108-663: Westbourne Terrace is a street in the Paddington district of the City of Westminster in west London. The street runs between Westbourne Bridge in the north and the junction of Westbourne Crescent and Sussex Gardens in the south and was developed between 1839 and the late 1850s. It has been described as the "most spacious and dignified avenue" in Bayswater and "unrivalled in its class in London or even Great Britain". The street
216-635: A Privy Counsellor , The Times stated that "it was Mr Charles Villiers who practically originated the Free Trade movement". In 1838, Villiers spoke at a meeting of 5,000 "working-class men" in Manchester. In 1840, under Villiers' direction, the Committee on Import Duties published a blue book examining the effects of the Corn Laws. Tens of thousands of copies were printed in pamphlet form by
324-639: A fair price , and that it would be dangerous for Britain to rely on imported corn because lower prices would reduce labourers' wages , and manufacturers would lose out due to the decrease of purchasing power of landlords and farmers. With the advent of peace when the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, corn prices decreased, and the Tory government of Lord Liverpool passed the Importation Act 1815 ( 55 Geo. 3 . c. 26) (officially An Act to amend
432-510: A disadvantage. Many moved to the cities, and unprecedented numbers emigrated. Many emigrants were small under-capitalised grain farmers who were squeezed out by low prices and inability to increase production or adapt to the more complex challenge of raising livestock. Similar patterns developed in Ireland, where cereal production was labour-intensive. The reduction of grain prices reduced the demand for agricultural labour in Ireland, and reduced
540-490: A hostel for woman staff, mostly employed in Paddington's refreshment rooms, and Culverhouse provided them with a spacious roof-top terrace. It is currently occupied by Network Rail. Numbers 2-30 were developed by William King in the 1840s. Numbers 6–30 are Grade II listed. Art critic R. H. Wilenski was born at number 16 Upper Westbourne Terrace in 1887. Numbers 32 to 68 were developed by William Kingdom, whose architect
648-433: A kind of headship", with its technology far ahead of most European farming , its cattle breeds superior, its cropping the most scientific and its yields the highest, with high wages leading to higher standard of living for agricultural workers than in comparable European countries. However, after 1877 wages declined and "farmers themselves sank into ever increasing embarrassments; bankruptcies and auctions followed each other;
756-603: A levy on local businesses. Development schemes for St. Mary's Hospital and Paddington Square are likely to commence in this period, and the impact of the opening of the Elizabeth line in 2018 would be soon felt. Paddington has a number of Anglican churches, including St James's , St Mary Magdalene , St David's Welsh Church and St Peter's. In addition, there is a large Muslim population in and around Paddington. Corn Laws The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and corn enforced in
864-603: A minor role in the passage of legislation—it had paved the way through its agitation but was now on the sidelines. On 27 January 1846, Peel gave his government's plan. He said that the Corn Laws would be abolished on 1 February 1849 after three years of gradual reductions of the tariff, leaving only a 1 shilling duty per quarter. Benjamin Disraeli and Lord George Bentinck emerged as the most forceful opponents of repeal in parliamentary debates, arguing that repeal would weaken landowners socially and politically and therefore destroy
972-590: A quarter for domestic grain was so high that, between 1815 and 1848, it was never reached. David Ricardo , however, espoused free trade so that Britain could use its capital and population to its comparative advantage . In 1820, the Merchants' Petition, written by Thomas Tooke , was presented to the House of Commons. The petition demanded free trade and an end to protective tariffs. The Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, who claimed to be in favour of free trade, blocked
1080-474: A quarter. Llewellyn Woodward argued that the high duty of corn mattered little because when British agriculture suffered from bad harvests, this was also true for foreign harvests and so the price of imported corn without the duty would not have been lower. However, the threat to British agriculture came about twenty-five years after repeal due to the development of cheaper shipping (both sail and steam), faster and thus cheaper transport by rail and steamboat, and
1188-458: A shanty-town in the 1790s before the Canal was built and brought much needed employment to its inhabitants. The area was built up during the course of the Napoleonic Wars . In the 19th century the part of the parish most sandwiched between Edgware Road and Westbourne Terrace , Gloucester Terrace and Craven Hill , bounded to the south by Bayswater Road, was known as Tyburnia. The district formed
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#17328013595181296-543: A sliding scale, and during the next year Huskisson and the new Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington , devised a new sliding scale for the Importation of Corn Act 1828 ( 9 Geo. 4 . c. 60) whereby, when domestic corn was 52/– (£2/12/–) per quarter or less, the duty would be 34/8 (£1/14/8), and when the price increased to 73/– (£3/13/–), the duty decreased to one shilling. The Whig governments, in power for most of
1404-670: Is Grade II listed. Augustus Prevost , Governor of the Bank of England from 1901 to 1903, lived at number 79, and in 1902 he was made Baronet Prevost of Westbourne Terrace, London in recognition of his services as Governor of the Bank of England during the Boer War. George William Anderson , a colonial governor, lived at number 99 from 1947 till 1957. Joshua Walmsley , an English businessman and Liberal Party politician, lived at number 101. Richard Cobden , an English politician and social reformer best known for his successful fight for repeal of
