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49-793: The paper was created for former residents of the West End , who had been displaced by the urban renewal , and others interested in the controversy. To this day the paper's tagline reads, “Printed in the Spirit of the Mid-Town Journal and Dedicated to Being the Collective Conscience of Urban Renewal and Eminent Domain in the City of Boston.” The West Ender publishes a variety of contents including, letters between people searching for long lost neighbors and schoolmates, letters to

98-667: A decade of legal arguments, the sale was upheld, and Otis and the Mount Vernon Proprietors developed a large part of Beacon Hill . Otis was an overseer of Harvard University from 1810 to 1823, and a fellow of the university from 1823 to 1825, as well as one of the original incorporators of the Boston Bank . In 1812, Otis also became a founding member of the American Antiquarian Society . On May 31, 1790, Otis married Sally Foster ,

147-469: A home to many different immigrant groups. The wealthy and middle class business men were almost entirely gone, but many African Americans remained in the neighborhood, making it one of Boston's most diverse. Among the many immigrant groups contributing to this melting pot were Armenians , Greeks , Irish , Lebanese , Italians , Jews , Lithuanians , Poles , Russians , Syrians , Ukrainians and many other Eastern Europeans and Southern Europeans. It

196-698: A library to better serve the new community. Irish immigrants were among the first to settle the West End. After briefly passing through the North End, many Irish families moved on to the West and South ends. The West End soon developed a thriving Irish community. Later on, this community became associated with Martin Lomasney . Lomasney, also known as "the Mahatma", was the ward boss of Boston's Ward 8 located in

245-529: Is a neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , United States, bounded generally by Cambridge Street to the south, the Charles River to the west and northwest, North Washington Street on the north and northeast, and New Sudbury Street on the east. Beacon Hill is to the south, North Point (Cambridge, Massachusetts) is across the Charles River to the north, Kendall Square is in Cambridge across

294-458: The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment popularized by the movie Glory . The Vilna was the last of the approximately seven West End synagogues to stay open, closing in 1985. By the 1950s, Boston's West End had turned into a working poor residential area with scattered businesses with small meandering roads much like the North End. According to most residents, the West End was a good place to live at this time. The once overcrowded neighborhood

343-480: The Housing Act of 1949 to raze the West End to the ground. Working-class families were displaced, and superblocks replaced the original street layout. The result was a neighborhood consisting of residential high rises, shopping centers and parking lots. The urban renewal of the West End has been criticized for its destruction of a neighborhood and its careless implementation. One of the main criticisms of

392-531: The West Ender Newsletter , published with the tag line, "Printed in the Spirit of the Mid-Town Journal and Dedicated to Being the Collective Conscience of Urban Renewal and Eminent Domain in the City of Boston." The destruction of the West End community led to a strong distaste for urban renewal in Boston. In 2015, Boston Redevelopment Authority director Brian P. Golden officially apologized for

441-501: The BRA held a hearing on the new project. At least 200 West End residents attended and the consensus was overwhelmingly opposed to the plan. The Save the West End committee was formed with the support of Joseph Lee to organize protests against the new development. Most residents believed that the project would not be realized, and so did not act until it was too late. Residents received their eviction letters on April 25, 1958. The BRA used

490-550: The Bulfinch Pavilion), and the West End Market on the corner of Grove and Cambridge Streets. Constructed in 1810, this historic market did not survive the area's redevelopment in the 1950s. Bulfinch's architecture of newer large brick buildings with gardens attracted many of Boston's wealthier citizens. By 1810, the West End was inhabited by wealthy business men, merchants, and lawyers. Many would soon move to

539-607: The Charles River between the Longfellow Bridge and the Charles River Dam Bridge . The Charlesbank Playground runs along the bank of the river, but is separated from the rest of the neighborhood by Storrow Drive , a large crosstown expressway. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Boston's waterfront and North End were becoming overcrowded, and many of the city's well off residents took

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588-683: The Charles River to the west, and the North End of Boston is to the east. A late 1950s urban renewal project razed a large Italian and Jewish enclave and displaced over 20,000 people in order to redevelop much of the West End and part of the neighboring Downtown neighborhood. After that, the original West End became increasingly non-residential, including part of Government Center (formerly Scollay Square ) as well as much of Massachusetts General Hospital and several high rise office buildings. More recently, however, new residential buildings and spaces, as well as new parks, have been appearing across

