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78-815: The Western Coastal Plains is a narrow stretch of landmass lying between the western part of the Deccan plateau and the Arabian sea in India. The plains stretch from the Kutch region to Kaniyakumari at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula with the Western Ghats forming its eastern boundary. It traverses the states of Gujarat , Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , and Kerala . The plains are broadly divided into six subdivisions– Kutch and Kathiawar along with

156-475: A n   a n n u a l   p r e c i p i t a t i o n   i n   m m 25 ) {\displaystyle (100-{\tfrac {mean\ annual\ precipitation\ in\ mm}{25}})} . Tropical climates normally have only two seasons, a wet season and a dry season. Depending on the location of the region, the wet and dry seasons can have varying duration. Annual temperature changes in

234-511: A broader geographical definition, the region consists of the peninsular tableland lying to the south of the Tropic of Cancer , marked by the Vindhya - Satpura ranges in the north. The Deccan is a plateau region extending over an area of 422,000 km (163,000 sq mi) and occupies the majority of the Indian peninsula . It is shaped like an inverted triangle with its upper boundary at

312-409: A growth higher than the national average over the past three decades. While the states have improved in some of the socio-economic metrics, there is wide disparity within the region. Agriculture is often difficult in low rainfall areas, which require additional irrigation facilities while it is more feasible in the river valleys. Agriculture is still the primary occupation in the region. Rice

390-416: A major role in the Indian independence movement . After Indian Independence in 1947, majority of the region was organised into four states Bombay State , Hyderabad State , Madras State , and Mysore State . The Reorganisation of Indian states on linguistic lines in the 1950s resulted in the creation of the states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , and Tamil Nadu . Telangana

468-413: A meal involves eating food served on a banana leaf using the right hand. Rice is the staple food in meals of the region. Bhakri made of millets and roti or chapathi made of wheat served with dal are popular in the north and western parts of the region. Idli and dosa served with sambar and chutney for breakfast and rice served with sambar and rasam for lunch are popular in

546-514: A short dry season which almost always occurs in the winter. The tropical monsoon climate is often found within countries in the south and southeast Asia region between the latitude of 10 degrees north and the Tropic of Cancer. It can also be found in West Africa and South America. The annual temperature of regions under tropical monsoon climate is also stable. The tropical monsoon climate has

624-792: A single entity named as Indian Railways . On 14 April 1951, the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway, and the Mysore State Railway were merged to form the Southern Railway , the first zone of Indian Railways . The Western was established on 5 November 1951, the South Central zone on 2 October 1966, and the South Western zone on 1 April 2003. Most of the region

702-590: A tropical climate as a region where the mean temperature of the coldest month is greater than or equal to 18 °C (64 °F) and does not fit into the criteria for B-group climates, classifying them as an A-group (tropical climate group). A-group regions are usually found in the tropics , below 23.5 latitude in both the southern and northern hemisphere; they include areas around the Equator, Central America, North-central portions of South America, central Africa, southern portions of Asia and parts of North Australia and

780-487: Is a "relational term" and historically the border of Deccan has varied from Tapti River to the Godavari River , depending on the southern boundary of the northern empires and is used to denote "the area beyond the southern border of a northern-based kingdom" of India. Geographers have defined the extent of Deccan region using various physical features and indices such as rainfall, vegetation, or soil type. As per

858-414: Is between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). In summer, the temperature is between 25 °C and 30 °C, while in winter the temperature is between 20 °C and 30 °C, but still stays above an 18 °C mean. The annual precipitation is between 700 and 1000 mm. The driest months are generally in the winter and they have less than 60 mm of rainfall (often much less). Regions under

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936-515: Is called the canopy tree layer which has trees from 25 to 40 meters tall and those trees grow closely while above is the emergent layer with sporadic trees taller than 35 meters. Tropical savanna climates , or tropical wet and dry climates, are mainly located between the 10° and 25° north-south latitudes, and often occur at the outer margins of the tropics. Typical regions include central Africa, parts of South America, as well as northern and eastern Australia. The temperature range of savanna climate

1014-399: Is covered by these four zones, with small portions of the coasts covered by East Coast Railway and Konkan Railway . Metro and suburban systems are operational in major cities. Air transport in the region started in the late 1910s with commercial services beginning in the 1930s. The region has multiple international and domestic airports . Chennai International Airport serves as