1512-469: Is an irregularly shaped building designed by P A Culverhouse and constructed between 1932 and 1935 close to the former Parcel Depot (Building 3), just south of the tracks, by the Westbourne Bridge. It is concrete framed and of six storeys, with facade towards the road and the tracks in the same restrained Art Deco style that Culverhouse employed on the arrival side offices. The top two floors were
1620-607: Is in London fare zone 1 . Great Western Railway services from Paddington run towards Slough , Maidenhead and Reading , with intercity services continuing towards destinations in South West England and South Wales , including Oxford , Worcester , Bristol , Cardiff , Exeter , Plymouth and Penzance . The Elizabeth line , operated by Transport for London (TfL), runs a stopping service from Paddington to Reading, either as part of through-running services from
1728-422: Is located on the northern corner with Orsett Terrace at the north end of Westbourne Terrace. It is typical of its period and is in red brick and stucco, with crittall windows. [REDACTED] Media related to Westbourne Terrace, London at Wikimedia Commons Paddington Paddington is an area in the City of Westminster , in central London, England. A medieval parish then a metropolitan borough of
1836-478: Is not the name of the noble Lord, the member for London, neither is it my name. Sir, the name which ought to be, and which will be associated with the success of these measures is the name of a man who, acting, I believe, from pure and disinterested motives, has advocated their cause with untiring energy, and by appeals to reason, expressed by an eloquence, the more to be admired because it was unaffected and unadorned—the name which ought to be and will be associated with
1944-559: Is not to be confused with Westbourne Terrace Road which runs north from Westbourne Bridge into Little Venice , and a large number of other Westbourne streets in the area. Westbourne Terrace is named after the local River Westbourne , a tributary of the River Thames , and is one of a large number of Westbourne streets in the area. In 1868, Cusack Roney wrote in Rambles on Railways , that there were 19 "Westbourne" streets listed in
2052-571: Is now known as Merchant Square. A former transshipment facility, the surrounds of the canal basin named Merchant Square have been redeveloped to provide 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m ) of offices, homes, shops and leisure facilities. The redeveloped basin has some innovative features including Heatherwicks Rolling Bridge , the Merchant Square Fan Bridge and the Floating Pocket Park. Situated to
2160-449: Is reputedly named after Robert Browning , the poet. More recently known as the "Little Venice Lagoon" it contains a small islet known as Browning's Island. Although Browning was thought to have coined the name "Little Venice" for this spot there are strong arguments Lord Byron was responsible. Paddington station is the iconic landmark associated with the area. In the station are statues of its designer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel , and
2268-481: The Corn Act 1772 ( 13 Geo. 3 . c. 43), "An act to regulate the importation and exportation of corn" repealed Elizabethan controls on grain speculation; but also shut off exports and allowed imports when the price was above 48 shillings per quarter (thus compromising to allow for interests of producers and consumers alike). The issue however remained one of public debate (by figures such as Edmund Burke ) into
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#17328013595182376-592: The Anti-Corn Law League , founded in 1838. The report was quoted in the major newspapers, reprinted in America, and published in an abridged form by The Spectator . In the 1841 election , Sir Robert Peel became Prime Minister and Richard Cobden , a major proponent of free trade, was elected for the first time. Peel had studied the works of Adam Smith , David Hume and David Ricardo , and proclaimed in 1839: "I have read all that has been written by
2484-643: The Central Agricultural Protection Society (CAPS, commonly known as the "Anti-League") to campaign in favour of the Corn Laws. In 1844, the agitation subsided as there were fruitful harvests. The situation changed in late 1845 with poor harvests and the Great Famine in Ireland; Britain experienced scarcity and Ireland starvation. Nevertheless, Ireland continued to export substantial quantities of food to Great Britain despite its domestic privations. The problem in Ireland
2592-492: The Clothworkers' Company . Jane Small continued to live in Paddington after her second husband's death, and her manor house was big enough to have been let to Sir John Popham, the attorney general, in the 1580s. They let the building that became in this time Blowers Inn . As the regional population grew in the 17th century, Paddington's ancient Hundred of Ossulstone was split into divisions; Holborn Division replaced
2700-539: The Colne Valley , and Aylesbury . The Paddington Basin is in the area, as is Little Venice . A towpath runs unbroken from Paddington to Hayes. The Rolling Bridge at the Paddington Basin was designed by Thomas Heatherwick , who wanted to create a bridge that, instead of breaking apart to let boats through, would "get out of the way" instead. Heatherwick's website cites the "fluid, coiling tails of
2808-512: The Corn Laws and his defense of free trade, lived at number 103 from June 1848 to 1856. John Benjamin Smith , an English Liberal Party politician, lived at number 105. Walmsley, Cobden, and Smith were next-door neighbours, living in three adjoining houses at Westbourne Terrace, and hence numbers 101, 103, and 105 Westbourne Terrace came to be known as “Radical Row.” Numbers 121 to 141, later
