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84-595: The town is notable for being the first city in which Mallomars were sold. The area that became West Hoboken was originally inhabited by the Munsee-speaking branch of Lenape Native Americans , who wandered into the vast woodland area encountered by Henry Hudson during the voyages he conducted from 1609 to 1610 for the Dutch , who later claimed the area (which included the future New York City ) and named it New Netherland . The portion of that land that included

168-684: A Tunnock's teacake. Unlike Tunnock's however, royals have a thin layer of jam between the biscuit and marshmallow, and are smaller in size in compared to a Tunnock's teacake. Since the 1960s, the New Zealand biscuit manufacturers Griffin's have made MallowPuffs, a chocolate biscuit that is described as a "light fluffy marshmallow sitting on top of a shortcake biscuit, covered in luxurious milk chocolate". The marshmallow in MallowPuffs tends to be more dense and rubbery than in some similar products (such as Tunnock's chocolate teacakes). They come in

252-484: A blue and gold wrapping for the plain chocolate type. Several competing brands to Tunnock's, such as Lees' Foods , also include jam in the centre of the teacake. In 2013 British café chain Costa Coffee introduced the giant marshmallow teacake, which is around three times the size of a standard teacake, with a chocolate biscuit base topped with marshmallow and raspberry jam in the centre. An argument about whether

336-431: A chewier texture, while higher-DE syrups make the product more tender. In addition, depending on the type of DE used, can alter the sweetness, hygroscopicity, and browning of the marshmallow. Corn syrup is flavorless and cheap to produce, which is why candy companies love using this product. Invert sugar is produced when sucrose breaks down due to the addition of water, also known as hydrolysis. This molecule exhibits all

420-536: A contraction meaning literally "Cream-in-it"), is the name of a chocolate-coated marshmallow treat that is popular in Israel , especially in the winter as an alternative to ice-cream. "Krembo whipped snack" consists of a round biscuit base (17% of total weight), topped with fluffy marshmallow creme -like foam (53%), coated in a thin layer of compound chocolate (about 30%) and wrapped in colorful, thin aluminum foil. Over time, different flavorings have been attempted for

504-633: A cup of tea as shown in advertising for the product. Popular throughout the UK, the Tunnock's Teacake enjoys iconic status in Scotland, evoking memories of childhood, or symbolising "home" for Scots around the world. The Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service gives Tunnock's Teacakes to blood donors in Scotland after giving blood. There is an online appreciation society for the Tunnock's Teacake and Dundee University also has an appreciation society for

588-464: A high moisture content. While not widely used for traditional or commercial recipes, fruit syrups have been proposed as an alternative sugar for marshmallows. Unless a variation of the standard marshmallow is being made, vanilla is always used as the flavoring. The vanilla can either be added in extract form, or by infusing the vanilla beans in the sugar syrup during cooking. This is the best technique to get an even distribution of flavor throughout

672-631: A hockey game in Westmount in 1901, but in 1927, in order to lower costs, he removed the vanilla and renamed the product "Whippets". They are currently available with both dark chocolate and milk chocolate coatings, and twelve varieties of flavors. "Viva Puffs", similar to Whippets are also produced by Dare Foods in two flavours. Viva is a trade name; these confections have been known in Canada for at least 50 years as "chocolate puffs". The cookies are similar to Mallomars of New York City . They also bear

756-483: A local variation went on sale in the 1950s under the name ras el abd (slave's head) by Gandour ; however, it has since been changed to Tarboush or Tarboosh (Fez) but continues to be referred to by the former name in public. It is also referred to as shetawi in Gaza, named after sheta meaning 'winter' because it is a winter sweet (although it is eaten in all seasons). Krembo or Creambo ( Hebrew : קרמבו ,

840-463: A popular treat for children. The local version is sold under several brands, all commonly called ( Persian : بستنی زمستانی , romanized :  Bastani zemestani ; literally meaning "winter ice cream"). In Levantine countries such as Syria , Lebanon , Palestine , and Jordan , it has historically been called ( Arabic : راس العبد , romanized :  Ras Al-Abed ; slave head), however it has since been renamed to Sambo . In Lebanon ,