1092-442: Is interspersed with a number of lagoons . The average altitude is below 10 m (33 ft) with sandy beaches on the west. Many streams and inland waterways cut across the region with the major rivers being Periyar River in the southern part of Kerala. Coconut palms are grown across the region. Deccan plateau The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of 422,000 km (163,000 sq mi) and occupies

1170-555: Is relatively dry and arid. The Western Ghats play an important role in determining the climate and seasons of the region. During the dry summer months of April – May, heat builds up on the land, which draws air from the sea. The air, which picks up moisture along the way and flows eastward from the Arabian Sea, is blocked by the Western Ghats. The rising air cools and brings about orographic precipitation along

1248-522: Is the staple food and major crop in the region. Others crops cultivated include sugarcane , banana , cotton , turmeric , millets , pulses , and spices . The urban centres are significant contributors to the Indian and global Information Technology economy. The presence of these hubs has spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country. Manufacturing and textiles are other major industries in

1326-413: Is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity. The men wear a dhoti , a 4.5 m (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at

1404-483: The Bay of Bengal owing to the steeper gradient moving from east to west, with only smaller streams flowing in the opposite direction. The streams and rivers give rise to numerous waterfalls in the region. The rivers have been dammed for hydroelectric and irrigation purposes, with major reservoirs spread across the region. The region has largely semi-arid climate in the northern parts and tropical climate in most of

1482-611: The Earth's crust following a massive volcanic eruption . The eruption event occurred during the end of the cretaceous period (66 mya ) and is the second largest volcanic eruption ever recorded on land. Scientists state that the volcanic event would have released large amounts of ash , dust and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The release would have blocked sunlight resulting in lower temperatures and caused major climatic changes on Earth. The eruption would have resulted in high levels of sulfur , chlorine and other toxic gases in

1560-457: The Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, at Stone Age sites. Hinduism is the major religion today in the region. The total fertility rate in the region was less than the population replacement level and as a result, the proportion of the population of the region to India's total population has declined in the last four decades. The economies of the states in the region registered

1638-688: The Narmada River basin near the Vindhya-Satpura ranges and the lower boundary at the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. The region is bound by the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats on the sides, which separate the region from the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains respectively. It covers most of the Indian states of Maharashtra , Telangana , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh excluding

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1716-817: The Pallavas of Kanchi , the Kadambas of Banavasi , the Western Gangas of Kolar , the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta , the Chalukyas of Badami , the Hoysalas of Belur , and the Kakatiyas of Orugallu ruled over the region from the 6th century BCE to the 14th century CE. In the late middle ages , Vijayanagara empire conquered most of the southern part of the pleateu region. The upper portion

1794-563: The Tapti River in the north and runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) to Kaniyakumari . There are three gaps in the mountain range which connect the plains to the Deccan plateau: the northernmost Goa Gap , the oldest and widest  Palghat Gap , and the southernmost, narrowest  Shencottah Gap . The Western Ghats serves as one of the major sources of many perennial rivers in India. The major river systems originating in

1872-476: The Western Ghats . The rising air cools and brings about orographic precipitation along the western coast, which signifies the onset of the monsoon season in June. By the time the air rises above the mountains, it becomes dry, resulting in a rain shadow region with very little rainfall on the leeward side towards the interior of the Deccan plateau. The monsoon winds rounding up the peninsula and moving from

1950-454: The atmosphere . Researchers argue that the volcanic event would have contributed to the extinction of various species including some of the dinosaurs . The volcanic deposits stretch more than 500,000 km (190,000 sq mi) encompassing neighbouring central highlands . The deposits consist of three subgroups based on the time and level of deposition. Underlying the lava deposits are granite and sedimentary rocks formed during

2028-498: The precambrian era and the formation of Gondwanaland . The Indo-Gangetic Plain rests on hard crystalline rocks which connect the Himalayan region with the plateau region. Apart from granite, parts of the region consists of metamorphic rocks such as gneiss , and schist . The Deccan Plateau region is rich in mineral deposits like iron ore , coal , and mica . Precious and semi precious stones have also been mined from

2106-516: The 1950s resulted in the creation of states on linguistic lines. The word Deccan is an anglicised version of the Prakrit word dakkhaṇa , which evolved from the Sanskrit word dakṣiṇa , meaning "south". Carbon dating shows that ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in region date back to 8000 BCE. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through