2916-572: The County of London , it was integrated with Westminster and Greater London in 1965. Paddington station , designed by the engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel opened in 1847. It is also the site of St Mary's Hospital and the former Paddington Green Police Station . Paddington Waterside aims to regenerate former railway and canal land. Districts within Paddington are Maida Vale , Westbourne and Bayswater including Lancaster Gate . The earliest extant references to Padington (or "Padintun", as in
3024-594: The Domesday Book of 1086. It has been reasonably speculated that a Saxon settlement led by the followers of Padda , an Anglo-Saxon chieftain, was located around the intersection of the northern and western Roman roads, corresponding with the Edgware Road ( Watling Street ) and the Harrow and Uxbridge Roads. From the tenth century, Paddington was owned by Westminster Abbey which was later confirmed by
3132-634: The Grand Junction Canal (which became the Grand Union Canal in 1929) dwindled because of railway competition in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, and freight then moved from rail to road after World War II, leading to the abandonment of the goods yards in the early 1980s. The land lay derelict until the Paddington Waterside Partnership was established in 1998 to co-ordinate the regeneration of
3240-468: The Plantagenet kings in a charter from 1222. This charter mentions a chapel and a farm situated in the area. While a 12th-century document cited by the cleric Isaac Maddox (1697–1759) establishes that part of the land was held by brothers "Richard and William de Padinton". They and their descendants carried out activities in Paddington; these were known by records dating from 1168 to 1485. They were
3348-523: The Regent's Canal ; its overlap is the artisan and touristic neighbourhood of Little Venice . In the east of the district around Paddington Green it remains divided from Marylebone by Edgware Road (as commonly heard in spoken form, the Edgware Road). In the south west it is bounded by its south and western offshoot Bayswater . A final offshoot, Westbourne , rises to the north west. Paddington
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3456-530: The Saxon Chartularies , 959 ), historically a part of Middlesex , appear in documentation of purported tenth-century land grants to the monks of Westminster by Edgar the Peaceful as confirmed by Archbishop Dunstan . However, the documents' provenance is much later and likely to have been forged after the 1066 Norman conquest . There is no mention of the place (or Westbourne or Knightsbridge) in
3564-659: The United Kingdom between 1815 and 1846. The word corn in British English denoted all cereal grains, including wheat , oats and barley . The laws were designed to keep corn prices high to favour domestic farmers, and represented British mercantilism . The Corn Laws blocked the import of cheap corn, initially by simply forbidding importation below a set price, and later by imposing steep import duties, making it too expensive to import it from abroad, even when food supplies were short. The House of Commons passed
3672-550: The children's fiction character Paddington Bear . The terminus of the Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal was originally known as the Paddington Basin and all the land to the south was developed into housing and commercial property and titled The Grand Junction Estate. The majority of the housing was bounded by Praed Street, Sussex Gardens , Edgware Road and Norfolk Place. Land and buildings not used for
3780-536: The "territorial constitution" of Britain by empowering commercial interests. On the third reading of Peel's Bill of Repeal on 15 May, Members of Parliament (MPs) voted 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws. On 25 June the Duke of Wellington persuaded the House of Lords to pass it, and it became the Importation Act 1846 ( 9 & 10 Vict. c. 22). On that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill
3888-423: The 1790s; and amendments to the 1773 act, favouring agricultural producers, were made in both 1791 and 1804. In 1813, a House of Commons committee recommended excluding foreign-grown corn until the price of domestically grown corn exceeded 80 shillings per quarter (8 bushels ), or the equivalent in 2004 prices of around £1,102 per tonne of wheat. The political economist Thomas Malthus believed this to be
3996-495: The 1860s in this neighbourhood as Bayswater Road . They were toll roads in much of the 18th century, before and after the dismantling of the permanent Tyburn gallows "tree" at their junction in 1759 a junction now known as Marble Arch. The Tyburn gallows might have been a reason why expansion and urban development (from London) slowed in Paddington; as public execution was taking place there up until 1783. Only in 1801 did major construction to Paddington occur. This happened when
4104-440: The 1860s it was 24%; during the 1880s it was 45% (for wheat alone during the 1880s it was 65%). The 1881 census showed a decline of 92,250 in agricultural labourers in the ten years since 1871, with an increase of 53,496 urban labourers. Many of these had previously been farm workers who migrated to the cities to find employment, despite agricultural labourers' wages being higher than those of Europe. Agriculture's contribution to
4212-452: The 18th century, several French Huguenots called Paddington village home. These included jewellers, nobility and skilled craftsmen; and men such as Claudius Amyand (surgeon to King George II ). The French nobility built magnificent gardens that lasted up until the 19th century. Roman roads formed the parish's northeastern and southern boundaries from Marble Arch : Watling Street (later Edgware Road ) and; (the) Uxbridge road, known by
4320-456: The 1980s. Trinity Court, a 6-storey block of 54 flats, was built on the site in 1986. Brunel House, originally Trinity Lodge, an Italiante stucco villa at number 140 on the southern corner with Orsett Terrace is Grade II listed. It was designed by George Ledwell Taylor in 1843–1848. Architect George Ledwell Taylor designed and lived briefly at no. 140 in 1852–3. Westbourne Court is an eight-storey block of flats, dating from 1938, and it