924-403: A significant amount of gelatin would break down. The marshmallow would have reduced springiness from that loss of gelatin. But since the time the syrup spends at elevated temperature in modern cookers is so short, there is little to no degradation of the gelatin. In terms of texture, and mouth-feel, gelatin makes marshmallows chewy by forming a tangled 3-D network of polymer chains. Once gelatin

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1008-582: A stable network, while the sugar can increase the viscosity. Liquid drainage of the continuous phase must be minimized as well. Thick liquids drain more slowly than thin ones, and so increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase reduces drainage. A high viscosity is essential if a stable foam is to be produced. Therefore, sucrose is a main component of marshmallow. But sucrose is seldom used on its own, because of its tendency to crystallize. Corn syrup , derived from maize , contains glucose , maltose , and other oligosaccharides . Corn syrup can be obtained from

1092-526: A striking resemblance to Tunnock's Tea Cakes as well as Krembos . However, the Tunnock tea cake does not have the same kind of chocolate nor filling. An episode of the Canadian science program How It's Made showed the production process behind the cookie. However, many aspects of the production process (the amount of marshmallow filling, the ingredients, etc.) were not revealed. The show's narrator described these aspects as "classified information". In

1176-407: A variety of flavours, including Cookies and Cream, Hokey Pokey, Toffee, Rocky Road, Double Chocolate and original chocolate. The slogan from a national advertising campaign for MallowPuffs, "Have you done enough for a MallowPuff", became briefly popular in the 1990s. In South Africa, a similar confection is Sweetie Pies, originally made by Cadbury's but now by Beyers. In Iran this is considered

1260-584: Is a confectionery made from sugar, water and gelatin whipped to a solid-but-soft consistency. It is used as a filling in baking or molded into shapes and coated with corn starch . This sugar confection is inspired by a medicinal confection made from Althaea officinalis , the marsh-mallow plant. The word "marshmallow" comes from the mallow plant species ( Althaea officinalis ), a wetland weed native to parts of Europe, North Africa, and Asia that grows in marshes and other damp areas. The plant's stem and leaves are fleshy, and its white flower has five petals. It

1344-412: Is a disaccharide that consists of one glucose and fructose molecule. This sugar provides sweetness and bulk to the marshmallow, while simultaneously setting the foam to a firm consistency as it cools. Sucrose, and sugars in general, impair the ability of a foam to form, but improve foam stability. Therefore, sucrose is used in conjunction with a protein like gelatin. The protein can adsorb, unfold, and form

1428-495: Is a merger of the traditional Russian pastila with French meringue . The name given after the Greek god of the light west wind Zephyr symbolizes its delicate airy consistency. The consistency is similar to that of marshmallows, Schokokuss or krembo. The form typically resembles traditional meringue. However, in contrast to commercial meringue, it is never crisp. Both pure and chocolate-coated versions are widespread. In contrast to

1512-413: Is around 95 °F (35 °C), which is just below normal body temperature (around 97 °F (36 °C)). This is what contributes to the "melt-in-your-mouth" sensation when a marshmallow is consumed—it actually starts to melt when it touches the tongue. During preparation, the temperature needs to be just above the melting point of the gelatin, so that as soon as it is formed it cools quickly, and

1596-408: Is based on egg white rather than gelatine, it is much more delicate than marshmallow. This also means that a Tunnock's Teacake is suitable for vegetarians, unlike any marshmallow-based alternatives. The Italian meringue is then coated in a thin layer of milk or plain chocolate and, in the case of Tunnock's, wrapped in a distinctive red and silver foil for the more popular milk chocolate variety, and

1680-457: Is boiled to about 252 °F (122 °C). In a separate step, gelatin is hydrated with enough warm water to make a thick solution. Once the sugar syrup has cooled to about 100 °F (38 °C), the gelatin solution is blended in along with desired flavoring, and whipped in a mixer to reach the final density. The marshmallow is then scooped out of the bowl, slabbed on a table, and cut into pieces. A popular camping or backyard tradition in