2184-561: The Gujarat Plains in the north, Konkan Coast and Canara in the center, and Malabar in the south. Due to the presence of Western Ghats, which blocks the rain-bearing winds, the region from the south of Gujarat experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoons . Unlike the Eastern Coastal Plains , very few rivers cut across the region due to the steeper gradient of the Indian peninsula moving from east to west and

2262-568: The Gulf of Kutch in the north to the Gulf of Khambhat in the south in Gujarat . The northeast of the peninsular consists of a large sandstone formation extending for 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi). The vegetation of this section is dry, with thorn forests. It is surrounded by alluvial soil supporting agricultural crops such as wheat , millet , and peanut . Isolated mangroves occur along

2340-525: The Indian mainland, bordering Pakistan . The 352 km (219 mi) long coastline stretches from the Indus River delta in the north to the Gulf of Kutch . The Rann of Kutch occupies most of the region and is semi-arid and dry. The region has a long history of human settlements dating back to the Indus valley civilization in 3000 BCE. The Kathiawar region (also called as Saurashtra), extends from

2418-588: The Kathiawar peninsula. The area extends for about 33,000 km (13,000 sq mi) and has an average elevation of 24 m (79 ft). It is an extension of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and is drained by rivers such as Narmada , Tapti , Sabarmati , and Mahi . Most of the region consists of alluvium deposited by the rivers with black soil occurring to the west. The region is prone to heavy flooding during monsoons . Sparse forests occur in

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2496-531: The Northern Zaire (Congo) basin of Africa, and the islands of the East Indies. The tropical rainforest climate differs from other subtypes of tropical climates as it has more kinds of trees due to its precipitation . The large number of trees contribute back to the humidity of the climate because of the transpiration, which is the process of water evaporated from the surface of living plants to

2574-525: The Pacific Ocean islands. In Group A, there are three types of this climate: the tropical rainforest climate (Af) , tropical monsoon climate (Am) and tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Aw or As) . All of the three climates are classified by their P dry (short for precipitation of the driest month). Tropical rainforest climate's P dry should be greater than or equal 60 mm (2.4 in). Tropical monsoon climate's P dry should be in

2652-941: The Southern Regional Headquarters of the Airports Authority of India , the Southern Region comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, and Mumbai International Airport serves the state of Maharashtra. The southern region comes under the purview of the Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force and the north western region comes under the South Western Air Command . Tropical climate There are three basic types of tropical climates within

2730-551: The Western Ghats are the Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna . However, most of the rivers flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal owing to the steeper gradient moving from east to west. The region consists of only smaller streams, which often carry a large volume of water during the monsoon months. The largest rivers are Narmada and Tapti which flow north of the Western Ghats in the Gujarat plains. The northern region of Kutch

2808-498: The atmosphere. The warmth and abundant precipitation heavily contributes to the diversity and characteristics of vegetations under the tropical rainforest climate. The vegetations develop a vertical stratification and various growth forms to receive enough sunlight, which is unusual under other types of climate. The Köppen classification tool identifies tropical monsoon climate as having small annual temperature ranges, high temperatures, and plentiful precipitation. This climate also has

2886-517: The city of Mumbai and smaller fertile river valleys. The region receives heavy rainfall during the monsoons , which gives rise to many seasonal rivers. Only one third of the land is cultivable with major crops including rice , pulses , and coconuts . Fishing , mining , and salt manufacturing are other major economic activities. The Canara or the Karnataka Coastal Plain extends about 225 km (140 mi) from Goa in

2964-525: The coast. Most of the region has an altitude lower than 600 ft (180 m) with the exception of Girnar Hills and Gir Range . The region hosts the Gir National Park , the only remaining abode of wild Asiatic lions anywhere in the world. The Gujarat Plains extend from the Thar desert in the north to the border with Maharashtra . It forms the central part of Gujarat and lies to the east of

3042-431: The coastal regions, and minor portions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala . The plateau is marked by rocky terrain with an average of about 600 m (2,000 ft). It is subdivided into Maharashtra Plateau, Karnataka Plateau, and Telangana Plateau. The Deccan Traps in the north west were formed by multiple layers of igneous rocks laid down by basaltic lava flows following a massive volcanic eruption that occurred during

