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70-609: The WhK was founded in Berlin-Charlottenburg , a locality of Berlin, on 14 or 15 May 1897 (about four days before Oscar Wilde 's release from prison ) by Magnus Hirschfeld, a physician , sexologist and outspoken advocate for gender and sexual minorities . Original members of the WhK included Hirschfeld, publisher Max Spohr , lawyer Eduard Oberg and writer Franz Joseph von Bülow . Adolf Brand , Benedict Friedländer , Hermann von Teschenberg and Kurt Hiller also joined

140-798: A Technische Hochschule , the Königlich Technische Hochschule zu Berlin in 1879 (which later became the Technische Unviersität Berlin ), followed by the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt and the College of the Fine Arts . A new town hall with an 88 m (289 ft) tall spire was erected on the occasion of its 200-year jubilee in 1905 and an opera house opened in 1912. The history of Charlottenburg as

210-495: A borough. In the course of Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was merged with the former borough of Wilmersdorf becoming a part of a new borough called Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf . Later, in 2004, the new borough's districts were rearranged, dividing the former borough of Charlottenburg into the localities of Charlottenburg proper, Westend and Charlottenburg-Nord . Charlottenburg is located in Berlin's inner city , west of

280-593: A few months. The group was dissolved in late 1949 or early 1950 and instead formed the Committee for Reform of the Sexual Criminal Laws ( Gesellschaft für Reform des Sexualstrafrechts e. V. ), which existed until 1960. In 1962 in Hamburg, Kurt Hiller, who had survived Nazi concentration camps and continued to fight against anti-gay repression, tried unsuccessfully to re-establish the WhK. In 1998,

350-632: A first-hand knowledge of the difficulties facing the working people of the day. At Salzburg , where he lived for some time, he joined a Roman Catholic workmen's club. When in Tyrol in 1859 he volunteered for service in the war against Italy, but was rejected; and in his own country he was rejected likewise as physically unfit for the army. In 1860 he settled in Leipzig as a master turner, making horn buttons. He joined various labour organisations. Although initially an opponent of socialism, Bebel gradually

420-566: A large amusement park at the shore of the Spree river called Flora , that went into bankruptcy in 1904. From the 1860s on the wealthy Bourgeoisie of Berlin discovered Charlottenburg as a residential area, among the first were Gerson von Bleichröder and Ernst Werner von Siemens , who had a villa built in the Berliner Straße in 1862. At the same time industrial companies like Siemens & Halske and Schering erected large factories in

490-712: A member of the North German Parliament, and later of its counterpart for the German Empire , the Reichstag , until his death, except for the interval of 1881–83. He represented successively the districts of Glauchau , Meerane , Dresden , Strassburg , and Hamburg . Later in his life, he acted as chairman of the SPD. Representing as he did Marxian principles, he was bitterly opposed by certain factions of his party. In 1870 he spoke in parliament against

560-565: A minor under age 16. At the time of the original proposal, the age of consent was in fact two years lower than that for heterosexual people, at age 14; effectively they called for the age of consent to be raised as part of their campaign. Work on promoting their petition began in 1897, and the committee particularly wanted signatures from those with prominent status in such fields as politics, medicine, art, and science. They sent thousands of letters to key figures such as Catholic priests, judges, lawmakers, journalists, and mayors. August Bebel signed

630-705: A municipality in its own right ended with the Greater Berlin Act of 1 October 1920, when the town became a part of Berlin. The Province of Brandenburg was administered in Charlottenburg from 1918 until the province's dissolution in 1946 after World War II . Talaat Pasha , the former Ottoman Empire Minister of the Interior, one of the Three Pashas , and architect of the Armenian genocide ,

700-558: A new group was formed with the same name. Growing out of a group against politician Volker Beck in that year's election, it is similar in name and general subject matter only, and takes more radical positions than the conservative LSVD . In 2001, its magazine Gigi was given a special award by the German Association of Lesbian and Gay Journalists  [ de ] . Berlin-Charlottenburg Charlottenburg ( German: [ʃaʁˈlɔtn̩bʊʁk] )

770-548: A rare case of nonjudgmental insight into the existence of homosexuality and, as such, was frequently distributed by homosexuals to family members or to total strangers on public transport. In October 1949, Hans Giese joined with Hermann Weber (1882–1955), head of the Frankfurt local group from 1921 to 1933, to re-establish the group in Kronberg . Kurt Hiller worked with them briefly, but stopped due to personal differences after

