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55-581: The scope of the Games comprised all the countries east of Suez and west of Singapore . The first and only edition of the games was celebrated in Delhi , India from 27 February to 3 March 1934. A second event was planned to be held in Palestine Mandate , however the games were cancelled due to the armed conflict in the region. The Asian Games was later launched as a successor competition and, at

110-587: A container ship called the Ever Given ran aground in the canal and blocked it. Today, the Canal is a vital link in world trade, and contributes significantly to the Egyptian economy; in 2009 the income generated from the canal accounted for 3.7% of Egypt's GDP. The Isthmus of Suez is considered the boundary between Africa and Asia. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as

165-818: A hot desert (BWh). The hottest recorded temperature was 49 °C (120 °F) on June 14, 1965 while the coldest recorded temperature was 1 °C (34 °F) on February 23, 2004. Suez is twinned with: William Matthew Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt. Volume 3: From the XIXth to the XXXth Dynasties, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN   0-543-99326-4 , p. 366 Barbara Watterson (1997), The Egyptians, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN   0-631-21195-0 , p. 186 [REDACTED] Media related to Suez at Wikimedia Commons Elamite language Elamite , also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Scythic , Median , Amardian , Anshanian and Susian ,

220-536: A Persian; setting out from Persia I conquered Egypt. I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia. Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, as I had intended." In the 7th century AD a town named " Kolzum " stood just north of the site of present-day Suez and served as eastern terminus of

275-591: A canal built by Amr ibn al-'As , linking the Nile River and the Red Sea . Kolzum's trade fell following the closure of the canal in 770 by the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur , to prevent his enemies in Arabia from accessing supplies from Egypt and the lands north of it. Nonetheless, the town benefited from the trade that remained between Egypt and Arabia. By 780 al-Mansur's successor al-Mahdi restored part of

330-567: A meaning of anteriority (perfect and pluperfect tense). The negative particle is in- ; it takes nominal class suffixes that agree with the subject of attention (which may or may not coincide with the grammatical subject): first-person singular in-ki , third-person singular animate in-ri , third-person singular inanimate in-ni / in-me . In Achaemenid Elamite, the inanimate form in-ni has been generalized to all persons, and concord has been lost. Nominal heads are normally followed by their modifiers, but there are occasional inversions. Word order

385-597: A more narrow regional level, the West Asian Games emerged to fulfil the position of an event for West Asia. The First Western Asiatic Games was celebrated in Delhi between 27 February and 3 March 1934 at the Irwin Amphitheater . Four countries— Afghanistan , British India , Palestine Mandate and Ceylon —participated. The participants competed in athletics , aquatic sports , including swimming and diving , and field hockey . Athletics

440-403: A nominalizing suffix and indicate nomen agentis or just members of a class. The inanimate third-person singular suffix -me forms abstracts. Some examples of the use of the noun class suffixes above are the following: Modifiers follow their (nominal) heads. In noun phrases and pronoun phrases, the suffixes referring to the head are appended to the modifier, regardless of whether the modifier

495-476: A non-past infinitive. The corresponding conjugations ( conjugation II and III ) are: In Achaemenid Elamite, the Conjugation 2 endings are somewhat changed: There is also a periphrastic construction with an auxiliary verb ma- following either Conjugation II and III stems (i.e. the perfective and imperfective participles), or nomina agentis in -r , or a verb base directly. In Achaemenid Elamite, only

550-527: A prosperous town, until it was occupied and plundered by Bedouins . Arab geographer al-Dimashqi noted that Kolzum belonged to the Mamluk province of al-Karak at the time. To prevent Portuguese attacks against Egyptian coastal towns and the Red Sea port of Jeddah , Qansuh al-Ghawri , the last Mamluk sultan, ordered a 6,000-man force headed by Selman Reis to defend Suez in 1507, which in turn limited

605-458: A small portion in Asia . 29°58′N 32°33′E  /  29.967°N 32.550°E  / 29.967; 32.550 Railway lines and highways connect the city with Cairo , Port Said , and Ismailia . Suez has a petrochemical plant, and its oil refineries have pipelines carrying the finished product to Cairo. These are represented in the flag of the governorate: the blue background refers to

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660-464: A verbal noun, or “infinitive”. The verb distinguishes three forms functioning as finite verbs , known as “conjugations” . Conjugation I is the only one with special endings characteristic of finite verbs as such, as shown below. Its use is mostly associated with active voice, transitivity (or verbs of motion), neutral aspect and past tense meaning. Conjugations II and III can be regarded as periphrastic constructions with participles; they are formed by