3120-462: The coastal regions, and minor portions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala . The western side of the plateau is elevated gently slopes towards the east. It is subdivided into Maharashtra Plateau, Karnataka Plateau, and Telangana Plateau. The Deccan forms one of the major watersheds of India, feeding many perennial rivers. The major river systems originating in the Western Ghats are the Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna . Most rivers flow eastwards towards

3198-409: The cool dry season is from fall to late winter, the hot dry season is in the spring and the rainy or monsoon season is near or during the summer months. The tropical monsoon forest mainly consists of three layered structures. The first layer is the surface layer which is a very dense layer of shrubs and grasses. The second layer is the understory layer with trees about 15 meters tall. The top layer

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3276-785: The defeat of Mysore Kingdom in the late 18th century CE and the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 CE, the British East India Company consolidated their power over much of the region. The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857. During the British colonial rule , the region was divided between the Madras Presidency , Bombay Presidency , Hyderabad State , and Mysore . The region played

3354-546: The east from the Bay of Bengal pass over the Eastern Ghats and bring some rainfall to the eastern region of the plateau. The region receives most of the rainfall during the months of July to September and the rains feed the rivers that flow into basins and then into the Bay of Bengal. There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in the region, resulting from its varied climates and geography. scrub lands are common in

3432-606: The eastern and southern parts of the region. Hyderabadi cuisine is popular for its biryani . The region is home to various music and dance forms such as Kuchipudi , Lavani , Yakshagana , and Bharatanatyam . There are three distinct styles of rock architecture, the Dravidian style of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, the Vesara style of Karnataka, Telangana, and the Nagara style of Maharashtra. In Dravidian architecture,

3510-413: The end of the cretaceous period (66 mya ). The underlying bed consists of granite and sedimentary rocks formed during the precambrian era and the formation of Gondwana . The region forms one of the major watersheds of India, with many perennial river systems such as Godavari , Krishna , and Kaveri flowing through the region. The plateau slopes gently from the west to east, resulting in most of

3588-415: The equator receive lower annual rainfall and have rain spells lasting several months in a year. The plains are broadly divided into six subdivisions– Kutch and Kathiawar along with the Gujarat Plains in the north, Konkan Coast and Canara in the center, and Malabar in the south. The Kutch Peninsula occupies an area of 45,612 km (17,611 sq mi) and forms the western most part of

3666-419: The equator. Tropical rainforest climates have high temperatures: the yearly average temperature is normally between 21 and 30 °C (70 and 86 °F). The precipitation can reach over 100 inches a year. The seasons are evenly distributed throughout the year, and there is almost no drought period here. Regions that contain tropical rainforest climate mainly include the upper Amazon basin of South America,

3744-420: The following main characteristic. The average annual temperature is around 27.05 °C (80.69 °F) and has an average annual temperature range of about 3.6 °C (38.5 °F). Distinction between wet and drought seasons, the tropical monsoon climate is different from other tropical climates because of its uneven precipitation throughout the year. There are three main seasons of tropical monsoon climate:

3822-653: The later medieval era , the lower plateau was ruled by the Vijayanagara empire , and the upper portion by the Bahmani kingdom , and its successors, the Deccan sultanates . It later housed the Kingdom of Mysore , Maratha confederacy , and Nizam's dominions . It was under the control of British Raj for nearly two centuries before the Indian Independence in 1947. The Reorganisation of Indian states in

3900-503: The low rainfall areas in the eastern vicinity of the Western Ghats consist of infertile red soil . Historians have used the term Deccan differently across various time periods. Firishta (16th century), R. G. Bhandarkar (1920), and Richard Eaton (2005) demarcate the region based on linguistic lines. K. M. Panikkar (1969) defines it as the entire Indian peninsula south of the Vindhyas. Stewart Gordon (1998) notes that Deccan

3978-491: The low rainfall regions with dry deciduous forests found in the southern part of the plateau. The woodlands of the region are older than the Himalayas . The central part of the plateau is covered by woodlands formed by trees such as hardwickia , teak , siris , axlewood , boswellia , and acacia trees. The region hosts significant populations of endangered Bengal tigers and Indian elephants Other mammals found in