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840-402: A secret society. In party meetings of 1890 and 1891, Bebel's policies were severely attacked, first by the extremists, the "young" Socialists from Berlin, who wished to abandon parliamentary action; against these Bebel won a complete victory. On the other side he was involved in a quarrel with Volmar and his school, who desired to put aside from immediate consideration the complete attainment of

910-645: A speech in March 1904 Bebel classified the policy in German South-West Africa as "not only barbaric, but bestial". This caused some sections of the contemporary German press to scathingly classify Bebel as "Der hereroische Bebel" (Bebel the Hereroic") ( Coburger Zeitung , 17 January 1904). Bebel was not deterred; he later followed this up with strongly worded warnings against the rising tide of theories of racial hierarchy and racial purity , causing

980-588: A summer residence built there for Sophie Charlotte by the architect Johann Arnold Nering between 1695 and 1699. After he had crowned himself Frederick I, King in Prussia , the Lützenburg castle was extended into a stately building with a cour d'honneur . The Swedish master builder Johann Friedrich Eosander supervised this work. Sophie Charlotte died in February 1705; shortly afterwards the settlement facing

1050-655: A violent uprising by the Herero people against German officials, soldiers, and settlers, Imperial German Army General Lothar von Trotha launched the Herero and Namaqua Genocide to crush the revolt by waging a "war of extermination" against the Herero. In response, Bebel and the German Social Democratic Party became the only party in the Reichstag to oppose increased colonial expenditures, and in

1120-463: A word by the most strictly Catholic press." This conflict of interests caused the committee to privately question the executive of the SPD as to whether they were still in favor of repealing Paragraph 175; the SPD affirmed that was still their position. The biological deterministic tendency that Hirschfeld gave to the committee met with opposition within the WhK from the start. But it was not until November 24, 1929 that his internal competitors, above all

1190-464: Is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf . Established as a town in 1705 and named after Sophia Charlotte of Hanover , Queen consort of Prussia , it is best known for Charlottenburg Palace , the largest surviving royal palace in Berlin, and the adjacent museums. Charlottenburg was an independent city to the west of Berlin until 1920 when it was incorporated into " Groß-Berlin " (Greater Berlin) and transformed into

1260-780: The Communist Party (KPD) functionary Richard Linsert , succeeded in forcing Hirschfeld to resign. He was succeeded by the Medical Councilor Otto Juliusburger, Kurt Hiller was elected Deputy Chairman and the writer Bruno Vogel became the third member of the new board. Juliusburger led the committee in the short time that elapsed until the committee was dissolved after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. The committee's final meeting took place in Peter Limann's apartment on June 8, 1933, with

1330-614: The Großer Tiergarten park. Its historic core, the former village green of Alt Lietzow, is situated on the southern shore of the Spree River running through the Berlin glacial valley . The Straße des 17. Juni road, former Charlottenburger Chaussee, which runs eastwards from Charlottenburg Gate through the Tiergarten park to Brandenburg Gate , connects Charlottenburg with the historic centre of Berlin- Mitte . In

1400-649: The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP), which later merged with another organisation in 1875 to form the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany  [ de ] (SAPD), which in turn became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1890. Bebel's great organizing talent and oratorical power quickly made him one of the leaders of the socialists and their chief spokesman in parliament. He remained

1470-529: The homosexual emancipation movement . It existed for thirty-six years. The WhK produced the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen ( Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types ), a publication which reported the committee's activities and contained content ranging from articles about homosexuality among "primitive" people to literary analyses and case studies. It was published regularly from 1899 to 1923 (sometimes quarterly) and more sporadically until 1933. Yearbook

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1540-637: The 1907 general election to the Reichstag in 1907 to go down in history as the " Hottentot Election ". Bebel's book, Women and Socialism was translated into English by Daniel De Leon of the Socialist Labor Party of America as Woman under Socialism . It figured prominently in the Connolly-DeLeon controversy after James Connolly , then a member of the SLP , denounced it as a "quasi-prurient" book that would repel potential recruits to

1610-607: The Berlin centre of leisure and nightlife. Artists like Alfred Döblin , Otto Dix , Gottfried Benn , Else Lasker-Schüler , Bertolt Brecht , Max Liebermann , Stefan Zweig and Friedrich Hollaender socialized in the legendary Romanisches Café at the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church . However the days of the Golden Twenties came to an end with the rise of the Nazi Party . In World War II