1764-447: Is dissolved in warm water (dubbed the "blooming stage"), it forms a dispersion , which results in a cross-linking of its helix-shaped chains. The linkages in the gelatin protein network trap air in the marshmallow mixture and immobilize the water molecules in the network. The result is the well-known spongy structure of marshmallows. This is why the omission of gelatin from a marshmallow recipe results in marshmallow creme , since there

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1848-441: Is no gelatin network to trap the water and air bubbles. A traditional marshmallow might contain about 60% corn syrup, 30% sugar, and 1–2% gelatin. A combination of different sugars is used to control the solubility of the solution. The corn syrup/sugar ratio influences the texture by slowing crystallization of the sucrose. The smooth texture of marshmallows relies on disordered, or amorphous, sugar molecules. In contrast, increasing

1932-454: Is not known exactly when marshmallows were invented, but their history goes back as early as 2000  BCE . Ancient Egyptians were said to be the first to make and use the root of the plant to soothe coughs and sore throats and to heal wounds. The first marshmallows were prepared by boiling pieces of root pulp with honey until thick. Once thickened, the mixture was strained, cooled, then used as intended. Whether used for candy or medicine,

2016-484: Is often a plain wafer in commercial products, but delicacy and homemade versions often have shortbread, marzipan biscuits or other bases. Flavored filling is also very common especially when homemade, but licorice, marzipan and other flavors are commercially available. Variation in form is also common, often this is seen in commercial products ranging from wide and flat (bøf) to tall with sharp edges (Christmas tree). Luxury versions have become more popular, and has also made

2100-453: Is used in conjunction with gelatin. Gelatin is the aerator most often used in the production of marshmallows. It is made up of collagen , a structural protein derived from animal skin, connective tissue, and bones. Not only can it stabilize foams, like albumen, but when combined with water it forms a thermally-reversible gel. This means that gelatin can melt , then reset due to its sensitivity to temperature. The melting point of gelatin gel

2184-591: The George Floyd protests , Nestlé announced it would rename the confectionary and remove the image on its packaging of a Black woman with bare shoulders and a colorful dress. In Brazil the dessert is known as Nhá Benta and is manufactured by the Kopenhagen chocolaterie, but other variants exists in Brazil such as Cacau Show's Montebello (does not contain the waffle base) and the one that popularised

2268-668: The New York metropolitan area . They are produced entirely within Canada, at a factory in Scarborough , Ontario . The Austrian version of chocolate-coated egg white foam is called German : Schwedenbombe , lit.   'Sweden-bomb'. It was created in 1926 by Walter Niemetz who chose the name in honour of a friend of Swedish origin who had a hand in the development. Manufacturing started in 1930. Schwedenbomben were originally only sold at six per pack, but are now also available in packs of twelve and twenty. Regardless of

2352-714: The caramelization process. S'mores are a traditional campfire treat in the United States, made by placing a toasted marshmallow on a slab of chocolate , which is placed between two graham crackers . These can then be squeezed together, causing the chocolate to begin melting. Marshmallows are defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value . The traditional marshmallow recipe uses powdered marshmallow root , but most commercially manufactured marshmallows instead use gelatin in their manufacture. Vegans and vegetarians avoid gelatin, but there are versions that use

2436-740: The 19th century under the name Flødeboller (cream buns), and later also produced and distributed by Viau in Montreal as early as 1901. Numerous varieties exist, with regional variations in recipes. Some variants of these confections have previously been known in many countries by names comprising equivalents of the English word negro . Whippets are produced in Cambridge, Ontario , Canada, by Dare Foods . Théophile Viau first manufactured these as "Empire" biscuits in Montreal, and introduced them at

2520-474: The Danish population, putting the amount of flødeboller eaten at 45 per Dane per year. In Denmark chocolate-coated marshmallow treats are traditionally handed out in school by children on their birthday. They are found in any supermarket, and most confectioners will have delicacy versions. It is also a popular addition to ice cream cones, offered at most shops selling ice cream. Usually they are placed on top of