4428-567: The Board of Trade but he refused, preferring to remain an advocate of free trade outside the government. On 21 December Russell informed the Queen that he was unable to accept office. Later that same day Peel agreed to carry on as Prime Minister but, with the majority of his own party opposing his proposals, he was now dependent on the backing of the Whigs to carry repeal. After Parliament was recalled
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4536-571: The British public. The laws became the focus of opposition from urban groups who had far less political power than rural areas. The first two years of the Great Famine in Ireland of 1845–1852 forced a resolution because of the urgent need for new food supplies. The Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel , a Conservative , achieved repeal in 1846 with the support of the Whigs in Parliament, overcoming
4644-526: The CAPS started a campaign of resistance. In the rural counties the CAPS was practically supplanting the local Conservative associations and in many areas the independent free holding farmers were resisting the most fiercely. In 1845 and 1846, the first two years of Great Famine in Ireland, there was a disastrous fall in food supplies. Prime Minister Peel called for repeal despite the opposition of most of his Conservative Party. The Anti-Corn Law League played
4752-519: The Cabinet in protest. It quickly became clear to Peel that he would not be able to bring most of his own party with him in support of repeal and so on 11 December he resigned as Prime Minister in frustration. The Queen sent for Russell to form a government but, with the Whigs a minority in the Commons, he struggled to assemble the necessary support. Russell offered Cobden the post of Vice-President of
4860-476: The Corn Laws, Disraeli responded by saying that the issue was settled and that protection was impracticable. Ensor said that the difference between Britain and the Continent was due to the latter having conscription; rural men were thought to be the best suited as soldiers. But for Britain, with no conscript army, this did not apply. He also said that Britain staked its future on continuing to be "the workshop of
4968-494: The Dorland Hotel, and now offices of WPP and Ogilvy , is Grade II listed. The terrace was built around 1840, probably by William King and William Kingdom. Author Aldous Huxley lived at number 155 in 1921–2. Brewer's Court, a residential building, and Enterprise House currently occupy the northern end of Westbourne Terrace between Bishop's Bridge Road and Westbourne Bridge. Enterprise House, located at numbers 167–169,
5076-555: The Elizabeth line terminus at Reading. Elizabeth line services link the Paddington area both to destinations in west London and Berkshire and to the centre and eastern side of London. Trains to Heathrow Airport also depart from Paddington, operated both by the Elizabeth line (stopping services via Ealing Broadway ) and the Heathrow Express (no intermediate stops). There are two London Underground (tube) stations in
5184-538: The Grand Union Canal towpath. The route, when complete, will run signposted and unbroken to Keswick , Cumbria . Within the M25, the route will pass through Hayes, Uxbridge and Watford . Santander Cycles, a London-wide bike sharing system, operates in Paddington, with several docking stations in the area. The Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal runs from Paddington to Hayes , via Westbourne Park and Willesden . Beyond Hayes, onward destinations include Slough ,
5292-636: The Laws now in force for regulating the Importation of Corn ) to keep bread prices high. This resulted in serious rioting in London. In 1816, the Year Without a Summer (caused by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia) caused famine by disastrously reducing crop yields. Reduced standard of living and food shortages due to poor harvests led to riots. But the ceiling price of 80 shillings
5400-572: The London Postal Guide . The street was developed between 1839 and the late 1850s. Architects working in the area included Matthew Wyatt , George Ledwell Taylor , and Thomas Marsh Nelson who was particularly active in Westbourne Terrace in the 1840s on behalf of the builder William Kingdom . Westbourne Terrace is a long tree-lined avenue, almost wholly made up of four storey stucco -fronted terraced houses divided by
5508-463: The Paddington frisk; to be hanged." Public executions were abolished in England in 1868. The Paddington district is centred around Paddington railway station . The conventional recognised boundary of the district is much smaller than the longstanding pre-mid-19th century parish. That parish was virtually equal to the borough abolished in 1965. It is divided from a northern offshoot Maida Vale by
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#17328013595185616-447: The Paddington station complex. The Bakerloo , Circle and District lines call at the station on Praed Street (which, from the main concourse, is opposite platform 3). This links Paddington directly to destinations across Central and West London, including Baker Street , Earl's Court , Oxford Circus , South Kensington , Victoria , Waterloo , Westminster and Wimbledon . The Circle and Hammersmith & City lines call at
5724-718: The Victorian Anglo-Saxon scholar John Mitchell Kemble . There is another Paddington in Surrey , recorded in the Domesday Book as "Padendene" and later as "Paddingdon", perhaps to be derived from Old English dene, denu "valley", whereas Paddington in Middlesex is commonly traced back to Old English tūn "farm, homestead, town". Both place names share the same first part, a personal name rendered as Pad(d)a , of uncertain origin, giving "Padda's valley" for
5832-587: The Whigs and the Radicals to form the Liberal Party . Disraeli became overall Conservative leader in 1868, although, when Prime Minister, he did not attempt to reintroduce protectionism. Scholars have advanced several explanations to resolve the puzzle of why Peel made the seemingly irrational decision to sacrifice his government to repeal the Corn Laws, a policy which he had long opposed. Lusztig (1995) argues that his actions were sensible when considered in