1680-795: The Eisenach Conference of 1867, an action which gave rise to the name "Eisenachers" for this Marxist faction. Together with Liebknecht, he founded the Sächsische Volkspartei ("Saxon People's Party"). Bebel was also President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867 and a member of the First International . Bebel was elected to the North German Reichstag as a member from Saxony in that same year. In 1869 he helped found

1750-600: The Fundamental Views and Tactics of the Party , garnered the support of the vast majority of the Congress, including Bernstein's supporters. Bebel particularly distinguished himself by his denunciation of the maltreatment of soldiers by officers and still more frequently by non-commissioned officers. His efforts in this matter had received great encouragement when Albert, King of Saxony issued an edict dealing with

1820-643: The Lietzow area has been populated continuously and its development is well documented. In the course of the Protestant Reformation , Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg confiscated the monastic estates in 1542 and finally had the nunnery dissolved in 1558. For more than four hundred years, members of the Berendt family were mayors and thus had to pay lower taxes. A village church was first documented in 1541. Ecclesiastically, Lietzow came under

1890-439: The Lietzow farmstead probably was expanded to a village by 1315, Casow was already mentioned as abandoned in the 1375 doomsday book of Emperor Charles IV . From old field names, it is believed that a third medieval settlement on Charlottenburg territory, Glienicke , arose in the area of the present day streets Kantstraße, Fasanenstraße, Kurfürstendamm and Uhlandstraße at the former Gliniker Lake . Unlike Casow and Glienicke,

1960-477: The Reichstag. Bebel said that religion is a "private matter", claiming that the SPD should be neutral on the question of religion, while in actuality advocating secularism. Bebel considered himself both a patriot and an internationalist believing them to not be antagonistic but instead supplemental. August Bebel died on 13 August 1913 of a heart attack during a visit to a sanatorium in Passugg , Switzerland. He

2030-741: The SPD from 1892 to 1913. Ferdinand August Bebel, known as August, was born on 22 February 1840, in Deutz , Germany, now a part of Cologne . He was the son of a Prussian noncommissioned officer in the Prussian infantry, initially from Ostrowo in the Province of Posen , and was born in military barracks. The father died in 1844. As a young man, Bebel apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner in Leipzig . Like most German workmen at that time, he travelled extensively in search of work and he thereby obtained

2100-572: The SPD, they were also alienated by the SPD's rhetorical exploitation of Ernst Röhm 's homosexuality as a means to harm the Nazi Party politically. After seeing these attacks against Röhm in a newspaper aligned with the SPD, the committee responded, "The statements in the Münchner Post , hearkening back to the Apostle Paul and employing the entire vocabulary of our conservative-clerical persecutors, could have been printed without changing

2170-604: The Special) and Deutscher Freundschaftsverband (German Friendship Association) to oppose the law. Another alliance held by the committee in its activism against Paragraph 175 was with the Deutscher Bund für Mutterschutz  [ de ] (German League for the Protection of Motherhood), especially after proponents of Paragraph 175 proposed extending it to women. The committee created sex-education pamphlets on

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2240-518: The Wilmersdorf parish, the priests reached it from there by the so-called Priesterweg (priest's way), on the line of the streets now called Leibnizstraße, Konstanzer Straße and Brandenburgische Straße. In 1695, Sophia Charlotte of Hanover received Lietzow from her husband, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg , in exchange for her estates in Caputh and Langerwisch near Potsdam . Frederick had

2310-637: The area around the Breitscheidplatz was heavily damaged by air raids and the Battle of Berlin . After 1945 the city was partitioned by the allies and Charlottenburg became part of the British sector during the Cold War . The Kurfürstendamm area quickly regained its importance, as it became the commercial centre of West-Berlin . It was therefore the site of protests and major demonstrations of

2380-479: The committee argued that homosexuality was not a disease or moral failing, and said they reached this conclusion from scientific evidence. The group made other arguments against this law, saying for example that its repeal would reduce blackmailing behavior among male prostitutes . Beginning in 1919 and 1920, the WhK allied with other homosexual rights groups including the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen (Community of