2604-527: The Dutch, at which point the boundaries of Bergen Township encompassed what is now known as Hudson County. North of this was the unpopulated Bergen Woods, which would later be claimed by settlers, after whom a number of Union City streets today are named, including Sip Street, Tournade Lane and Kerrigan Avenue, which is named after J. Kerrigan, the owner of Kerrigan Farm, who donated the land for Saint Michael's Monastery . The area that became West Hoboken, however,

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2688-551: The French word for head, tête , as the French word for this confection used to be tête de nègre , which is French for "negro's head". This is also the probable origin of an alternative name negertetten . Nowadays manufacturers market the confection under a different name, as the aforementioned terms are considered to be offensive. In Germany , the Schokokuss ( pronounced [ˈʃoːkoˌkʊs] ; "Choco-kiss")

2772-480: The German market. Sometimes they are consumed pressed between two halves of a bun, which is also referred to as a Matschbrötchen ("Mud Roll" or "Squished Bread Roll") – mostly by children. The original colloquial names were Mohrenkopf ("Moor's Head") and Negerkuss ("Negro's Kiss"), but after eventually accepting that these names are racist and therefore inappropriate, companies changed

2856-468: The Swedish word negerboll is used for a similar but different confection ( Havregrynskugle aka chokladboll). Denmark is one of the largest producers of chocolate-coated marshmallow treats, producing approximately 800 million of these every year. The largest Danish producer, Elvirasminde , produces roughly 650 million treats, sending 400 million abroad and leaving the remaining 250 million to be eaten by

2940-511: The Tunnock's Teacake. A giant fully edible replica of a Tunnock's Teacake was made by Michelle Kershaw and Nick Dodds at Pimp That Snack . The opening ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow featured giant dancing Tunnock's Teacakes. The product itself consists of a small round shortbread base covered with a hemisphere of Italian meringue , a whipped egg white concoction similar to marshmallow . As this soft white fondant

3024-641: The UK Law Lords in 2009, after 13 years of litigation, Marks and Spencer won full repayment of the tax they had paid from 1973 to 1994, amounting to £3.5 million. This case was fought with Jaffa cakes . In the Netherlands the name has been until 2006 Negerzoenen ("Negro kisses"). In 2005, the Foundation for Honor and Reparation of Payments for Victims of Slavery in Suriname fought to change

3108-457: The UK, though the best known is Tunnock's , a Scottish company founded in 1890. It was invented by Sir Boyd Tunnock in 1956. He developed the idea of using Italian meringue . He made a biscuit base, hand piped the mallow onto the base and covered it in milk chocolate . The Tunnock's teacake is commonly regarded in the same food category as the British biscuit , eaten at break times with

3192-477: The United Kingdom, North America, New Zealand and Australia is the roasting or toasting of marshmallows over a campfire or other open flame. A marshmallow is placed on the end of a stick or skewer and held carefully over the fire. This creates a caramelized outer skin with a liquid, molten layer underneath. Major flavor compounds and color polymers associated with sugar browning are created during

3276-615: The United States, Mallomars are produced by Nabisco . A graham cracker circle is overlaid with extruded marshmallow, then coated in a thin shell of dark chocolate . Mallomars were introduced to the public in 1913, the same year as the Moon Pie (a confection that has similar ingredients). The first box of Mallomars was sold in West Hoboken, New Jersey (now Union City, New Jersey ). Mallomars are generally available from early October through to April. They are not distributed during

3360-468: The advantages of using dried albumen are an increase in food safety and the reduction of water content in the marshmallow. Fresh egg whites carry a higher risk of Salmonella, and are approximately 90 percent water. This is undesirable for the shelf life and firmness of the product. For artisan-type marshmallows, prepared by a candy maker, fresh egg whites are usually used. Albumen is rarely used on its own when incorporated into modern marshmallows, and instead

3444-406: The aerated product before the gas can escape. When the gas is introduced into the system, tiny air bubbles are created. This is what contributes to the unique textural properties and mouth-feel of this product. In marshmallows, proteins are the main surface-active agents responsible for the formation, and stabilization of the dispersed air. Due to their structure, surface-active molecules gather at