5940-530: The animatronic dinosaurs of Jurassic Park " as the initial influence behind the Bridge. The Regent's Canal begins at Little Venice, heading east towards Maida Vale , Regent's Park , Camden Town , King's Cross , Old Street and Mile End en route to Limehouse . A towpath runs along the canal from Paddington to Limehouse, broken only by the Maida Hill and Islington tunnels. Commercial traffic on
6048-466: The area between the Westway, Praed Street and Westbourne Terrace. This includes major developments on the goods yard site (now branded Paddington Central) and around the canal ( Paddington Basin ). As of October 2017 much of these developments have been completed and are in use. PaddingtonNow BID put forward a renewal bid in 2017 covering the period April 2018 to March 2023, which would be supported by
6156-471: The benches opposite, nor myself, nor the gentlemen sitting round me—I say that neither of us are the parties who are strictly entitled to the merit. There has been a combination of parties, and that combination of parties together with the influence of the Government, has led to the ultimate success of the measures. But, Sir, there is a name which ought to be associated with the success of these measures: it
6264-475: The bishops leased land to the Grand Junction Canal , where a direct trade link could now take place between London and the Midlands , bringing more employment to the area. The canal would remain dominant until Regent's Canal was built in 1820. Construction and building projects would take place from east to west and south to north throughout the 19th century; increasing its population in a rapid pace, overtaking
6372-745: The canal undertaking remained after 1929 with the renamed Grand Junction Company, which functioned as a property company. While retaining its own name, it was taken over in 1972 by the Amalgamated Investment and Property Company, which went into liquidation in 1976. Prior to the liquidation the Welbeck Estate Securities Group acquired the entire estate comprising 525 houses 15 shops and the Royal Exchange public House in Sale Place. The surrounding area
6480-467: The central and eastern parts of the Elizabeth line or starting from Paddington. These trains mostly depart from the deep-level Elizabeth line platforms underneath the western side of the mainline station. These deep-level Elizabeth line tracks emerge above ground adjacent to the mainline tracks just west of Royal Oak tube station and join them at that point, thereafter sharing the relief line tracks with some Great Western Railway stopping services as far as
6588-540: The centrepiece of an 1824 masterplan by Samuel Pepys Cockerell to redevelop the Tyburn Estate (historic lands of the Bishop of London) into a residential area to rival Belgravia . The area was laid out in the mid-1800s when grand squares and cream- stuccoed terraces started to fill the acres between Paddington station and Hyde Park; however, the plans were never realised in full. Despite this, Thackeray described
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#17328013595186696-441: The concessions would represent no threat to the British constitution. According to Dartmouth College economic historian Douglas Irwin , Peel was influenced by economic ideas in his shift from protectionism to free trade in agriculture: "Economic ideas, and not the pressure of interests, were central to Peel's conversion to favor repeal of the Corn Laws." The price of wheat during the two decades after 1850 averaged 52 shillings
6804-486: The context of his concern for preserving aristocratic government and a limited franchise in the face of threats from popular unrest. Peel was concerned primarily with preserving the institutions of government, and he considered reform as an occasional necessary evil to preclude the possibility of much more radical or tumultuous actions. He acted to check the expansion of democracy by ameliorating conditions which could provoke democratic agitation. He also took care to ensure that
6912-407: The corn law bill on 10 March 1815, the House of Lords on 20 March and the bill received royal assent on 23 March 1815. The Corn Laws enhanced the profits and political power associated with land ownership . The laws raised food prices and the costs of living for the British public, and hampered the growth of other British economic sectors, such as manufacturing, by reducing the disposable income of
7020-472: The countryside lost its most respected figures", with those who tended the land with greatest pride and conscience suffering most as the only chance of survival came in lowering standards. "For twenty years," Ensor claimed, "the only chance for any young or enterprising person on the countryside was to get out of it." The decline of agriculture also led to a fall in rural rents, especially in areas with arable land. Consequently, landowners, who until 1880 had been
7128-490: The cross streets, Bishop's Bridge Road, Cleveland Terrace (formerly James Street), Chilworth Street , and Craven Road . The street has more modern buildings north of Bishop's Bridge Road, including the Enterprise House at numbers 167–169, which is occupied by Network Rail. Westbourne Terrace Mews runs north from Cleveland Terrace but does not join Westbourne Terrace. Each terrace has its own private access road at
7236-502: The earliest known tenant farmers of the land. During King Henry VIII's dissolution , the property of Paddington was seized by the crown. However, King Edward VI granted the land to the Bishop of London in 1550. Successive bishops would later lease farmlands to tenants and city merchants. One such, in the 1540s was Thomas North who translated Plutarch's Parallel Lives into English in 1579. Shakespeare would later use this work and
7344-624: The east of the Paddington district immediately to the north of the Westway and west of Edgware Road. It includes St Mary on Paddington Green Church . The Paddington Green campus of the City of Westminster College is adjacent to the Green. Paddington Green Police Station is immediately to the north west of the intersection of Westway and Edgware Road. Paddington station is on the London Underground and National Rail networks. It