715-653: Is subject–object–verb (SOV), with indirect objects preceding direct objects, but it becomes more flexible in Achaemenid Elamite. There are often resumptive pronouns before the verb – often long sequences, especially in Middle Elamite ( ap u in duni-h "to-them I it gave"). The language uses postpositions such as -ma "in" and -na "of", but spatial and temporal relationships are generally expressed in Middle Elamite by means of "directional words" originating as nouns or verbs. They can precede or follow

770-728: Is a seaport city (population of about 700,000 as of August 2021 ) in north-eastern Egypt , located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea , near the southern terminus of the Suez Canal , and is the capital of the Suez Governorate . It has three ports: the Suez Port (Port Tewfik), al-Adabiya, and al-Zaytiya, and extensive port facilities. Together they form a metropolitan area , located mostly in Africa with

825-505: Is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites . It was recorded in what is now southwestern Iran from 2600 BC to 330 BC. Elamite is generally thought to have no demonstrable relatives and is usually considered a language isolate . The lack of established relatives makes its interpretation difficult. A sizeable number of Elamite lexemes are known from the Achaemenid royal inscriptions – trilingual inscriptions of

880-446: Is another noun (such as a possessor) or an adjective. Sometimes the suffix is preserved on the head as well: This system, in which the noun class suffixes function as derivational morphemes as well as agreement markers and indirectly as subordinating morphemes, is best seen in Middle Elamite. It was, to a great extent, broken down in Achaemenid Elamite, where possession and, sometimes, attributive relationships are uniformly expressed with

935-733: Is considered the most affluent area in the city. The real estate there is significantly more expensive than any other district in the city. Its buildings have more modern architectural style than those in the El Arbaeen District. It includes the affluent neighbourhood of Port Tawfik, which directly overlooks the Suez Canal. Port Tawfik includes some old-style houses that date back to the era of English occupation. The district also includes two of Egypt's most important oil refineries; El-Nasr Petroleum Company and Suez Petroleum Company. Also, Suez Port , one of Egypt's main ports, lies within

990-605: Is considered the “classical” period of Elamite, but the best attested variety is Achaemenid Elamite, which was widely used by the Achaemenid Persian state for official inscriptions as well as administrative records and displays significant Old Persian influence. Persepolis Administrative Archives were found at Persepolis in 1930s, and they are mostly in Elamite; the remains of more than 10,000 of these cuneiform documents have been uncovered. In comparison, Aramaic

1045-576: Is represented by only 1,000 or so original records. These documents represent administrative activity and flow of data in Persepolis over more than fifty consecutive years (509 to 457 BC). Documents from the Old Elamite and early Neo-Elamite stages are rather scarce. Neo-Elamite can be regarded as a transition between Middle and Achaemenid Elamite, with respect to language structure. The Elamite language may have remained in widespread use after

1100-675: The Achaemenid Empire , in which Elamite was written using Elamite cuneiform (circa 5th century BC), which is fully deciphered. An important dictionary of the Elamite language, the Elamisches Wörterbuch was published in 1987 by W. Hinz and H. Koch. The Linear Elamite script however, one of the scripts used to write the Elamite language circa 2000 BC, has remained elusive until recently. The following scripts are known or assumed to have encoded Elamite: Later, Elamite cuneiform , adapted from Akkadian cuneiform ,

1155-650: The Ottoman Navy to the Red Sea, after the siege of Diu in 1538, a Portuguese fleet was sent in 1541 to seek out and destroy the Ottoman navy. After capturing El Tor on the Egyptian coast, the fleet's commander Estevão da Gama gave the order to attack Suez, but failed to engage the Ottoman fleet as the Ottomans had received intelligence about the incoming attack beforehand. Instead, the Portuguese fleet spent

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1210-563: The Red Sea to prevent the Ayyubid garrison at Kolzum from accessing water. In response, Saladin's brother al-Adil had Husam ad-Din Lu'lu' build a naval fleet, which sailed to the southern port of Aidab to end Raynald's venture. By the 13th century, it was recorded that Kolzum was in ruins, as was Suez, which had gradually replaced the former as a population center. According to Muslim historians al-Maqrizi and al-Idrisi , Kolzum had once been