637-662: The Hartford Convention (1824). Otis was involved in a major financial scandal during the site selection for the Massachusetts State House . Boston was determined to remain the state capitol, and appointed Otis to a town committee to purchase land and donate it to the state. He did so, and also quietly arranged his own private purchase of 18.5 acres (75,000 m ) adjoining from the agent of John Singleton Copley , then living in England. After

686-539: The South End was redeveloped before the West End, and in the 1960s Scollay Square was leveled to create the Brutalist Government Center afterwards. The motivation behind these projects was to replace neighborhoods that had been classified as slums with neighborhoods that would bring in increased tax revenues. It is estimated that before the renewal project, the tax revenue from the West End

735-600: The United States' first political party, the Federalists . He was a member of the Otis family . One of the wealthiest men of Boston, Otis was reportedly worth at least US$ 800,000 in 1846, equivalent to $ 24,300,000 in 2023. Otis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 8, 1765, to Elizabeth ( née Gray) and Samuel Allyne Otis . His uncle was American colonial leader and activist James Otis , and his father

784-747: The Vilna Shul at 16 Philips Street, which was outside the urban renewal demolition area, is now a synagogue museum, and the African American Meeting House is now a church museum. Over the Vilna Shul's ark is the double hand symbol for the Kohanim, the ancient Israelite priests, which was the source for the Star Trek Vulcan salute . The Vilna Shul also has pews salvaged from the former Twelfth Baptist Church on which once sat former African American slaves and volunteers in

833-406: The West End after the project was complete. The plan involved completely leveling a 46-acre (190,000 m ) portion of the West End, displacing 2,700 families to make way for 5 residential high rise complexes that would contain only 477 apartments. The new development was aimed towards upper middle class residents: most of those displaced would not be able to afford to return. In October 1957,

882-555: The West End and other Boston neighborhoods. One of the most famous examples of these was the first Harrison Gray Otis House . This historic building was the first of three that Bulfinch designed for the affluent lawyer Harrison Gray Otis , and is one of the few buildings that survived Urban Renewal in the West End. Other West End landmarks designed by Bulfinch were the Massachusetts General Hospital 's domed granite building, built 1816–1825 (today known as

931-406: The West End continued to be an important center of African American culture. It was one of the few locations in the United States at the time where African Americans had a political voice. At least one black resident from the West End sat on Boston's community council during every year between 1876 and 1895. From the second half of the 19th century to the mid-20th century, Boston's West End became

980-516: The West End. The West End occupies the northwest portion of the Shawmut Peninsula . Much of the land on which the neighborhood lies is the product of land reclamation . Beginning in 1807, parts of Beacon Hill were used to fill in a small bay and mill pond that separated Beacon Hill and the West End from the North End. Today the neighborhood consists primarily of superblocks containing high rise residential towers. The West End borders

1029-577: The West End. He was well known for taking care of the community that had developed there, especially the Irish families. Early in Lomasney's career, he established the Hendricks Club in the heart of the neighborhood. The Hendricks began as a social club and gathering place, but later turned into the center of Lomasney's political machine . It was from here that he began to provide social services, charity, and shelter for poor immigrants. In return, he

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1078-499: The annual West End Children's Festival. One of the survivors of the West End's redevelopment phase is 42 Lomasney Way . Originally constructed in the 1870s, the building survived multiple redevelopment attempts, as well as two fires. Called "The Last Tenement" due to it being the only tenement structure still located in the West End, it also has been home to an associate of the Angiulo Brothers crime family. According to

1127-425: The city of Boston, the total population was 4,080 as of the 2010 United States Census . 75.2% of residents were white, 16.2% were Asian, and 8.4% were some other race. Housing in the West End was about 89.3% occupied. Harrison Gray Otis (lawyer) Harrison Gray Otis (October 8, 1765 – October 28, 1848), was a businessman, lawyer, and politician, becoming one of the most important leaders of

1176-473: The community center's membership since much of the neighborhood's immigrant population was subsequently displaced. In 1971, thanks in large part to the fundraising efforts of alumni of the original West End House, the West End House was relocated to Allston-Brighton and reimagined into a modernized co-ed center for youth development with a focus on the arts, academics, athletics, and leadership. In