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3528-481: The aerator en route to the forming step. The marshmallow confection is typically formed in one of three ways. First, it can be extruded in the desired shape and cut into pieces, as done for Jet-Puffed marshmallows . Second, it can be deposited onto a belt, as done for Peeps . Third, it can be deposited into a starch-based mold in a mogul to make various shapes. The home process for making marshmallow differs from commercial processes. A mixture of corn syrup and sugar

3612-492: The border with Union Hill. People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with West Hoboken include: (B) denotes that the person was born there. Mallomars Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats , also known as chocolate teacakes , are confections consisting of a biscuit base topped with marshmallow -like filling and then coated in a hard shell of chocolate. They were invented in Denmark in

3696-415: The characteristics of honey except the flavor because it is the primary sugar found in honey. This means that invert sugar has the ability to prevent crystallization, and produce a tender marshmallow. It is also an effective humectant , allowing it to trap water and prevent the marshmallow from drying out. For some candies, this is not a good trait to have, but for marshmallows, it is an advantage since it has

3780-664: The chocolate-covered marshmallow treat. Produced in Serbia by Jaffa , it has a biscuit base and a soft mallow filling covered by a chocolate flavoured coating, and is very similar to the original Glasgow version. In the Philippines , Fibisco has "Choco Mallows". Likely to allow for a better shelf life in the tropical climate , its "hard chocolate shell" is actually a soft chocolate covering that does not completely melt at room temperature. In Portugal, these confections are known as "Bombocas". Sold by different brands, usually

3864-469: The confection is known as a flødebolle (cream bun) and was in some parts, mostly in the Copenhagen area of Denmark, historically known as a negerbolle (negro bun) or negerkys (negro kiss). In the 1960s through 1980s, the term negro was phased out by all major producers due to its use as a racial slur. Denmark also markets a variation shaped more like a patty, hence the name bøf (steak). Note that

3948-432: The confections are known as "Beso de Moza" (Girl's Kiss), sold by Nestlé . Currently there is a contest between strawberry and lucuma flavors to become permanent versions of the product. In Colombia and Ecuador , it is called Beso de Negra (Black Woman's Kiss) or " Chocmelo ", a portmanteau of chocolate and masmelo (marshmallow). However, these last ones do not always have a cookie as its base. In 2020, during

4032-546: The country only the Uruguayan "ricarditos" are available. In Bolivia, Chocolates Condor is the traditional manufacturer of "Beso de Negro" (Negro Kiss). The confection is similar to the German Schokoküsse in its use of a sweetened egg white foam filling rather than a marshmallow-based filling. There have been attempts to introduce variations in flavor, but the "classic" version remains the most popular. In Peru,

4116-478: The domed biscuit or wafer based styles and contain a higher proportion of thicker rippled chocolate, topped with a half walnut. In the United Kingdom this confection is known as a chocolate teacake, though it is entirely unlike the usual English teacake , a sweet roll with dried fruit which is served toasted and buttered . Teacakes are generally served in the afternoon alongside a traditional British tea . There are several manufacturers of chocolate teacakes in

4200-583: The early Dutch settlers and Native Americans was marked by frequent armed conflict over land claims. In 1660, Peter Stuyvesant ordered the building of a fortified village called Bergen to protect the area. It was the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey, located in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street. In 1664, the British captured New Netherland from

4284-411: The end of the whipping process after a stable foam has been created. In commercial marshmallow manufacture, the entire process is streamlined and fully automated. Gelatin is cooked with sugar and syrup. After the gelatin-containing syrup is cooked, it is allowed to cool slightly before air is incorporated. Whipping is generally accomplished in a rotor-stator type device. Compressed air is injected into

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4368-416: The extrusion process that involved running marshmallow ingredients through tubes. The tubes created a long rope of marshmallow mixture and were then set out to cool. The ingredients were then cut into equal pieces and packaged. Modern marshmallow manufacturing is highly automated and has been since the early 1950s when the extrusion process was first developed. Numerous improvements and advancements allow for

4452-413: The final product. The marshmallow is a foam , consisting of an aqueous continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase (in other words, a liquid with gas bubbles spread throughout). In addition to being a foam, this also makes marshmallows an "aerated" confection because it is made up of 50% air. The goal of an aerated confection like a marshmallow is to incorporate gas into a sugar mixture, and stabilize