1265-557: The Sasanian period (224–642 AD). Between the 8th and 13th centuries AD, various Arabic authors refer to a language called Khuzi or Xūz spoken in Khuzistan , which was unlike any other Iranian language known to those writers. It is possible that it was "a late variant of Elamite". The last original report on the Xūz language was written circa 988 AD by Al-Muqaddasi , characterizing

1320-668: The Achaemenid period. Several rulers of Elymais bore the Elamite name Kamnaskires in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. The Acts of the Apostles (c. 80–90 AD) mentions the language as if it was still current. There are no later direct references, but Elamite may be the local language in which, according to the Talmud , the Book of Esther was recited annually to the Jews of Susa in

1375-767: The Great 's Suez Inscriptions were texts written in Old Persian , Elamite , Babylonian and Egyptian on five monuments erected in Wadi Tumilat, commemorating the opening of a canal between the Nile and the Bitter Lakes , to facilitate a shipping connection between Egypt, then a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire , and Persia (i.e. the greater portion of the Empire itself). Partial transliteration and translation of

1430-733: The Gulf of Suez. Ain Sokhna has numerous high-class sea resorts and is frequented by many tourists, Egyptians and foreigners, all over the year due to its warm weather. The district is also home to the Ain Sokhna Sea Port, one of Egypt's main sea ports operated by the Dubai-based DP World Company and the Al-Ataka Fishing Port, which is the city's main fish production port. In ancient times, there

1485-527: The Khuzi as bilingual in Arabic and Persian but also speaking an "incomprehensible" language at the town of Ramhormoz . The town had recently become prosperous again after the foundation of a market, and as it received an influx of foreigners and being a "Khuzi" was stigmatized at the time, the language probably died in the 11th century. Later authors only mention the language when citing previous work. Because of

1540-785: The Mamluk military's capabilities against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean Sea . Following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt at the beginning of the 16th century, Suez became both a major naval and trading station. The Ottoman fleets at Suez were instrumental in disputing control over Indian Ocean trade with the Portuguese. in the Red Sea in the 16th & 17th century. Campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Yellow - Factories ( Mokha) Red - Allied Territorie or under influence. Dark Green - Campaigns of Adal. In trying to limit

1595-763: The Suez Canal Company, which had been run by the French and owned privately, with the British as the largest shareholders. In 1956, Israeli, British and French forces invaded the Suez Canal, which became known as the Suez Crisis . Following Israel's invasion and occupation of the Sinai Peninsula in the Six-Day War of 1967, the Canal was closed, and did not reopen until 1975. On March 23, 2021,

1650-521: The Suez Canal, following the Yom Kippur War with Israel. Suez was the first city to hold major protests against the government of Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and was the scene of the first fatality of that uprising. On account of this, it has been called the Sidi Bouzid of Egypt, recalling that small town's role in the 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution . In 2021,

1705-405: The addition of the nominal personal class suffixes to a passive perfective participle in -k and to an active imperfective participle in -n , respectively. Accordingly, conjugation II expresses a perfective aspect , hence usually past tense, and an intransitive or passive voice, whereas conjugation III expresses an imperfective non-past action. The Middle Elamite conjugation I is formed with

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1760-756: The canal. The Qarmatians led by al-Hasan al-A'sam defeated a Fatimid army headed by Jawhar al-Siqilli at Kolzum in 971 and thereby captured the town. Following his defeat in Cairo by al-Siqilli at the end of that year, Hasan and his forces retreated to Arabia via Kolzum. Suez was situated nearby and served as a source of drinking water for Kolzum, according to the Arab traveler al-Muqaddasi , who visited in 986. The Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, Saladin , fortified both Kolzum and Suez in order to defend Egypt's eastern frontier from Crusader raids by Raynald of Chatillon . Between 1183 and 1184, Raynald had ships stationed in

1815-604: The city. Examples of neighborhoods in Faisal District include Al-Sabbah, Al-Amal and Al-Mushi, to name a few. It is characterised by the existence of many industrial areas. There are plants and factories specialising in fertilisers, cement, steel, cooking oil, flour products, oil rigs, ceramic tiles, sugar, and many other products. There is also the Attaka Power Plant. The district also includes Ain Sokhna, one of Egypt's most important sea resorts, overlooking

1870-545: The comparatively short distance between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the occurrence of a line of lakes or depressions which became lakes ( Lake Manzala in the north, and depressions, Timsah and the Bitter Lakes, part way along the route), and the generally flat terrain. The construction of the canal was proposed by the engineer and French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps , who in 1854 acquired from Said Pasha