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4056-510: The major rivers include Narmada and Tapti . The Western Coastal Plains is a stretch of coastal land lying between the western edge of the Deccan plateau and the Arabian Sea in the west. The plains stretch from the Rann of Kutch region to Kaniyakumari at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula . The average width of the plains vary between 50–100 km (31–62 mi). It traverses

4134-605: The majority of the Indian peninsula . Shaped like an inverted triangle, it stretches from the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is bound by the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats on the sides, which separate the region from the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains respectively. It covers most of the Indian States of Maharashtra , Telangana , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh excluding

4212-523: The north of Maharashtra to the Terekhol River along the border with the Goa in the south. The narrow region stretches between 28–47 mi (45–76 km) in width and forms the northern part of the linear coast between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea . The region consists of uneven topography formed by the erosion of rivers with alternating bays. Most of the population is concentrated around

4290-456: The north to Mangalore in the south. The region has an average width of 30–50 km (19–31 mi), and is widest at 70 km (43 mi) near Mangalore. The region is composed of numerous spurs and projections from the Western Ghats , which narrows the coastal region to almost 5 km (3.1 mi) in certain areas. These spurs rise to about 600 m (2,000 ft) and give rise to numerous streams, which form various waterfalls across

4368-466: The other areas. The summer months of April – May are dry and hot with maximum temperatures often rising more than 40 °C (104 °F). During the dry summer months of April – May, heat builds up on the interior of the Deccan Plaeau, which draws air from the sea. The air, which picks up moisture along the way and flows eastward from the Arabian Sea , is blocked by

4446-466: The plateau. Marathi people , who speak Marathi , an Indo-Aryan language , form the majority in the north-western part of the plateau. English is also widely spoken in urban areas of the region. Deccani Urdu a regional dialect of Urdu is spoken by the Muslims . Evidence of prehistoric religion in the region comes from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals, such as

4524-431: The principal rivers flowing eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal . As the Western Ghats blocks the rain bearing winds, the plateau region is drier than the coastal region and has a semi-arid climate. The Deccan plateau region was ruled by several kingdoms in the Indian history such as Pallavas , Cholas , Pandyas , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Rashtrakutas , Hoysalas , Kadambas , Kakatiyas , and Western Gangas . In

4602-474: The range from ( 100 − m e a n   a n n u a l   p r e c i p i t a t i o n   i n   m m 25 ) {\displaystyle (100-{\tfrac {mean\ annual\ precipitation\ in\ mm}{25}})} to 60 mm. Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate's P dry should be less than ( 100 − m e

4680-408: The region are the wettest monsoon period in the southern part of the mountain range. Annual rainfall in this region averages 100 cm (39 in) to 900 cm (350 in), with an average rainfall of 250 cm (98 in). The total amount of rain does not depend on the spread of the area; areas in northern Maharashtra receive heavy rainfall followed by long dry spells, while regions closer to

4758-470: The region include gaur , blackbuck , chinkara , four-horned antelope , wild buffalo , and Indian wild dog . The largest linguistic group in the region is the Dravidian family of languages , of approximately 73 languages. The Telugus and Kannadigas who speak Telugu and Kannada form the major demographic groups in the central region. Tamils and Malayalis form a part of the southern end of

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4836-818: The region though geological evidence does not point to a fully developed Bronze Age in existence prior to the Iron Age. Since at least the 1st century BCE, the region was connected to the Silk Road and was involved in trade with the Mediterranean and East Asia . Several dynasties such as the Pandyas of Madurai , the Cholas of Thanjavur , the Zamorins of Kozhikode , the Satavahanas of Amaravati ,

4914-481: The region with hardwood trees like acacia , and teak . Agriculture is the major contributor to the economy with crops grown including cereals , peanuts, oil seeds , and tobacco . Dairy farming and cotton farming are other major industries. The region which encompassed the city of Ahmedabad , is also heavily industrialised. The Konkan Coast (also called Aparanta) extends the Daman Ganga River in

4992-475: The region. As defined by Ministry of Culture of the Government of India to promote and preserve the cultural heritage , the region falls under the purview of West and South Zone Cultural Centers. The women traditionally wear a sari , a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 yards (4.6 m) to 9 yards (8.2 m) in length and 2 feet (0.61 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m) in breadth that