4536-562: The foam by the different manufacturers, but the most popular have always predominantly been the vanilla flavoring and, to a lesser extent, the mocha flavoring. According to a study from 2003, funded by Strauss, Israel's leading Krembo producer, 69% of Israelis prefer to eat Krembos from the top down (starting with the cream), and only 10% start with the biscuit at the bottom; the rest had no preference. Marshmallow Marshmallow ( UK : / m ɑːr ʃ ˈ m æ l oʊ / , US : / ˈ m ɑːr ʃ m ɛ l oʊ , - m æ l -/ )

4620-715: The future Hudson County was purchased from members of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenni-Lenape in 1658 by New Netherland colony Director-General Peter Stuyvesant , and became part of Pavonia, New Netherland . The boundaries of the purchase are described in the deed preserved in the New York State Archives, as well as the medium of exchange: "80 fathoms of wampum , 20 fathoms of cloth, 12 brass kettles, 6 guns, one double brass kettle, 2 blankets, and one half barrel of strong beer." The relationship between

4704-409: The gelatin is added after the syrup has been heated and cooled down. In commercial operations, the gelatin is simply cooked with the sugar syrup, rather than being added later after the syrup has cooled. In this case, kinetics play an important role, with both time and temperature factoring in. If the gelatin was added at the beginning of a batch that was then cooked to 112–116 °C in 20–30 minutes,

4788-400: The gelatin sets, retaining the desired shape. If the marshmallow rope mixture exiting the extruder during processing is too warm, the marshmallow starts to flow before the gelatin sets. Instead of a round marshmallow, it takes on a more oval form. Excessive heat can also degrade, or break down, the gelatin itself. Therefore, when marshmallows are being produced at home or by artisan candy makers,

4872-438: The image of the 'flødebolle' change from a basic candy or cake, to a luxury product suitable as a dessert or present, similar to a box of high-quality chocolates. In Belgium , Milka branded it under the name Melo-Cakes . These popular treats are sold in packages of six to thirty pieces. In Flanders , the confection is known as negerinnentetten . The word can either be translated as "negress's tits" or could originate from

4956-583: The international formula for the masses in Brazil, the Dan-Top. The cookies are sold in a variety of flavours, including coconut, lemon, passion fruit, caramel, boysenberry, tonka bean and coffee. It is also known as "teta-de-nega" ("black woman's tit"). In Uruguay it is known as "Ricardito", meringue covered in chocolate manufactured by Ricard. Arnott's Chocolate Royals are a chocolate coated-marshmallow treat of Australia, which are available in milk and dark chocolate varieties, and are similar in appearance to

5040-573: The last ball of ice cream with whipped cream and jam (or "Guf", a topping made of whipped egg whites with sugar and fruit flavoring) Sometimes they are even found in restaurants. Many baking enthusiasts see them as a challenge, and it was a technical challenge in Den store Bagedyst (The Great Bake Off) on Danish TV. The popularity of the treat is evident from the sheer number of varieties. Variation in coating ranging from white chocolate over dark chocolate to licorice coating, with or without sprinkles. The base

5124-459: The manufacture of marshmallows was limited to a small scale. In the early to mid 19th century, the marshmallow had made its way to France, where confectioners augmented the plant's traditional medicinal value. Owners of small confectionary stores would whip the sap from the mallow root into a fluffy candy mold. This candy, called Pâte de Guimauve, was a spongy-soft dessert made from whipping dried marshmallow roots with sugar, water, and egg whites. It

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5208-458: The marshmallow. Acids, such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, may also be used to increase foam stability. Addition of acid decreases the pH. This reduces the charge on the protein molecules, and brings them closer to their isoelectric point . This results in a stronger, more stable inter-facial film. When added to egg whites, acid prevents excessive aggregation at the interface. However, acid delays foam formation. It may therefore be added toward