1225-614: The court of common pleas (1814–1818), and played a leading role as delegate to the controversial Hartford Convention in which New England 's secession from the United States was discussed. Overall, it led to the demise of the Federalists, and Otis's political ambitions suffered. Otis subsequently defended the convention in his Letters Developing the Character and Views of the Hartford Convention (1820) and his Letters in Defence of

1274-526: The daughter of prominent merchant William Foster. During the course of his lifetime, he built not one, but three, grand houses in quick succession (see Harrison Gray Otis House ), all designed by noted architect Charles Bulfinch . Together, Harrison and Sally were the parents of eleven children, including: He died in Boston on October 28, 1848, and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts . Through his son William, he

1323-566: The demolition of the neighborhood. Today, the West End is a mixed-use commercial and residential area. A few non-residential areas were spared from the urban renewal of the 1950s, such as Massachusetts General Hospital, the Charles Street Jail, and the Bulfinch Triangle—a small section surrounded by Causeway, Merrimac, and North Washington Streets. Massachusetts General Hospital and the Charles Street Jail are located in

1372-456: The early 19th century the West End, along with Beacon Hill's north slope, became an important center of Boston's African American community. The mostly affluent and white inhabitants of Beacon Hill's south slope were strongly supportive of abolitionism . This encouraged middle and working class free African Americans to move into the nearby North slope and West End. After the Civil War,

1421-554: The editor about having reconnected with other West Enders and other stories, local news , old photographs, and obituaries . Leonard Nimoy , a former West End resident, was known to support this and other ventures to chronicle the Old West End's history and culture. The first issue came out in March 1985. The paper continues to go out quarterly; however, in 1986, 1992, 1994, and 2009, special issues were published in addition to

1470-539: The nearby Beacon Hill, turning the West End into an African American community and stopping point for new immigrants. Another early West End building is the Charles Street Jail (1851), designed by Gridley James Fox Bryant , which was renovated into the Liberty Hotel. The West End House was originally founded in 1906 as a community center for young immigrant boys. The community center's founding

1519-480: The neighborhood, constructing health centers, libraries, labor unions, loan societies, orphanages, and synagogues. Actor Leonard Nimoy was raised in this community. The new Boston Synagogue , the 1919 Vilna Shul , and the African Meeting House which was the home of Anshi Lubuvicher from 1900 to 1972 are the only surviving West End synagogues. The Boston Synagogue is a newly merged congregation;

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1568-532: The northwest section, while Government Center which was the former site of Scollay Square, comprises the southern section. Most of the northern section is covered by North Station and the TD Garden . The character of the area prior to the urban renewal can still be seen in existing commercial and mixed use building of the Bulfinch Triangle . Here there are a few pubs and restaurants that feed off

1617-407: The opportunity to develop the area now known as the West End. At that time, the area was separated from the older neighborhoods by a small bay. The architect Charles Bulfinch was responsible for much of Boston's architectural character at the time, and played a large part in this new development of the West End. Bulfinch spent much of his early career in the 1790s designing mansions, many of them in

1666-609: The opportunity to remake parts of Boston. The Boston Housing Authority (BHA) held responsibility for developing Boston's urban renewal plans and was designated the city's local public authority for federal funds. As part of a plan to create a "New Boston", the Boston Housing Authority (BHA) and its 1957 successor, the Boston Redevelopment Authority , redeveloped neighborhoods throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The New York Streets section of

1715-415: The project is that the neighborhood was not considered a slum by the residents, and instead had a strong sense of community. A later mayor of Boston, Ray Flynn , described the West End as "a typical neighborhood" and "not blighted." The perception of the neighborhood as a slum was mostly held by wealthy outsiders and was enhanced by city policy. For example, the city stopped collecting garbage and cleaning

1764-417: The regular four. While the paper began with only 125 subscribers, its highest circulation reached 4,400. For the first four years of publication, from 1985 to 1988, the paper went out in an eight and a half by eleven inch format. In 1989 it switched to a typical newspaper format, and continues to be published that way as of June 2011, when volume 27, issue 2 came out. West End, Boston The West End