2450-477: The committee was non-partisan politically, and made efforts to appeal to parliamentarians from many parties. This sometimes even included conservative parties such as the Bavarian People's Party (BVP). However, Hirschfeld was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Some other leaders in the group had revolutionary or pacifist sympathies. While the committee was somewhat informally associated with

2520-540: The congress of Gotha , the united party of Social Democrats, which had been formed during his imprisonment. After the passing of the Socialist Law he continued to show great activity in the debates of the Reichstag, and was also elected a member of the Saxon parliament; when the state of siege was proclaimed in Leipzig he was expelled from the city, and in 1886 condemned to nine months' imprisonment for taking part in

2590-519: The continuance of the war with France . Bebel and Liebknecht were the only members who did not vote the extraordinary subsidy required for the war with France. Bebel was one of only two socialists elected to the Reichstag in 1871 , and he used his position to protest against the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine and to express his full sympathy with the Paris Commune . German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck afterwards said that this speech of Bebel's

2660-401: The crown. The town became a recreational area for the expanding city of Berlin . Its first true inn opened in the 1770s, in the street then called Berliner Straße (now Otto-Suhr-Allee ), and many other inns and beer gardens were to follow, popular for weekend parties especially. Berliners seeking leisure and entertainment came by boat, by carriage and later by horse-drawn trams , above all to

2730-639: The favourite royal residence, and remained so for his son and successor Frederick William III (reigned 1797–1840). After the defeat of the Prussian army at Jena in 1806, the French occupied Berlin. Napoleon took over the palace, while his troops made a camp nearby. Charlottenburg became part of the new Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars . In the late 18th century, Charlottenburg's development did not depend only on

2800-536: The founders, with Wilhelm Liebknecht , of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP) in 1869, which in 1875 merged with the General German Workers' Association to form the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which became the leading party of the social-democratic movement in Germany. Bebel served as a member of the Reichstag from 1871 to his death in 1913, and as chairman of

2870-660: The help or the neutrality of the Social Democrats. Already in 1911 amid the rising tensions between the European powers, Bebel publicly predicted an upcoming great war with millions of soldiers confronting each other followed by a great collapse , "mass bankruptcy, mass misery, mass unemployment and great famine". In 1899, at the Hanover Congress of the SPD, Bebel delivered a speech condemning Eduard Bernstein 's revisionism . His resolution, Attacks on

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2940-520: The institute such as the idea of a third sex between a man and a woman . The initial focus of the committee was to repeal Paragraph 175 , an anti-gay piece of legislation of the Imperial Penal Code, which criminalized "coitus-like" acts between males . It also sought to demonstrate the innateness of homosexuality and thus make the criminal law against sodomy in Germany at the time inapplicable. In campaigning against Paragraph 175,

3010-682: The last centuries, and not often at all in history ... not even with the Huns, not even with the Vandals ... That is no match for what the German and other troops of foreign powers, together with the Japanese troops, have done in China. Bebel is also famed for his outrage at the news of German mistreatment of indigenous people in German South-West Africa , the Herero nation in particular. In 1904 following

3080-411: The late 1960s German student movement , that culminated on 2 June 1967, when student Benno Ohnesorg was shot by a police officer during a demonstration against Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi at the Deutsche Oper . Before the reunification of Berlin, Charlottenburg was the centre of West Berlin , with many high market bars and restaurants. After 1990 German reunification Charlottenburg struggled with

3150-479: The maltreatment of soldiers in the Saxon contingent, thus cutting the ground from under the feet of the Imperial Government, which had persistently attempted to deny or to explain away the cases put forward by Bebel. Speaking before the Reichstag , Bebel criticised the war to crush the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, saying: No, this is no crusade, no holy war; it is a very ordinary war of conquest ... A campaign of revenge as barbaric as has never been seen in

3220-408: The north and west, the Berlin Ringbahn and the Bundesautobahn 100 ( Stadtring ) mark the border with the Charlottenburg-Nord and Westend suburbs. Adjacent in the south is the territory of Wilmersdorf . Charlottenburg also borders on the district of Halensee in the southwest, as well as on Moabit , Hansaviertel and Tiergarten (all part of the Mitte borough) in the east and on Schöneberg in

3290-415: The north-east, at the border with the Moabit district of Berlin. In 1877 Charlottenburg received town privileges and until World War I saw an enormous increase of population with 100,000 inhabitants as of 1893 and a population of 306,000 in 1920, being the second largest city within the Province of Brandenburg , after Berlin. In the course of industrialization in the 19th century, much of Charlottenburg