5292-427: The molecule orients with the polar section in the water, with the non-polar section in the air. Two primary proteins that are commonly used as aerators in marshmallows are albumen (egg whites) and gelatin. Albumen is a mixture of proteins found in egg whites and is utilized for its capacity to create foams. In a commercialized setting, dried albumen is used as opposed to fresh egg whites. In addition to convenience,

5376-599: The name originated from Germany, and they were named "Negro's Kisses" ( neekerinsuukot ) in 1951. In 2001 the name was changed to "Brunberg's Kisses", after the manufacturer Brunberg from Porvoo , for largely the same reasons as in Denmark, Germany, and elsewhere. In Hungary , the product is called négercsók ("Negro kiss") and was first introduced in 1980 by the New World Farming and Food Industry Co-operative Society (Hungarian: Újvilág Mezőgazdasági és Élelmiszeripari Szövetkezet) to great success. The production

5460-449: The name. And that has happened. One of the largest producers have changed the name to Zoenen ("Kisses") and others followed. This led to some controversy, since the Dutch word neger was perceived by some as more neutral compared to the English equivalent negro , though both terms are now widely considered pejorative and racist. Those often package nine per box, and created the play on words Negen Zoenen ("Nine Kisses"). In Finland ,

5544-407: The other confectioneries of this type, it has no biscuit base. In Slovenia these confections are known as indijančki (literally "little Indians "). They are also known as zamorčki ("little Negroes"). In Slovakia these are known as Čierny Princ (literally "Black Prince"). Warm ice cream ( Polish : Ciepłe lody ) is a Polish dessert or confection that could be seen as their version of

5628-509: The pack size, half the pieces in a pack are plain and the other half are sprinkled with coconut flakes. Schwedenbomben are immensely popular in Austria with a market share of around 80% and a brand recognition of about 94%. In Denmark the treat was originally made using cream (hence the Danish name flødeboller —"cream buns"), but the filling was later made from egg whites to help industrialize production and improve shelf life. In Denmark

5712-522: The partial hydrolysis of cornstarch . Corn syrup is important in the production of marshmallow because it prevents the crystallization of other sugars (like sucrose). It may also contribute body, reduce sweetness, and alter flavor release, depending on the Dextrose Equivalent (DE) of the glucose syrup used. The DE is the measure of the amount of reducing sugars present in a sugar product in relation to glucose. Lower-DE glucose syrups provide

5796-436: The point where it was deemed necessary to designate it a separate county. The New Jersey legislature created Hudson County in 1840, and in 1843, it was divided into two townships: Old Bergen Township (which eventually became Jersey City) and North Bergen Township , which was gradually separated into Hudson County's municipalities of Hoboken (1849), Weehawken and Guttenberg (1859), and Union City Township in 1861, though it

5880-551: The product-name to Schokoküsse ("Chocolate Kisses"), Schaumküsse ("Foam Kisses") or to brand-specific names like Dickmann's . In German-speaking Switzerland they are still sold as Mohrenkopf . In the French-speaking part of Switzerland, as well as in France, they are known as Têtes Choco ("chocolate heads") or more commonly as Tête-de-nègre in France, which is also a racial slur. These differ from

5964-401: The production of thousands of pounds of marshmallow a day. Today, the marshmallow typically consists of four ingredients: sugar, water, air, and a whipping agent. Marshmallows consist of four ingredients: sugar, water, air, and a whipping agent/aerator (usually a protein). The type of sugar and whipping agent varies depending on desired characteristics. Each ingredient plays a specific role in

6048-425: The sugar ratio to about 60–65% produces a grainy marshmallow. Temperature also plays an important role in producing smooth marshmallows by reducing the time window for ordered crystals to form. To ensure the sugars are disordered, the sugar syrup solution is heated to a high temperature and then cooled rapidly. Sugarcane and sugar beet are the two primary sources of sugar, consisting of sucrose molecules. Sucrose

6132-483: The summer months, supposedly because they melt easily in summer temperatures, though this is as much for marketing reasons as for practical ones. Devoted eaters of the cookie have been known to stock up during winter months and keep them refrigerated over the summer, although Nabisco markets other chocolate-coated cookie brands year-round. (Those brands include Pinwheels, which also combines chocolate, cookie, and marshmallow.) Eighty-five percent of all Mallomars are sold in

