortis sound /p͈/ , otherwise spelled ⟨pp⟩ ; e.g. hobbang . In Hadza it represents the ejective /pʼ/ . In several African languages it is implosive /ɓ/ . In Cypriot Arabic it is /bʱ/ . ⟨ bd ⟩ is used in English for /d/ in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy . When not initial, it represents /bd/ , as in abdicate . ⟨ bf ⟩

416-527: Is used in Bavarian and several African languages for the /b̪͡v/ . ⟨ bh ⟩ is used in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages for a murmured voiced bilabial plosive ( /bʱ/ ), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan , it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive /b͡pʰ/ . It is used in Irish to represent /w/ (beside ⟨a, o, u⟩ ) and /vʲ/ (beside ⟨e, i⟩ ), word-initially it marks

448-536: Is used in German for the diphthong /ɔɪ/ in declension of native words with ⟨au⟩ ; elsewhere, /ɔɪ/ is written as ⟨eu⟩ . In words, mostly of Latin origin, where ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨u⟩ are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents /ɛ.ʊ/ , e.g. Matthäus (a German form for Matthew ). ⟨ aw ⟩ is used in English in ways that parallel English ⟨au⟩ , though it appears more often at

480-594: Is used in Irish for /iː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ aî ⟩ is used in French for /ɛː/ , as in aînesse /ɛːnɛs/ or maître /mɛːtʁ/ . ⟨ ái ⟩ is used in Irish for /aː/ between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ ài ⟩ is used in Scottish Gaelic for /aː/ or sometimes /ɛː/ , between a broad and a slender consonant. ⟨ ãi ⟩

512-483: Is used in Manx for /tʃ/ , such as in the word çhengey, meaning speech, as a distinction from ⟨ch⟩ which is used for /x/ . Creaky voice In linguistics , creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation , pulse phonation , vocal fry , or glottal fry ) refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of phonation in which

544-419: Is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ĩ̯/ , usually spelt ⟨ãe⟩ . ⟨ am ⟩ is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ũ̯/ word finally, /ɐ̃/ before a consonant, and /am/ before a vowel. In French, it represents /ɑ̃/ . ⟨ âm ⟩ is used in Portuguese for a stressed /ɐ̃/ before a consonant. ⟨ an ⟩ is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel . In Portuguese it

576-606: Is used in Portuguese for /ɐ̃ĩ̯/ . ⟨ ah ⟩ is used in Taa for breathy or murmured /a̤/ . In German and English it typically represents a long vowel /ɑː/ . ⟨ ai ⟩ is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong /aɪ/ . In English , due to the Great Vowel Shift , it represents /eɪ/ as in pain and rain , while in unstressed syllables it may represent /ə/ , e.g. bargain and certain(ly) . In French , it represents /ɛ/ . In Irish and it represents /a/ between

608-621: Is used in Walloon , for the nasal vowel /ɔ̃/ . ⟨ aŋ ⟩ is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel /ã/ ⟨ ao ⟩ is used in many languages, such as Piedmontese and Mandarin Pinyin , to represent /au̯/ . In Irish , it represents /iː/ ( /eː/ in Munster ) between broad consonants. In Scottish Gaelic , it represents /ɯː/ between broad consonants. In French , it

640-668: Is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for /ʔʲ/ , but in Niger, Hausa ⟨ʼy⟩ is replaced with ⟨ƴ ⟩ . ⟨ aʼ ⟩ is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel /a̰/ . ⟨ aa ⟩ is used in Dutch , Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for /aː/ . It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian (and still

672-541: Is used in Bari for /ɗ/ . ⟨ ʼm ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or yin tone /m/ . It is also often written as /ʔm/ . ⟨ ʼn ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /n/ . ⟨ ʼng ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /ŋ/ . ⟨ ʼny ⟩ is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark /ȵ/ . ⟨ ʼy ⟩ (capital ⟨ ʼY ⟩ )