3360-428: The organization. A split in the organization occurred in December 1906, led by Friedländer. The committee was based in the Institute for Sexual Sciences in Berlin until the institute's destruction at the hands of Nazis in 1933. The WhK was affiliated with the World League for Sexual Reform , another group founded by Hirschfeld which had similar aims to the committee. The committee had ties to gay organizations across

3430-440: The palace was called Charlottenburg - the palace itself became Schloss Charlottenburg - and chartered as a town on 5 April 1705. The king served as the town's mayor until the historic village of Lietzow was incorporated into Charlottenburg in 1720. Frederick's successor as king, Frederick William I of Prussia , rarely stayed at the palace, which depressed the small town of Charlottenburg. Frederick William even tried to revoke

3500-403: The palace, Charlottenburg is also home to: both located in the former Gardes du Corps barracks at Charlottenburg Palace, built by Friedrich August Stüler 1859 August Bebel Ferdinand August Bebel ( German pronunciation: [aʊ̯ˈɡʊst ˈfɛʁdinant ˈbeːbl̩] ; 22 February 1840 – 13 August 1913) was a German socialist activist and politician. He is best remembered as one of

3570-412: The petition and took copies to the Reichstag to urge colleagues to add their names. Other signatories included Albert Einstein , Hermann Hesse , Thomas Mann , Rainer Maria Rilke , and Leo Tolstoy . During World War I , supporters and members went to fight in the war. Some of its publications were affected by censorship during this time period. The petition campaign largely fell by the wayside until

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3640-438: The rise of the Mitte borough as Berlin's historic centre. The City West is still the main shopping area, offering several major hotels, theatres, bars and restaurants. The area around Charlottenburg's Kantstrasse is Berlin's Chinatown in the West, with a high concentration of Asian shops, gastronomy and inhabitants. It is commonly dubbed Kantonstrasse , in reference to the southern Chinese province of Guangdong . Beside

3710-409: The settlements are likely to have had a mixed Slavic and German population. Lietzow (also called Lietze , Lutze , Lutzen , Lütze , Lützow , Lusze and Lucene ) was first documented in 1239, when the Ascanian margraves John I and Otto III of Brandenburg founded the Benedictine Sankt Marien nunnery in nearby Spandau . The nuns were enfeoffed with the Lucene and Casow estates; while

3780-403: The singular purpose of dissolving the organization. A reorientation of the WhK that freed it from its scientific isolation was the focus placed on psychological and sociological research instead of biological research. The committee was based in Berlin and had branches in about 25 German, Austrian and Dutch cities. It had roughly 700 members at its peak and is considered an important milestone in

3850-408: The socialism of fools" (" Der Antisemitismus ist der Sozialismus der dummen Kerle ") is frequently attributed to Bebel, but probably originated with the Austrian democrat Ferdinand Kronawetter ; it was in general use among German Social Democrats by the 1890s. Along with Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels and Ferdinand Lassalle , Bebel was among the socialist icons included in bas relief portraits on

3920-404: The socialist ideal, and proposed that the party should aim at bringing about, not a complete overthrow of society, but a gradual amelioration. This conflict of tendencies continued, and Bebel came to be regarded as the chief exponent of the traditional views of the orthodox Marxist party. Though a strong opponent of militarism, he publicly stated that foreign nations attacking Germany must not expect

3990-419: The socialist movement. The book contained an attack on the institution of marriage which identified Bebel with the most extreme forms of socialism. In the preface to DeLeon's translation, Woman Under Socialism , DeLeon distanced himself from Bebel on this point, holding that monogamy was the most desirable form of social organisation. In 1898 he voiced his support for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in

4060-452: The southeast. Archaeological findings in the area date back to the Neolithic era. Within the Margraviate of Brandenburg , on the land occupied by present-day Charlottenburg, there were three settlements in the late Middle Ages: the farmsteads Lietzow (pronounced leat-tsow) south of the Spree and Casow (pr. caasow) beyond the river, as well as a further settlement called Glienicke (pr. gleanicke). Although these names are of Slavic origin,