7452-470: The front. According to Nikolaus Pevsner , the architecture of Westbourne Terrace shows the transition from the classical style to the Italianate. Originally occupied by wealthy merchants, admirals, governors, and statesmen, the terrace has been home to many renowned people. The exterior of the great majority of the buildings is still intact, though most houses have been converted into flats, and in some instances, hotels or offices. The original buildings in
7560-418: The government to take urgent action to avert famine. The appearance of Russell's letter spurred Peel and the free-traders in his cabinet to press ahead with repeal measures over the objections of their protectionist colleagues. On 4 December 1845, an announcement appeared in The Times that the government had decided to recall Parliament in January 1846 to repeal the Corn Laws. Lord Stanley resigned from
7668-440: The gravest authorities on political economy on the subject of rent, wages, taxes, tithes." He voted against repeal each year from 1837 to 1845. In 1842, in response to the Blue book published by Villiers' 1840 Committee on Import Duties, Peel offered a concession by modifying the sliding scale. He reduced the maximum duty to 20/– if the price were to fall to 51/– or less. In 1842, Peel's fellow-Conservative Monckton Milnes said, at
7776-647: The hundred for most administrative purposes. A church, the predecessor of St Mary was built in Paddington in 1679. In 1740, John Frederick leased the estate in Paddington and it is from his granddaughters and their families that many of Paddington's street names are derived. The New Road was built in 1756–7 to link the villages of Paddington and Islington. By 1773, a contemporary historian felt and wrote that "London may now be said to include two cities ( London and Westminster ), one borough ( Southwark ) and forty six antient [ancient] villages [among which]... Paddington and [adjoining] Marybone ( Marylebone )." During
7884-551: The manufacturer by affording him outlets for his products. Second, it would relieve the Condition of England question by cheapening the price of food and ensuring more regular employment. Third, it would make English agriculture more efficient by stimulating demand for its products in urban and industrial areas. Fourth, it would introduce through mutually advantageous international trade a new era of international fellowship and peace. The only barrier to these four beneficent solutions
7992-420: The manufacturing working man's wages are reduced, the mills are shut up, business is ruined, and general distress is spread through the country. But when, as now, the working man has the said 25 s left in his pocket, he buys more clothing with it (ay, and other articles of comfort too), and that increases the demand for them, and the greater the demand ... makes them rise in price, and the rising price enables
8100-517: The mid-19th century. During the period, several Victorian churches were demolished owing to structural decay. Victorian housing developed into slums, giving the area an unsavoury reputation. However, in the 1930s massive rebuilding and improvements projects were made. However, even as late as the 1950s Paddington was a byword for overcrowding, poverty and vice. Between the 1960s and 1980s, the area would see vast improvements and redevelopments in city planning. The southeast section of Tyburnia used to be
8208-473: The modernisation of agricultural machinery. The prairie farms of North America were thus able to export vast quantities of cheap grain, as were peasant farms in the Russian Empire with simpler methods but cheaper labour. Every wheat-growing country decided to increase tariffs in reaction to this, except Britain and Belgium . In 1877, the price of British-grown wheat averaged 56/9 a quarter and for
8316-555: The national income was about 17% in 1871; by 1911 it was less than 7%. Robert Ensor wrote that these years witnessed the ruin of British agriculture, "which till then had almost as conspicuously led the world, [and which] was thrown overboard in a storm like an unwanted cargo" due to "the sudden and overwhelming invasion ... by American prairie-wheat in the late seventies." Previously, agriculture had employed more people in Britain than any other industry and until 1880 it "retained
8424-414: The north of the railway as it enters Paddington station, and to the south of the Westway flyover and with the canal to the east the former railway goods yard has been developed into a modern complex with wellbeing, leisure, retail and leisure facilities. The public area from the canal to Sheldon Square with the amphitheatre hosts leisure facilities and special events. A green space and conservation area in
8532-502: The opposition of most of his own party. Economic historians see the repeal of the Corn Laws as a decisive shift towards free trade in Britain. According to one 2021 study, the repeal of the Corn Laws benefitted the bottom 90% of income earners in the United Kingdom economically, while causing income losses for the top 10% of income earners. As a staple of life, as well as an important commodity of trade, corn and its traffic
8640-410: The output of barley, oats, and wheat. These changes occurred at the same time that emigration was reducing the labour supply and increasing wage rates to levels too great for arable farmers to sustain. Britain's reliance on imported food led to the danger of it being starved into submission during wartime. In 1914 Britain was dependent on imports for four-fifths of its wheat and 40% of its meat. During
8748-462: The petition. He argued, speciously, that complicated restrictions made it difficult to repeal protectionist laws. He added, though, that he believed Britain's economic dominance grew in spite of, not because of, the protectionist system. In 1821, the President of the Board of Trade , William Huskisson , composed a Commons committee report which recommended a return to the "practically free" trade of