6216-405: The supermarket ones. They are sold in three main flavors: meringue (white interior), strawberry (pink) and vanilla (yellow). They are being called "Beijinhos" in the last few years. In Argentina, the confections were first commercialised in the 1970s and known as "Angelito negro" (Little Black Angel) and later, "cremocoa". They were manufactured by Terrabusi and are no longer in production, as in

6300-414: The surface area of a portion of (water-based) liquid. A portion of each protein molecule is hydrophilic , with a polar charge, and another portion is hydrophobic and non-polar. The non-polar section has little or no affinity for water, and so this section orients as far away from the water as possible. However, the polar section is attracted to the water and has little or no affinity for the air. Therefore,

6384-530: The teacake is a biscuit or a cake led to an action in the European Court of Justice by British company Marks and Spencer . The UK tax authorities eventually accepted the company's argument that the teacakes were cakes (chocolate covered biscuits are taxed, cakes are not) but refused to repay most of the VAT . The European court ruled that in principle the tax should be repaid and in a further hearing before

6468-415: The warm syrup, held at a temperature just above the melting point of gelatin. In a marshmallow aerator, pins on a rotating cylinder (rotor) intermesh with stationary pins on the wall (stator) provide the shear forces necessary to break the large injected air bubbles into numerous tiny bubbles that provide the smooth, fine-grained texture of the marshmallow. A continuous stream of light, fluffy marshmallow exits

6552-494: The whipped marshmallow sap mixture and allowed to cool or harden. At the same time, candy makers began to replace the mallow root with gelatin, which created a stable form of marshmallow. By the early 20th century, thanks to the starch mogul system , marshmallows were available for mass consumption. In the United States they were sold in tins as penny candy and used in a variety of food recipes like banana fluff, lime mallow sponge, and tutti frutti . In 1956, Alex Doumak patented

6636-436: Was based on a Danish example, with Danish machinery. Production gradually declined in the 1990s when local confectionaries and food factories had to face heavy competition from abroad. Zefir (Russian: зефи́р , may also be spelled zephyr or zephir ) is made from fruit and berry purée with added sugar and whipped egg whites. It is commonly produced and sold in the countries of the former Soviet Union . The recipe

6720-520: Was colloquially known as Union Hill . West Hoboken was incorporated as a township by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 28, 1861, from portions of North Bergen Township. The township was reincorporated on April 6, 1871, and again on March 27, 1874. Portions of the township were ceded to Weehawken in 1879. On June 28, 1884, West Hoboken was reincorporated as a town , based on an ordinance passed nine days earlier. The town

6804-498: Was first made commercially in 1920, although the first mention of them dates to 1892. Industrial manufacturing started in the 1950s. The sweets are made all year long, with approximately one billion made per year, placing average consumption at about one dozen per person per year. They are available in supermarkets and bakeries, and are traditionally sold at fairs. The interior is always egg white foam, sweetened with sugar, but there are also varieties using sugar substitutes available on

6888-481: Was reincorporated on April 24, 1888, based on the results of a referendum passed 12 days earlier. Union City was incorporated on June 1, 1925, by merging the two towns of West Hoboken and Union Hill. Mallomars were first sold in a grocery in West Hoboken. The town had two commercial districts. Transfer Station at Paterson Plank Road and Summit Avenue , in the southern part of town, and Bergen Turnpike , at

6972-404: Was sold in bar form as a lozenge . Drying and preparation of the marshmallow took one to two days before the final product was produced. In the late 19th century, candy makers started looking for a new process and discovered the starch mogul system , in which trays of modified corn starch had a mold firmly pushed down in them to create cavities within the starch. The cavities were then filled with

7056-409: Was sparsely populated until the early 19th century. The British granted Bergen a new town charter in 1668. In 1682 they created Bergen County , which was named to honor their Dutch predecessors. That county comprised all of present-day Hudson, Bergen and Passaic counties. Sparsely inhabited during the 17th and 18th centuries, the southeast section of Bergen County had grown by the early 19th century to

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