4130-433: The sympathetic public at large. In 1874 Bebel took a partner and founded a small button factory, for which he acted as salesman, but in 1889 he gave up his business to devote himself wholly to politics. In 1868 he became connected with the staff of the Volksstaat ("The People's State") at Leipzig, and in 1891 with that of the Vorwärts ("Forward") at Berlin . After his release from prison, he helped to organise, at

4200-483: The topic of homosexuality and distributed them to the public. It had begun distributing this type of material to university students and factory laborers as early as 1903. They also assisted defendants in criminal trials, and gathered more than 6,000 signatures on a petition for the repeal of Paragraph 175. The committee's opposition was not indiscriminate, as its petition did support preservation of criminal status for some homosexual acts, including cases between an adult and

4270-488: The town's privileges. With the coronation of his successor Frederick II in 1740 the town's significance increased, as regular celebrations again took place at the palace. Between 1740 and 1747 Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff built the eastern New Wing as Frederick's residence. Later, Frederick II preferred the palace of Sanssouci , which he had partly designed himself. When Frederick II died in 1786, his nephew Frederick William II succeeded him, and Charlottenburg became

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4340-512: The war effort, old charges of preaching dangerous doctrines and plotting against the state were levied against Bebel and Liebknecht in 1872. The pair were convicted and sentenced to two years in Festungshaft  [ de ] (imprisonment in a fortress), which was spent at the famous Königstein Fortress . For insulting the German emperor, Bebel was additionally sentenced to nine months' ordinary imprisonment. This incarceration served to increase Bebel's prestige among his party associates and

4410-463: The war was over. Hirschfeld focused on showcasing the experiences of homosexual soldiers; he collected thousands of letters, interviews, and surveys with such soldiers. Petitions were submitted in 1898, 1922, and 1925, but failed to gain the support of the parliament. The law continued to criminalize homosexuality until 1969 and was not entirely removed in West Germany until four years after East and West Germany became one country in 1994. Officially,

4480-427: The world, and from 1906 onward the body which crafted the committee's policy was made up of members from several European countries. A branch in Vienna, Austria was opened in 1906, led by Joseph Nicoladoni and Wilhelm Stekel . In 1911, the Dutch branch of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was formed by Jacob Schorer  [ nl ] . The WhK took a great deal of scientific theories on human sexuality from

4550-399: Was 73 years old at the time of his death. His body was buried in Zürich . At the time of his death Bebel was eulogized by Russian Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin as a "model workers' leader", who had proven himself able to "break his own road" from being an ordinary worker into becoming a political leader in the struggle for a "better social system". The well-known saying "Anti-Semitism is

4620-429: Was a "ray of light" showing him that socialism was an enemy to be fought against and crushed. Falsely accused of being in league with the French and part of a conspiracy to free French prisoners of war held in Germany and to lead them in an attack from the rear, Bebel and Liebknecht were arrested for high treason , but no prosecution was possible for lack of evidence. Not wanting to release such important opponents of

4690-406: Was assassinated by Soghomon Tehlirian in Charlottenburg on 15 March 1921. In the 1920s the area around the Kurfürstendamm evolved into the "New West" of Berlin, a development that had already started around 1900 with the opening of the Theater des Westens , the Café des Westens and the Kaufhaus des Westens , followed by several theatres, cinemas, bars and restaurants, which made Charlottenburg

4760-468: Was incorporated in a network of streets laid out in the Hobrecht-Plan in an area that came to be known architecturally as the Wilhelmine Ring . The development was accompanied by an urban planning of broad streets and sidewalks, parks and spacious residential buildings, especially around the southern Kurfürstendamm area, which enabled large parts of Charlottenburg to preserve their affluent residential character. "The richest town of Prussia" established

4830-449: Was the world's first scientific journal dealing with sexual variants . Another of the WhK's widespread publications was a brochure entitled Was soll das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen? ( What Must Our Nation Know about the Third Sex?) that was produced alongside the committee's sexual education lectures. It offered information on homosexuality, pulling largely from the studies of the Institute for Sexual Sciences. The brochure offered

4900-435: Was won over to socialist ideas through pamphlets of Ferdinand Lassalle , which popularized the ideas of Karl Marx . In 1865 he came under the influence of Wilhelm Liebknecht and was thereafter committed fully to the socialist cause. In 1866 he joined the First International . Following the death of Lassalle, Bebel was among the group of Socialists that refused to follow new party leader Johann Baptist von Schweitzer at

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