8856-527: The place in Surrey and "homestead of Padda's people" for the place in Middlesex. That both place names would refer to the same individual or ancient family, is pure speculation. A lord named Padda is named in the Domesday Book, associated with Brampton, Suffolk . An 18th-century dictionary gives "Paddington Fair Day. An execution day, Tyburn being in the parish or neighbourhood of Paddington. To dance
8964-412: The pre-1815 years. The Importation Act 1822 ( 3 Geo. 4 . c. 60) decreed that corn could be imported when the price of domestically harvested corn rose to 80/– (£4) per quarter but that the import of corn would again be prohibited when the price fell to 70/– per quarter. After this act was passed, the corn price never rose to 80/– until 1828. In 1827, the landlords rejected Huskisson's proposals for
9072-410: The residential district of Tyburnia as "the elegant, the prosperous, the polite Tyburnia, the most respectable district of the habitable globe." Derivation of the name is uncertain. Speculative explanations include Padre-ing-tun (explained as "father's meadow village"), Pad-ing-tun ("pack-horse meadow village"), and Pæding-tun ("village of the race of Pæd") the last being the cited suggestion of
9180-403: The rest of the 19th century it never reached within 10 shillings of that figure. In 1878 the price fell to 46/5. In 1886, the wheat price decreased to 31/– a quarter. By 1885, wheat-growing land declined by a million acres (4,000 km , 28 1 ⁄ 2 % of the previous amount) and the barley area had dwindled greatly also. Britain's dependence on imported grain during the 1830s was 2%; during
9288-599: The rest of the Anti-Corn Law League believed that cheap food meant greater real wages and Cobden praised a speech by a working man who said: When provisions are high, the people have so much to pay for them that they have little or nothing left to buy clothes with; and when they have little to buy clothes with, there are few clothes sold; and when there are few clothes sold, there are too many to sell, they are very cheap; and when they are very cheap, there cannot be much paid for making them: and that, consequently,
9396-504: The richest class in the nation, were dethroned from this position. After they lost their economic leadership, the loss of their political leadership followed. The Prime Minister at the time, Disraeli, had once been a staunch upholder of the Corn Laws and had predicted ruin for agriculture if they were repealed. However, unlike most other European governments, his government did not revive tariffs on imported cereals to save their farms and farmers. Despite calls from landowners to reintroduce
9504-517: The south of Paddington. Both routes operate 24 hours, daily, supplemented by route N207 at nights. Several key routes pass through or around the Paddington area, including: Cycling infrastructure is provided in Paddington by Transport for London (TfL) and the Canal & River Trust . Several cycle routes pass through the area, including: Sustrans also propose that National Cycle Route 6 (NCR 6) will begin at Paddington and run northwest along
9612-477: The station near the Paddington Basin (to the north of platform 12). Trains from this station link the area directly to Hammersmith via Shepherd's Bush to the west. Eastbound trains pass through Baker Street, King's Cross St Pancras , Liverpool Street in the City , Whitechapel and Barking . Lancaster Gate tube station is also in the area, served by Central line trains. Paddington station
9720-638: The success of these measures is the name of Richard Cobden . Without scruple, Sir, I attribute the success of these measures to him. As a result, the Conservative Party divided and the Whigs formed a government with Russell as PM. Those Conservatives who were loyal to Peel were known as the Peelites and included the Earl of Aberdeen and William Ewart Gladstone . In 1859, the Peelites merged with
9828-487: The terrace are Grade II listed and fall within the Bayswater Conservation Area. Numbers 1 to 31 were built by Robert Palmer Browne by 1849. They are Grade II listed. Irish painter Patrick Swift lived at number nine in the mid-twentieth century. Canadian author Elizabeth Smart also lived at number nine, in a different flat. John Constable, eldest son of the painter, resided at number 17, which
9936-411: The time of this concession, that Villiers was "the solitary Robinson Crusoe sitting on the rock of Corn Law repeal". According to historian Asa Briggs , the Anti-Corn Law League was a large, nationwide middle-class moral crusade with a Utopian vision; its leading advocate Richard Cobden promised that repeal would settle four great problems simultaneously: First, it would guarantee the prosperity of
10044-441: The village scene of Paddington. This population increase would go from 1,881 to 46,305 between 1801 and 1851 respectively; with 10,000 new inhabitants added every decade thereafter. Paddington station first opened in 1838, with the first underground line in 1863 ( Metropolitan ). Paddington was one of the few districts in London that had a migrant majority population by 1881. With a thriving Greek and Jewish community present in
10152-482: The working man to get higher wages and the masters better profits. This, therefore, is the way I prove that high provisions make lower wages, and cheap provisions make higher wages. The magazine The Economist was founded in September 1843 by politician James Wilson with help from the Anti-Corn Law League; his son-in-law Walter Bagehot later became its editor. In February 1844, the Duke of Richmond initiated
10260-480: The world" as the leading manufacturing nation. Robert Blake said that Disraeli was dissuaded from reviving protection due to the urban working class enjoying cheap imported food at a time of industrial depression and rising unemployment. Enfranchised by Disraeli in 1867, working men's votes were crucial in a general election and he did not want to antagonise them. Although proficient farmers on good lands did well, farmers with mediocre skills or marginal lands were at