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704-587: Is used in English for /eɪ/ . ⟨ bb ⟩ is used in Pinyin for /b/ in languages such as Yi , where ⟨b⟩ stands for /p/ . It was used in Portuguese until 1947. It had the same sound as ⟨b⟩ . Was used only for etymological purposes. In Hungarian , it represents geminated /bː/ . In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so ⟨bb⟩ represents /b/ ). In ISO romanized Korean , it

736-645: Is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate /b̪͡v/ . ⟨ bz ⟩ is used in Shona for a whistled sibilant cluster /bz͎/ . ⟨ cc ⟩ is used in Andean Spanish for loanwords from Quechua or Aymara with /q/ , as in Ccozcco (modern Qusqu) (' Cuzco '). In Italian , ⟨cc⟩ before a front vowel represents

768-502: The Ron and South Bauchi languages. Blench (2022) suggests that this is due to borrowing from Plateau languages that have since become extinct and/or assimilated. Below is a comprehensive list of Angas language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license. Oe (digraph) This

800-402: The arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of modal voicing , and the airflow through the glottis is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch , as at

832-517: The lenition of ⟨b⟩ , e.g. mo bhád /mˠə waːd̪ˠ/ "my boat", bheadh /vʲɛx/ "would be". In Scottish Gaelic , it represents /v/ , or in a few contexts as /w/~/u/ between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in labhair /l̪ˠau.ɪɾʲ/ . In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985 , ⟨bh⟩ was used in Pular (a Fula language ) for

864-546: The voiced bilabial implosive /ɓ/ , whereas in Xhosa , Zulu , and Shona , ⟨b⟩ represents the implosive and ⟨bh⟩ represents the plosive /b/ . In some orthographies of Dan , ⟨b⟩ is /b/ and ⟨bh⟩ is /ɓ/ . ⟨ bm ⟩ is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded /m/ ; that is, it represents either /m/ or /mː/ (in any position); /ᵇm/ (before

896-607: The Chadic A3 languages: The West Chadic A3 languages have isolating morphology due to typological convergence with the Plateau languages . Blench (2022) notes that there are many morphological similarities with Berom , Izere , and Ninzic languages (such as Mada ), although there are no immediately identifiable direct lexical borrowings. Although Hausa and the West Chadic A3 languages share many lexical cognates, Hausa

928-516: The end of a long intonation unit , it can also occur with a higher pitch. All contribute to make a speaker's voice sound creaky or raspy. In the Received Pronunciation of English , creaky voice has been described as a possible realisation of glottal reinforcement . For example, an alternative phonetic transcription of attempt [əˈtʰemʔt] could be [əˈtʰem͡m̰t] . In some languages, such as Jalapa Mazatec , creaky voice has

960-470: The end of a word. In Cornish , it represents /aʊ/ or /æʊ/ . In Welsh , it represents /au/ . ⟨ ay ⟩ is used in English in ways that parallel ⟨ai⟩ , though it appears more often at the end of a word. In French, it represents /ɛj/ before a vowel (as in ayant ) and /ɛ.i/ before a consonant (as in pays ). In Cornish , it represents /aɪ/ , /əɪ/ , /ɛː/ , or /eː/ . ⟨ a_e ⟩ (a split digraph )

992-535: The end. Capitalisation only involves the first letter ( ⟨ch⟩ becomes ⟨Ch⟩ ) unless otherwise stated ( ⟨ij⟩ becomes ⟨IJ⟩ in Dutch , and digraphs marking eclipsis in Irish , are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. ⟨mb⟩ becomes ⟨mB⟩ ). ⟨ ʼb ⟩ (capital ⟨ ʼB ⟩ ) is used in Bari for /ɓ/ . ⟨ ʼd ⟩ (capital ⟨ ʼD ⟩ )

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1024-702: Was used for [ddʒ] or [gg] in Old English ( ecg in Old English sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while frocga sounded like 'froga'), where both are long consonants . It is used for the click /ǀχ/ in Naro , and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click /ǀ/ . ⟨ ch ⟩ is used in several languages. In English, it can represent /tʃ/ , /k/ , /ʃ/ , /x/ or /h/ . See article. ⟨ çh ⟩

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