5070-405: The region. Large uranium deposits have been discovered in the region in the 21st century. There are two major soil types, forming distinct sub-regions of the plateau. Most of the region with igneous basaltic rock consists of black soil . These soils have a high clay content, retain moisture and are resistant to erosion, but develop cracks during the dry season. The gneiss peneplain region in

5148-448: The region. The Jog Falls on Sharavati River is the second highest plunge waterfall in India at 271 m (889 ft) high. The Malabar Coast forms the southern end of the plains stretching about 480 km (300 mi) across the entire coast of Kerala till Kanniyakumari . The width varies between 19–97 km (12–60 mi) and is narrower in the north. The region covers an area of 28,000 km (11,000 sq mi) and

5226-488: The states of Gujarat , Gujarat , Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , and Puducherry ( Mahe ). It is narrower than the Eastern Coastal Plains and both the coastal plains meet at Kaniyakumari. The mountain range of Western Ghats forms a rough eastern boundary of the plains. The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura Range south of

5304-517: The temples considered of large gate-pyramids or Gopurams in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple with large pillared halls. Vimanam are similar structures built over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture. In the Nagara style, the temples had one or more shikharas , which are towers similar to

5382-444: The tropical climate group: tropical rainforest climate ( Af ), tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) and tropical savanna or tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw for dry winters, and As for dry summers), which are classified and distinguished by the precipitation and the precipitation levels of the driest month in those regions. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It defines

5460-438: The tropics are small. Due to the high temperatures and abundant rainfall, much of the plant life grows throughout the year. High temperature and humidity is the most suitable environment for epiphytes to grow. In many tropical climates, vegetation grow in layers: shrubs under tall trees, bushes under shrubs and grasses under bushes. Tropical plants are rich in resources, including coffee, cocoa and oil palm. Listed below are

5538-669: The types of vegetation unique to each of the three climates that make up the tropical climate biome. Tropical rainforest vegetation including: Bengal bamboo , bougainvillea , curare , coconut tree , durian and banana . Tropical monsoon vegetation including: teak , deodar , rosewood , sandalwood and bamboo . Tropical wet and dry or savanna vegetation including: acacia senegal , elephant grass , jarrah tree , gum tree eucalyptus and whistling thorn . The Köppen classification identifies tropical rainforest climates (Zone Af: f = "feucht", German for moist) as usually having north and south latitudinal ranges of just 5-10 degrees from

5616-402: The vimanas. The Vesara style is a hybrid of both these architectural styles. There is an extensive road network composed of National Highways , State Highways and other roads in the region. The Golden Quadrilateral connecting the major cities in the country traverses across the region. Public bus services are mostly provided by state-run transport corporations. The Madras Railway

5694-433: The waist. A colourful lungi with typical batik patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside. People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes. The traditional way of eating

5772-532: The western coast. This signifies the onset of the monsoon season in June. By the time the air rises above the mountains, it becomes dry, having brought heavy rainfall to the coast. The region experiences a warm and humid tropical climate throughout the year. Mean temperatures range from 20 °C (68 °F) in the south to 24 °C (75 °F) in the north. Subtropical or temperate climates, and occasional near-zero temperatures during winter are experienced in regions with higher elevations. The coldest period in

5850-449: Was created in 2014 by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh. The Deccan Plateau is one of the oldest and most stable land formations in the Indian subcontinent . The plateau is marked by rocky terrain with an average of about 600 m (2,000 ft). The Deccan Traps consist of multiple layers of igneous rocks , which are more than 2 km (1.2 mi) in thickness. These rocks were laid down by basaltic lava flows which emerged from deep inside

5928-660: Was established in 1845 and the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated in 1849. The construction on the first main line in the South between Royapuram in Madras and Arcot started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July 1856. In 1879, the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established which built railway lines across the then Hyderabad State and the Mysore State Railway

6006-713: Was established to build an extension of Madras Railway in Mysore State. In 1880, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway built a railway network radiating from Madras. The Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway . In 1950, there were about 42 different railway companies across the countrym which were amalgamated in steps to form

6084-463: Was ruled by the Bahmani kingdom , and later by its successors, the Deccan sultanates . The Europeans arrived in the 15th century CE and by the middle of the 18th century, the French and the British were involved in a protracted struggle for military control over the region. The Maratha Empire founded by Chatrapati Shivaji , briefly captured the region in the early 18th century CE. After

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