10368-501: The years between 1830 and 1841, decided not to repeal the Corn Laws. However the Liberal Whig MP Charles Pelham Villiers proposed motions for repeal in the House of Commons every year from 1837 to 1845. In 1842, the majority against repeal was 303; by 1845 this had fallen to 132. Although he had spoken against repeal until 1845, Robert Peel voted in favour in 1846. In 1853, when Villiers was made
10476-714: Was Thomas Marsh Nelson. They are Grade II listed. Susan Lawrence , one of the earliest female Labour MPs, lived at number 44. Civil engineer Charles Manby (1804–1884) lived at number 60 during 1870–77. Uriah Maggs opened his first bookshop at 44 Westbourne Terrace North in 1844. Admiral Baldwin Wake Walker lived at number 66. Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson (1860–1933) lived at number 88 during his retirement. Numbers 70–106 and 108 to 136 are Grade II listed. They were built around 1840, probably by William King and William Kingdom. Richard Bethell , later Lord Chancellor as Lord Westbury, lived at number 70. Number 124
10584-483: Was agitating peacefully for repeal. They funded writers like William Cooke Taylor to travel the manufacturing regions of northern England to research their cause. Taylor published a number of books as an Anti-Corn Law propagandist, most notably, The Natural History of Society (1841), Notes of a tour in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire (1842), and Factories and the Factory System (1844). Cobden and
10692-411: Was defeated in the Commons by 292 to 219 by "a combination of Whigs, Radicals , and Tory protectionists." Peel subsequently resigned as Prime Minister. In his resignation speech he attributed the success of repeal to Cobden: In reference to our proposing these measures, I have no wish to rob any person of the credit which is justly due to him for them. But I may say that neither the gentlemen sitting on
10800-649: Was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel . The permanent building opened in 1854. Paddington Bear was also named after the station; in Michael Bond 's 1958 book A Bear Called Paddington , Paddington is found at the station by the Brown family. He is lost, having just arrived in London from "darkest Peru ." London Buses 7 , 23 , 27 , 36 , 46 , 205 and 332 , and night buses N7 and N205 serve Paddington station. Buses 23, 27 and 36 operate 24 hours, daily. Routes 94 and 148 serve Lancaster Gate station to
10908-517: Was long the subject of debate and of government regulation – the Tudors legislating against speculating in corn, and the Stuarts introducing import and export controls. Import had been regulated as early as 1670; and in 1689 traders were provided bounties for exporting rye , malt and wheat (all classified as corn at the time, the same commodities being taxed when imported into England). In 1773,
11016-594: Was needed. The advocates of repeal therefore promised, not only a Big Loaf (which was to be doubled in size) but also the passing of the Ten Hours Bill" (to reduce working hours). In 1876, Thomas Carlyle commented on John Bright , co-founder of the League along with Cobden: "as for that party, Bright, Cobden and Co., 'Cheap and Nasty' was their watchword. It was folly to suppose good things were to be had cheap. The nation had been deluded." The Anti-Corn Law League
11124-711: Was not lack of food, but the price of it, which was beyond the reach of the poor. Peel argued in Cabinet that tariffs on grain should be rescinded by Order in Council until Parliament assembled to repeal the Corn Laws. His colleagues resisted this. On 22 November 1845 the Whig Leader of the Opposition Lord John Russell announced in an open letter to the electors in the City of London his support for immediate Corn Law repeal and called upon
11232-600: Was part of the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington , the headquarters of which was at Paddington Town Hall , until 1965 when the area became part of the enlarged City of Westminster . A lagoon created in the 1810s at the convergence of the Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal , the Regent's Canal and the Paddington Basin . It is an important focal point of the Little Venice area. It
11340-495: Was said to have performed in taverns along Edgware Road. In the later Elizabethan and early Stuart era, the rectory, manor and associated estate houses were occupied by the Small (or Smale) family. Nicholas Small was a clothworker who was sufficiently well connected to have Holbein paint a portrait of his wife, Jane Small . Nicholas died in 1565 and his wife married again, to Nicholas Parkinson of Paddington who became master of
11448-424: Was the first house to be completed. Roseate House London, a luxury boutique hotel, occupies numbers 3–5. Numbers 33–77 were developed by William Kingdom, whose architect was Thomas Marsh Nelson. They are Grade II listed. Admiral Charles Bethune lived at number 53. The Chilworth, a boutique hotel, occupies numbers 55–61. The terrace of 79–119 was built around 1840, probably by William King and William Kingdom. It
11556-411: Was the ignorant self-interest of the landlords, the "bread-taxing oligarchy, unprincipled, unfeeling, rapacious and plundering." The landlords claimed that manufacturers like Cobden wanted cheap food so that they could reduce wages and thus maximise their profits, an opinion shared by socialist Chartists . Karl Marx said: "The campaign for the abolition of the Corn Laws had begun and the workers' help
11664-559: Was the location of the Austrian Centre, which was the most important social, cultural and political hub for Austrian exiles from the Nazis. Park Grand London Hyde Park hotel occupies numbers 78–82. Holy Trinity church once stood on the north-west corner with Bishop's Road, now Bishop's Bridge Road . It was built in 1844–1846 to a design by Thomas Cundy . It was closed in 1971 after being declared unsafe, before being demolished in
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