1925-503: The construction with the noun class suffixes. Nevertheless, a set of separate third-person animate possessives -e (sing.) / appi-e (plur.) is occasionally used already in Middle Elamite: puhu-e “her children”, hiš-api-e “their name”. The relative pronouns are akka “who” and appa “what, which”. The verb base can be simple ( ta- “put”) or “ reduplicated ” ( beti > bepti “rebel”). The pure verb base can function as

1980-486: The container ship Ever Given became stuck across the Suez canal near Suez. This came to be known as the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction . The city is divided into five main districts: The most populous district of the city, it has most of the government buildings and public institutions. It also has the city's main fruit and vegetable markets in addition to other markets and stores selling various commodities. Suez district

2035-482: The following suffixes: In Achaemenid Elamite, the loss of the /h/ reduces the transparency of the Conjugation I endings and leads to the merger of the singular and plural except in the first person; in addition, the first-person plural changes from -hu to -ut . The participles can be exemplified as follows: perfective participle hutta-k “done”, kulla-k “something prayed”, i.e. “a prayer”; imperfective participle hutta-n “doing” or “who will do”, also serving as

2090-514: The governed nouns and tend to exhibit noun class agreement with whatever noun is described by the prepositional phrase: i-r pat-r u-r ta-t-ni "may you place him under me", lit. "him inferior of-me place-you-may". In Achaemenid Elamite, postpositions become more common and partly displace that type of construction. A common conjunction is ak "and, or". Achaemenid Elamite also uses a number of subordinating conjunctions such as anka "if, when" and sap "as, when". Subordinate clauses usually precede

2145-460: The imperative. The prohibitative is formed by the particle anu/ani preceding Conjugation III. Verbal forms can be converted into the heads of subordinate clauses through the addition of the nominalising suffix -a , much as in Sumerian : siyan in-me kuši-hš(i)-me-a “the temple which they did not build”. -ti / -ta can be suffixed to verbs, chiefly of conjugation I, expressing possibly

2200-613: The inscription: Transliteration of the Old Persian text: xâmanišiya \ thâtiy \ Dârayavauš \ XŠ \ adam \ Pârsa \ amiy \ hacâ \ Pâ rsâ \ Mudrâyam \ agarbâyam \ adam \ niyaštâyam \ imâm \ yauviyâ m \ katanaiy \ hacâ \ Pirâva \ nâma \ rauta \ tya \ Mudrâyaiy \ danuvatiy \ ab iy \ draya \ tya \ hacâ \ Pârsâ \ aitiy \ pasâva \ iyam \ yauviyâ \ akaniya \ avathâ \ yathâ \ adam \ niyaštâyam \ utâ \ nâva \ âyatâ \ hacâ \ Mudrâ yâ \ tara \ imâm \ yauviyâm \ abiy \ Pârsam \ avathâ \ yathâ \ mâm \ kâma\ âha English translation: "King Darius says: I am

2255-400: The limitations of the language's scripts, its phonology is not well understood. Its consonants included at least stops /p/ , /t/ and /k/ , sibilants /s/ , /ʃ/ and /z/ (with an uncertain pronunciation), nasals /m/ and /n/ , liquids /l/ and /r/ and fricative /h/ , which was lost in late Neo-Elamite. Some peculiarities of the spelling have been interpreted as suggesting that there

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2310-614: The next 7 months in the Red Sea sailing from port to port and waiting in Massawa before eventually leaving for India. German explorer Carsten Niebuhr noted that in the 18th century a 20-strong fleet sailed annually from Suez to Jeddah , which served both as Mecca 's port and Egypt's gateway for trade with India. However, by the French invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798, Suez had once again devolved into an unimportant town. Fighting between French and Ottoman troops in 1800 left most of

2365-425: The perimeter of Suez District. This district stretches all the way to the border with Ismailia Governorate and contains the entire Asian territory of the city. It has all the rural areas of the city and can be thought of as the city's "countryside". It includes the newer neighbourhoods of the city. Most of the areas at Faisal District were established after the 1973 Yom Kippur war , which had destroyed vast areas of

2420-518: The rights of constructing and operating the canal for a period of 99 years. The Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez was formed. Construction took 11 years, and the canal opened on 17 November 1869. The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade. In July 1956, just a few days after the fourth anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , the Egyptian government under President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised

2475-455: The sea, the gear refers to Suez's status as an industrial governorate, and the flame refers to the petroleum firms of Suez. The modern city of Suez is a successor of the ancient city of Clysma , a major Red Sea port and a center of monasticism. The city's name is derived from a fuʿayl form of the Arabic word for ' liquorice ' (Arabic: سُوس , romanized:  sūs ). Darius

2530-430: The third option exists. There is no consensus on the exact meaning of the periphrastic forms with ma- , but durative, intensive or volitional interpretations have been suggested. The optative is expressed by the addition of the suffix -ni to Conjugations I and II. The imperative is identical to the second person of Conjugation I in Middle Elamite. In Achaemenid Elamite, it is the third person that coincides with

2585-587: The town in ruins. Its importance as a port increased after the Suez Canal opened in 1869. The city was virtually destroyed during battles in the late 1960s and early 1970s between Egyptian and Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula . The town was deserted following the Six-Day War in 1967. Avraham Adan tried to capture the city but it failed, it cost the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) 80 troops killed, 120 wounded and 40 tanks destroyed. Reconstruction of Suez began soon after Egypt reopened

2640-404: The verb of the main clause. In Middle Elamite, the most common way to construct a relative clause is to attach a nominal class suffix to the clause-final verb, optionally followed by the relativizing suffix -a : thus, lika-me i-r hani-š-r(i) "whose reign he loves", or optionally lika-me i-r hani-š-r-a . The alternative construction by means of the relative pronouns akka "who" and appa "which"

2695-486: The “ genitive case ” suffix -na appended to the modifier: e.g. šak X-na “son of X”. The suffix -na , which probably originated from the inanimate agreement suffix -n followed by the nominalizing particle -a (see below), appeared already in Neo-Elamite. The personal pronouns distinguish nominative and accusative case forms. They are as follows: In general, no special possessive pronouns are needed in view of

2750-509: Was a canal from the Nile delta to the Gulf of Suez, when the gulf extended further north than it does today. This canal fell into disuse, and the present canal was built in the nineteenth century. The Suez Canal offers a significantly shorter passage for ships, as compared to passing round the Cape of Good Hope . The construction of the Suez Canal was favoured by the natural conditions of the region:

2805-401: Was a contrast between two series of stops ( /p/ , /t/ , /k/ as opposed to /b/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ ), but in general, such a distinction was not consistently indicated by written Elamite. Elamite had at least the vowels /a/ , /i/ , and /u/ and may also have had /e/ , which was not generally expressed unambiguously. Roots were generally CV, (C)VC, (C)VCV or, more rarely, CVCCV (the first C

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2860-424: Was characterized by an extensive and pervasive nominal class system. Animate nouns have separate markers for first, second and third person. It can be said to display a kind of Suffixaufnahme in that the nominal class markers of the head are also attached to any modifiers, including adjectives, noun adjuncts , possessor nouns and even entire clauses. The history of Elamite is periodised as follows: Middle Elamite

2915-733: Was contested at the Irwin Amphitheater , New Delhi from 2 to 3 March. Aquatic sports , including Swimming and Diving were contested at Patiala from February 25 to February 26, 1934. Only two countries India and Afghanistan had entered their teams in the field hockey tournament. The only match of the tournament thus also served as the final. The British Indian team defeated Afghanistan 5–0.   *    Host nation ( India ) Other Games celebrated in India: Suez Suez ( / ˈ s uː . ɛ z / , Egyptian Arabic : السويس , romanized:  as-Suways , pronounced [esseˈweːs] )

2970-442: Was used from c. 2500 on. Elamite cuneiform was largely a syllabary of some 130 glyphs at any one time and retained only a few logograms from Akkadian but, over time, the number of logograms increased. The complete corpus of Elamite cuneiform consists of about 20,000 tablets and fragments. The majority belong to the Achaemenid era, and contain primarily economic records. Elamite is an agglutinative language , and its grammar

3025-580: Was usually a nasal). Elamite is agglutinative but with fewer morphemes per word than, for example, Sumerian or Hurrian and Urartian . It is mostly suffixing. The Elamite nominal system is thoroughly pervaded by a noun class distinction, which combines a gender distinction between animate and inanimate with a personal class distinction, corresponding to the three persons of verbal inflection (first, second, third, plural). The suffixes that express that system are as follows: Animate: Inanimate: The animate third-person suffix -r can serve as

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