1813-472: The state legislature from 1802 to 1817, serving several terms as President of the state senate (1805–1806, 1808–1811). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1804. In subsequent years, Otis was elected U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1817–1822), and then Mayor of Boston (1829–1831). In 1814, in the midst of his political career, he was also named a judge of

1862-460: The streets, leaving the neighborhood a mess. A photographer for a local newspaper was even assigned to go to the West End, overturn a trashcan, and take a picture of it to create the impression of a blighted neighborhood. Many building owners were not adequately compensated for their property. Due to city law, as soon as tenement buildings were condemned by the BRA, the city became the legal owner. This meant that building owners had no income as rent

1911-588: The traffic traveling to and from Faneuil Hall and the Garden. The residential areas that have been rebuilt are primarily upscale highrises, though the neighborhood is currently making strides to re-establish the close knit community that once was. The West End Museum currently has a permanent exhibition outlining the history of the neighborhood and its residents, while the West End Community Center hosts classes and events, in addition to putting on

1960-522: The years that the West End was vacant. It is uncertain as to whether the increased tax revenue would ever be enough to justify the costs. The negative effect of urban renewal on the former residents of the West End has been well documented. Between one quarter and one half of the former residents were relocated to substandard housing with higher rents than they were previously paying. Approximately 40% also suffer from severe long term grief reactions. Many former residents share their memories and grief through

2009-475: Was able to drum up votes and support from much of the neighborhood. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Irish immigration had slowed and Eastern European Jews began to immigrate into the West End in large numbers. Many came to escape persecution in Lithuania, Russia, and Poland. They formed a community in the West End and became a significant part of the population by 1910. They made their home in

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2058-515: Was active in early American politics as a member of Massachusetts state house of representatives, delegate to Massachusetts state constitutional convention, and Continental Congress delegate from Massachusetts. His aunt was Mercy Otis Warren , a well-known poet. Otis himself graduated from Boston Latin School in 1773 and Harvard University in 1783, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1786 when he commenced practice in Boston. In 1794 he

2107-554: Was approximately $ 546,000 a year. The redevelopment of the West End was officially announced on April 11, 1953. Mayor Hynes and the BHA stated that the project would be beneficial to the neighborhood. The West End's narrow streets were a fire hazard and many of the buildings were not up to code, with approximately 80% of them substandard or marginal. Tenants were assured that affordable housing would be found for them, and many were led to believe that they would be able to move back into

2156-438: Was during this period that the neighborhood's population reached its peak at approximately 23,000 residents As a result of this immigration, the religious make-up of the neighborhood changed dramatically. Protestant churches moved away or shut down, to be replaced by Catholic churches and synagogues . For example, the old West Church, built in 1806 closed in 1892 due to lack of congregation. It reopened two years later as

2205-498: Was elected to the Massachusetts legislature , and in 1796 was appointed by President George Washington to be U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts. In 1797, he was elected U.S. Representative from Massachusetts as a Federalist and a strong advocate for centralized government, in which office he served until 1801. He was appointed United States U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts by President John Adams (1801–1802), and again served in

2254-449: Was funded by Boston-area philanthropist and investment banker James J. Storrow . The West End House served as a center for social and community life in Boston's West End neighborhood for over 60 years, opening its doors to young immigrant boys from a myriad of different ethnic and national backgrounds. The urban renewal plans of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw the near complete upheaval of the original West End neighborhood, negatively affected

2303-501: Was in the process of "deslumming" and the population had dropped to around 7,500 residents. By the end of the 1950s, over half of the neighborhood would be completely leveled to be replaced with residential high rises as part of a large scale urban renewal project. The large-scale renewal of the West End was first proposed in the 1930s by Nathan Strauss Jr., among others, shortly after the National Housing Act of 1934

2352-488: Was paid directly to the city. Soon owners became desperate to sell their property at severely reduced prices. The justification for razing the West End has also been called into question. Some say that, as one of the neighborhoods that supported the former mayor, it was in the political sights of the Hynes administration . The entire net cost of the project was $ 15.8 million, not including the additional loss of tax dollars for

2401-455: Was passed. The neighborhood was considered a slum by wealthy Bostonians who did not live there. The working class residents of the West End felt strong ties to the community and so the plan would not become politically feasible until the 1950s. When the John B. Hynes administration came into power in 1949 city officials recognized that the federal government's Housing Act of 1949 presented

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